NOUN

1.Noun

1.De
fini
ti
onofNoun

Anouni
spa
rtofs
pee
cha
ndnounsi
dent
if
ype
opl
e,pl
ace
s,a
nima
ls,t
hings
,st
at
es,
t
ime(
days
,mont
hs,ye
ar)a
ndi
dea
s.Nounsc
anbec
ate
gor
ize
dasc
ommonnouns
a
ndpr
ope
rnouns
.Commo
nnounss
ucha
sna
meofge
ner
alpe
opl
e,t
hings
,pl
ace
s
a
ndi
dea
s,whi
lepr
ope
rnounsa
res
pec
ifi
cpe
opl
e,t
hings
,pl
ace
sandi
dea
s.

Fo
rExa
mpl
e:

CommonNouns Pr
ope
rNouns

Pr
esi
dent J
okowi

Te
ache
r Mr
.As
win

I
ndone
sia NTT

Br
othe
r Ta
ufi
k

2. Ki
ndsofNoun

The
rea
res
eve
ralt
ype
sofnouns
:

a
.Count
abl
eandunc
ount
abl
enoun

Count
abl
enounsa
ref
ort
hingswec
anc
ountus
ingnumbe
rsa
ndt
heyha
ve
s
ingul
ara
ndpl
ura
lfor
m,whi
leunc
ount
abl
enounsa
ref
ort
het
hingst
hatwe
c
annotc
ountwi
thnumbe
rs.Unc
ount
abl
enounsa
reus
edwi
thas
ingul
arve
rb.
Tobec
lea
r,l
ooka
tthee
xampl
eofc
ount
abl
eandunc
ount
abl
enouns
.

Count
abl
eNouns Unc
ount
abl
eNouns

Book Wa
ter

Whi
te
boa
rd Mone
y

Wi
ndow Mi
nd
 Er
ase
r Sugge
sti
on

Pe
n Love

b.Abs
tra
cta
ndConc
ret
enoun

Abs
tra
ctno
unsa
rewor
dst
hatna
met
hingst
hata
renotc
onc
ret
e,whi
le
c
onc
ret
enouna
rewor
dst
hatna
met
hingsa
rec
onc
ret
e.

Abs
tra
ctNouns Conc
ret
eNouns

Ha
te Pe
nci
l

Pi
ece Mone
y

Advi
ce Pe
n

Ai
r Fa
n

De
cis
ion Ha
ndphone

3.Func
tionofNouns

a
.Subj
ectofave
rb

A nounwi
llf
unc
ti
ona
sthes
ubj
ectofave
rbwhe
niti
sthes
ubj
ectoft
he
s
ent
enc
eandc
ome
sbe
for
ethema
inve
rbofs
ent
enc
e.

Ex:Wi
ll
iami
sst
ude
ntofPa
lopoCokr
oami
not
oUni
ver
sit
y.

b.Compl
eme
ntofave
rb

A nounwi
llf
unc
ti
ona
sthec
ompl
eme
ntofave
rbwhe
nitc
ome
saf
tera
l
inki
ngve
rb.

Ex:Ta
ufi
kist
hewi
nne
r.

c
.Obj
ectofave
rb

Anounf
unc
ti
ona
sanobj
ectofave
rbwhe
nitc
ome
saf
tera
nac
ti
on.

Ex:Iwr
otet
hel
ett
er
d.Obj
ectofapr
epos
it
ion

Whe
nano
unf
unc
ti
onsa
stheobj
ectofapr
epos
it
ion,i
tcome
saf
tera
pr
epos
it
ioni
nas
ent
enc
e.

Ex:Iwi
llbuype
nsf
ort
hec
hil
dre
ntoda
y.

e
.Bei
nappos
it
iont
oanot
hernoun

Thewor
dap
pos
it
ionme
ansput
ti
nganounne
xtt
oanot
hernount
oexpl
ai
nit
.

Ex:Iha
veabe
stf
ri
end,Ya
ni.Shei
sabe
aut
if
ulgi
rl
.
 PRONOUN

Pr
onouni
sde
fine
dasawo
rdorphr
aset
hatr
epl
ace
dnounorobj
ect
.

Theki
ndsofpr
onoun
1.Pe
rsona
lpr
onoun
Thi
sisa
ssoc
iat
edwi
thac
ert
ai
npe
rson,t
hingorgr
oup;

a
.Subj
ectpr
onoun
Exa
mpl
e:Shegoe
stohos
pit
alye
ste
rda
y.

The
ywe
ntt
oca
mpuse
ver
yda
y.

b.Obj
ectpr
onoun
e
xamp
le:Iha
veadi
nne
rwi
thhi
m

Shega
vemebookt
woda
ysa
go.

Subj
ect Object
Pr
onoun Pronoun

1stpe
rson I Me

2ndpe
rson You You

3rdpe
rson(
mal
e) He Hi
m

3rdpe
rson(
fema
le) She He
r

3rdpe
rson I
t I
t

1stpe
rson(
plur
al) We Us

2ndpe
rson(
plur
al) You You

3rdpe
rson(
plur
al) The
y The
m

2.Pos
ses
sivea
dje
cti
vea
ndPos
ses
sivepr
onoun(
Thos
eindi
cat
etoowne
rshi
p)
Exa
mpl
e:

Pos
ses
sivea
dje
cti
ve Pos
ses
sivepr
onouns

Thi
sismyc
ake Thi
sca
kei
smi
ne
Il
ikeyourne
wca
mer
a Il
ikeyour
s

(
nee
dtoi
ncl
udenouna
fte
rwa
rds
) (
none
edt
oinc
ludenoun
a
fte
rwa
rds
).
 Pos
ses
sive Poss
essi
ve
Adj
ect
ives Pronouns

1stpe
rson My Mi
ne

2ndpe
rson Your Your
s

3rdpe
rson(
mal
e) Hi
s Hi
s

3rdpe
rson(
fema
le) He
r He
rs
r
d
3 pe
rson I
ts (
notus
ed)

1stpe
rson(
plur
al) Our Our
s

2ndpe
rson(
plur
al) Your Your
s

3rdpe
rson(
plur
al) The
ir The
irs

3.Re
fle
xivepr
onoun
Thi
sisus
edt
ore
fle
ctt
hepr
onouni
ts
elf
.
Re
fle
xivepr
onouns

1stpe
rson Mys
elf

2ndpe
rson Your
sel
f

3rdpe
rson(
mal
e) Hi
mse
lf

3rdpe
rson(
fema
le) He
rse
lf

3rdpe
rson I
tse
lf

1stpe
rson(
plur
al) Our
sel
ves

2ndpe
rson(
plur
al) Your
sel
ves

3rdpe
rson(
plur
al) The
mse
lve
s

Exa
mpl
e:
 Ima
det
hedr
essbymys
elf
.
 Hehur
thi
mse
lf.
4.De
mons
tra
tivea
dje
cti
vea
ndde
mons
tra
tivepr
onouns
The
sepr
onounsa
reus
edt
opoi
ntt
osome
thi
ngs
pec
ifi
cwi
thi
nas
ent
enc
e).
Si
ngul
arnoun Pl
ura
lnoun

Tha
t(i
tu) Thos
e(i
tu)

Thi
s(i
ni) The
se(
ini
)

Exa
mpl
e:

 Tha
tismyf
ri
end
 Thi
sismyphone
 Thos
ear
emyf
ri
end
 The
sea
remyphone

5.I
nde
fini
tepr
onouns
I
nde
fini
tepr
onounsr
efe
rtooneormor
euns
pec
ifi
edobj
ect
,suc
has
:
Al
l:s
emua
, Some
one
/some
body:s
ese
ora
ng
Anybody/a
nyone
:si
apas
aja Mos
t:ke
banya
kan
Ea
ch:s
eti
ap Ei
the
r:s
ala
hsa
tua
nta
radu
a
Eve
rybody:
set
ia
p/s
emuaor
ang Ne
it
hert
aks
atupuna
nta
radua
Exa
mpl
e:
 Iwi
llne
vert
el
lthes
ecr
ett
oanybody.
 Mo
sto
fthes
tude
ntsdi
dn’
tknowa
boutt
ens
es.

6.I
nte
rroga
tivepr
onoun
I
nte
rrog
ati
vepr
onounsa
reus
edt
oint
roduc
eaque
sti
on.
Suc
has
:Who,Wha
t,Whom,Whos
e,Whi
ch

Exa
mpl
e:

 whoi
sshe
?
 Wh
ati
syourj
ob?
 Fr
omwhomdoyouge
tthei
nfor
mat
ion?
 Wh
osepe
nist
hat
?
 Wh
ichonedoyoupr
efe
rcof
feeort
ea?
7.Re
cipr
oca
lpr
onoun
Re
cipr
oca
lpr
onounsa
ree
xpr
ess
ingmut
uala
cti
onsorr
ela
ti
ons
hip
Suc
has
:

a
)Ea
chot
her(
fort
wope
opl
e).
b)onea
not
her(
mor
etha
ntwope
opl
e).
Exa
mpl
e:

 The
yar
espe
aki
nge
achot
her
.
 Thec
hil
dre
ngi
vec
andi
esonea
not
her
.
8.Re
lat
ivepr
onoun
Re
lat
ivepr
onouni
sus
edt
ore
pla
cet
hes
ubj
ectt
hatha
ves
aidbe
for
e.(
ber
art
i“ya
ng”
)
Suc
has
:Who,whom,whos
e,t
hata
ndwhi
ch.

Exa
mpl
e:Puputi
sthewome
nwhoc
amef
romt
hes
tar
s.
 VERB

1.1.De
fini
ti
onofVe
rb

Ve
rbi
sapa
rtofs
pee
chwhi
chi
sus
edt
ode
mons
tra
tea
nac
ti
onoras
tat
eofbe
ing.We
pr
oba
blyknowt
hatas
ent
enc
emus
tbec
ompos
edofas
ubj
ecta
ndpr
edi
cat
etoma
kea
c
ompl
et
ese
nte
nce
.

Ve
rbc
anbedi
vide
dint
o2bi
gca
tegor
ies
,na
mel
yAuxi
li
aryVe
rba
ndMa
inVe
rb.
Auxi
li
aryVe
rbc
anbec
all
eda
she
lpi
ngve
rbwhi
chc
annotbeus
eda
lonet
oma
ke
c
ompl
et
ese
nte
nce
.Me
anwhi
le
,Ma
inVe
rbi
sinde
pende
ntve
rbwhi
chc
anbeus
ed
a
lonewi
thas
ubj
ectt
oma
keas
ent
enc
e.

1.2.Ki
ndsofMa
inVe
rb

a
. Tr
ans
it
iveVe
rbs

The
seve
rbsa
lwa
ysha
vedi
rec
tobj
ect
s,me
ani
ngs
ome
oneors
ome
thi
ngr
ece
ive
sthe
a
cti
onoft
heve
rb.

Ex:As
migi
vesape
nforme
.

b. I
ntr
ans
it
iveve
rbs

Nodi
rec
tobj
ectf
oll
owsa
nint
rans
it
iveve
rb.

Ex:Thes
unr
ise
s.

c
. Li
nki
ngVe
rbs

Theve
rbi
sfol
lowbya
dje
cti
vet
obec
ompl
et
ese
nte
nce
.

Ex:Mr
.Sa
ntosi
sha
nds
ome
.

d.I
rr
egul
arVe
rbs

I
rr
egul
arve
rbsa
ret
hos
etha
tdon’
tta
keont
her
egul
ars
pel
li
ngpa
tt
ernsofpa
st
s
impl
eandpa
stpa
rti
ci
pleve
rbs
.

Ex:Wul
anboughts
omebooksye
ste
rda
y.
1.3.Ki
ndsofAuxi
li
aryVe
rb

Auxi
li
aryVe
rbs Pr
ese
ntFor
m Pa
stFor
m

Tob
e a
m,i
s,a
re Wa
s,we
re

Tod
o do,doe
s di
d

Toh
ave ha
ve,ha
s ha
d

Mo
dal
s Ar
edi
scus
sedbe
low
Moda
ls

Moda
lsa
rea
uxi
li
ari
est
hatdonotc
hangegr
amma
ti
calf
orm

TheKi
ndsofModa
ls
Pr
ese
nt Pa
st

Ca
n Coul
d

Wi
ll Woul
d

Ma
y Mi
ght

Sha
ll Shoul
d

Mus
t Ha
dto

Not
e:
Se
lai
ncont
ohmoda
ldia
tas
.adabe
ber
apaka
taya
ngj
ugame
mil
ikima
knaya
ngs
ama
,se
per
ti
:
 Ca
n/c
oul
d:bec
apa
bleof
.bea
blet
o.ma
naget
o
 Wi
ll
/s
hal
l:hedoi
ngt
o,bea
boutt
o
 Ma
y/mi
ght:pe
rha
ps,pr
oba
ble
,pos
sibl
e,pr
esuma
bleba
dbe
tt
er,bes
uppos
edt
o.
Unt
ukme
nya
taka
nke
pas
ti
an,guna
kanmus
t,ma
y,mi
ght
,da
nca
n.Ti
ngka
tke
pas
ti
anunt
uk
mus
t95%,s
eda
ngka
nma
y/mi
ght
/c
ankur
angda
ri50%.
Exa
mpl
e:
 He
 mu
st 
bes
ick.(
Diapa
stis
aki
t)
.
 He
 ma
y bes
ick.(
Diamungki
nsa
kit
).
 He
 mi
ght
 bes
ick.(
Diamungk
ins
aki
t)
.
 He
 ca
n bes
ick.(
Diamungki
nsa
kit
).
 
 

TheUs
ageofModa
ls
1.Ca
n/c
oul
d
a
.Me
nya
taka
nke
mampua
n
Exa
mpl
e:
 I
 ca
ncook 
ver
ywe
ll
.(Akubi
same
mas
akde
nga
nsa
nga
tba
ik.
)
 I
 coul
dnot
 s
ingt
hiss
ongbe
aut
if
ull
y.(
Akut
ida
kbi
same
nya
nyi
kanl
agui
ni
de
nga
nba
ik.
)
  I
 ca
n da
nce
,butI
 ca
n’t
 s
ing.
 Whe
nIwa
stwe
nty,I
 coul
d da
ncea
llni
ght
.

b.Me
nya
taka
nke
mungki
nan
Exa
mpl
e:
 I
 Ca
nCa
ll
 YouI
fIha
vef
ini
she
dmywor
k.(
Akubi
same
nel
eponmuj
ika
pe
ker
jaa
nkus
uda
hse
les
ai.
)

 I
 Coul
dnot
 l
is
tent
owha
thes
aid.(
Akut
ida
kbi
same
nde
nga
rka
napaya
ngdi
a
ka
taka
n.)

c
.Me
nya
taka
nIz
in
Exa
mpl
e:
 Ca
You  nWa
tch 
TV a
fte
rdoi
ngyourhome
wor
k.(
Kamubol
ehme
nont
onTV
s
ete
lahme
nye
les
aika
nPR-
mu)
.
 Ca
You  nbor
row 
mynove
ltomor
row mor
ning.(
Kamubol
ehme
minj
am nove
lku
be
sokpa
gi)
.
d.Me
nya
taka
npe
rmohona
nya
ngs
opa
n.
Exa
mpl
e:
 Ca
n I
 us
e yourphone
?(Bol
ehka
hakume
maka
ite
leponmu?
)
 Coul
d youpl
eas
e t
el
l 
mewhe
ret
hene
are
stba
nki
s?(
Bis
aka
hka
mume
mbe
ri
t
ahukudima
nal
et
akba
nkt
erde
kat
?)
Ca
tat
an:Da
lamka
suspe
rmoho
nan.c
oul
dle
bihs
opa
nda
ri-pa
dac
an.

2.Ma
y/mi Mi
ght( ght
 l
ebi
hle
mah da
ri 
ma nd Mi
ya ght
 l
ebi
hfor
malda
nsopa
n da
ri
ma
y,c
 an 
da c
n oul
d)

a
.Unt
ukme
nya
taka
nke
mungki
nan(
ti
dakya
kin1
00%)
Exa
mpl
e:
 Ti
adoe
snotc
omet
othec
las
s,s
hema
  yge
tup 
la
te.(
Tiat
ida
kma
suks
ekol
ah.di
a
mungki
nba
ngunke
sia
nga
n).
 s
hint
ami
  ghtnotbe
 angr
ybe
caus
eIa
m he
rboyf
ri
end.(
Shi
ntamungki
nti
dak
ma
rahka
renaa
kua
dal
ahpa
car
nya
). 
b.Unt
ukme
nya
taka
niz
in
Exa
mpl
e:
 mi
You  ghtme
et 
Yourmom.(Ka
mubol
ehme
nemuii
bumu)
.

 Ma
y I
 as
k youaque
sti
on?(
Bol
ehka
hakube
rta
nyapa
damu?
).
3.Mus
t/ha
dto
a
.Unt
ukme
nya
taka
nke
har
usa
n.
Exa
mpl
es:
 mus
You  tpa
y a
lloft
hes
e.(
Akuha
rusme
mba
yars
emuai
ni)
.
 mus
You  tnot
 bel
at
e.(
Kamut
ida
kbol
eht
el
at
).
 We
 ha
dtoke
ep 
thes
ecr
et.(
Kit
aha
rusme
nja
gar
aha
siai
ni)
.
b.Unt
ukme
nya
taka
nke
pas
ti
an/pr
edi
ksiya
ngpa
sti
Exa
mpl
es:
 Af
ters
tudyi
nga
llt
heda mus
y.you  tbe
 sot
ir
ed.(
Set
el
ahbe
laj
ars
eha
ria
n,ka
mu
pa
stike
capa
ian)
.

 Si
nceyoudonotpr
act
ic
ese
rious
ly,you
 mus
tnotWi
n t
heda
ncec
ompe
ti
ti
on.
(
Kar
enaka
mut
ida
kbe
rla
ti
hde
nga
nse
rius
.ka
mupa
stit
ida
kaka
nme
nangda
lam
l
ombame
nar
i)
.

4.Sha
ll
Sha
lldi
guna
kanunt
ukIda
nwe
.
a
.unt
ukme
nya
taka
nsua
tur
enc
ana
Exa
mpl
e:
 We
 sha
llr
etur
n t
heboo
kst
hiswe
eke
nd.(
Kamia
kanme
nge
mba
li
kanbuku-
bukui
nia
khi
rpe
kani
ni)
.
 I
 s
hal
lnott
ext
 yout
oni
ght
.(Akut
ida
kaka
nSMSka
muna
ntima
lam)
.
b.Da
lamk
ali
matt
anya
,sha
lldi
guna
kanunt
ukme
mbe
rika
nsa
ran.
Exa
mpl
e:
 I
tist
oohothe
re.
 Sha
ll
 I
 ope
n t
hewi
ndow?(
Dis
inipa
nass
eka
li
.Ba
gai
mana
j
ikaa
kume
mbukaj
ende
lanya
?)
 s
You ha
lla
sk 
mei
fIwa
ntt
hisf
ood.(
Kamus
eba
iknyabe
rta
nyapa
dakua
paka
h
a
kuma
uma
kana
nini
).

5.Shoul
d
Shoul
ddi
guna
kanunt
ukme
nya
taka
nsa
ran.Da
lam ba
has
aIndone
sia
,ka
tai
nime
mil
iki
ma
knas
eba
iknya
.Be
rbe
dade
nga
n mus
t,
 s
houl
d t
ida
kbe
git
ume
ngha
rus
kans
ese
ora
ng
unt
ukme
lakuka
nsa
rant
ers
ebut
.
 Exa
mpl
e:
 Youl
ooks
oti
red,you
 shoul
dta
kear
est
.(Ka
mut
erl
iha
tsa
nga
tca
pek,ka
mu
s
eba
iknyabe
ris
ti
raha
t.
)
 She
 Shoul
dte
ll
 mewhe
res
hewi
llgo.(
Dias
eba
iknyame
mbe
rit
ahukukema
na
di
aaka
npe
rgi
)
 Shoul
d I
 gi
ve 
YouThemone
y?(
Har
usk
aha
kume
mbe
rimuua
ng?
)
 s
You houl
dta
ke 
thet
est
.(Ka
mus
eba
iknyai
kutt
esi
tu)
 

6.Wi
ll
a
.Di
guna
kanunt
ukme
nya
taka
nsua
tur
enc
ana(
pla
n)
Exa
mpl
e:
 I
 wi
llgo 
toMa
nado.(
Akua
kanpe
rgikeMa
nado.
)
 Wi
ll
  c
you ome
 t
omypa
rty?(
Aka
nka
hka
uaka
nda
tangkepe
sta
ku?
)
b.Di
guna
kanunt
ukme
nya
taka
nke
maua
n(wi
ll
ing
nes
s)
Exa
mpl
e:
 I
 wi
llhe
lp 
you.(
Akua
kanme
mba
ntumu
.)
 I
 wi
lll
end 
yout
hebook
.(Akua
kanme
minj
ami
mubuku.
)
 Wi
ll
  i
you nvi
te
 Cl
arat
oyourbi
rt
hda
ypa
rty?(
Apa
kahka
mua
kanme
ngunda
ng
Cl
arakepe
staul
angt
ahunmu?
)
c
.Di
guna
kanunt
ukme
nya
taka
npe
rki
raa
n(pr
edi
ct
ion)
Exa
mpl
e:
 I
fitr
ainst
oni
ght
,Iwi
  l
l 
not
 c
ome
.(J
ikana
ntima
lam huj
an.a
kut
ida
kaka
n
da
tang.
)
 Mypa
rent
swi
  l
l 
buyane
whous
eift
heyha
ves
oldt
heol
dhous
e.(
Ora
ngt
uaku
a
kanme
mbe
lir
uma
hba
ruj
ikame
rekas
uda
hme
njua
lruma
htua
.)

7.Woul
d
a
.Di
guna
kanunt
ukme
nya
taka
nsua
tur
enc
anadima
sal
ampa
u(pl
an)
Exa
mpl
e:
 I
 woul
dvi
si
t 
Bal
ila
sts
eme
ste
rbutIdi
dnotha
vemone
y.(
Akua
kanme
ngunj
ungi
Ba
lis
eme
ste
rakhi
rta
pia
kut
ida
kme
mil
ikiua
ng.
)
 I
 woul
dsl
eep 
la
stni
ght
,buti
twa
stoonoi
sy.(
Akua
kant
idurs
ema
lamt
api
be
ris
iks
eka
li
.)
 b.Di
guna
kanunt
ukme
nya
taka
npe
rmohona
nya
ngs
opa
n.
Exa
mpl
e:
 Woul
d youpl
eas
e s
how 
yourI
Dca
rd?(
Bis
atunj
ukka
nKTPAnda
?)
 Woul
d youpl
eas
e t
el
l 
whe
nthet
rai
nle
ave
s?Bol
eht
ahuj
am be
rapake
ret
anya
be
rangka
t?

8.Oughtt
o
Oughtt
odi
guna
kanunt
ukme
nya
taka
nsa
ran.Na
mun.s
ara
nte
rse
butt
ida
kbe
git
ukua
tat
au
me
maks
a.
Exa
mpl
e:
 oughtt
You  ost
udy 
toni
ght
.(Ka
mus
eba
iknyabe
laj
arna
ntima
lam.
)
 He
 oughtnott
obe
 he
re.(
Dias
eha
rus
nyat
ida
kbe
radadi
si
ni.
)

Be
ntukmoda
lya
ngl
ai
nada
lahya
ngmoda
l+pe
rfe
ctya
ngdi
guna
kanunt
ukme
nunj
ukka
n
ma
sal
ampa
u.For
mul
aunt
ukbe
ntukmoda
linia
dal
ahs
eba
gaibe
rikut
:
(
+)S+moda
l+ha
ve+V3+(
O)
(
-)S+moda
l+ha
ve+not+V3+(
O)
(
?)Moda
l+S+ha
ve+V3+(
O)
1.Mus
tha
ve
Di
guna
kanunt
ukme
nyi
mpul
kanke
jadi
ana
taupe
ris
ti
waya
ngt
erj
adipa
dama
sal
ampa
u.
Moda
lje
nisi
nime
nya
taka
n ba
hwape
nut
urs
anga
tya
kin de
nga
n ke
simpul
an ya
ng
di
bua
tnya
.
Exa
mpl
e:
 You won t
he c
ompe
ti
ti mus
on. You  t ha
ve pr
act
ic
ed 
ver
y ha
rd. (
Kamu
me
mena
ngka
npe
rlomba
an.Ka
mupa
stis
uda
hbe
rla
ti
hde
nga
nke
ras
.)
 Youl
ooks
oexha
ust
e mus
d.You  tha
venott
ake
n ar
est
.(Ka
mut
erl
iha
tsa
nga
t
c
ape
k.Ka
mupa
stit
ida
kbe
ris
ti
raha
t.
)

2.Ma
y/Mi
ghtha
ve
Di
guna
kanunt
ukme
nyi
mpul
kanke
mungki
nanya
ngt
erj
adipa
dama
sal
ampa
u.Moda
l
j
eni
sinime
nya
taka
nba
hwape
-nut
urt
ida
kbe
git
uya
kinde
nga
nuc
apa
nnya
.
 Exa
mpl
e:
  
Janedi
dnotc
omet
owor
kthi
smor
ning.
 Shemi
ghtha
vebe
en 
si
ck.(
Janet
ida
k
ma
sukke
rjapa
gii
ni.Mun
gki
ndi
asa
kit
.)
 Sh
int
afa
il
edi
nthee
xam.She
 ma
vha
venots
tudi
ed.(
Shi
ntat
ida
klul
usuj
ia
n.Di
a
mungki
nti
dakbe
laj
ar.
)

3.Coul
dha
ve
Di
guna
kanunt
ukme
nya
taka
nke
mampua
nya
ngt
ida
kdi
-la
ksa
naka
npa
dama
sal
ampa
u.
Exa
mpl
e:
 Ibe
li
evet
hathe
 coul
dha
vebe
en 
anout
st
andi
ngs
tude
nt.(
Akupe
rca
yaba
hwadi
a
s
ebe
nar
nyabi
same
nja
dis
iswat
el
ada
n.(
Kal
ima
tte
rse
butma
ksudnyame
ski
pun
di
abi
sa,na
mundi
ati
dakbe
rus
ahame
wuj
udka
nnya
.)
  
Ic
 oul
d ha
ve a
nswe
red 
Mr.Tono’
squ
est
ionsbutIr
ema
ine
dsi
le
nt.(
Aku
s
ebe
nar
nyabi
same
nja
wabpe
rta
nya
anPa
kTono.t
apia
kut
et
apdi
ams
aja
.)
 ADJ
ECTI
VE
Adj
ect
ivei
sthewor
dus
edt
oexpl
ai
nnounorc
har
act
erofnoune
venpr
onouna
swe
ll
.
Exa
mpl
es:
Bi
gboy
Whi
teboa
rd
Bl
ackc
ars

The
rea
ret
wome
ani
ngsofa
dje
cti
vet
heya
rea
tt
ri
but
ivea
dje
cti
vea
ndpr
edi
cat
ivea
dje
cti
ve.
a
.At
tr
ibut
ivea
dje
cti
vei
sus
edwhe
nana
dje
cti
vei
sputt
oge
the
rwi
thnounwhi
chi
s
di
rec
tlyf
oll
owe
dbynoun.
Re
dca
r
Bi
gboy
b.Pr
edi
cat
ivea
dje
cti
vei
sus
edwhe
nana
dje
cti
vei
sus
e nt
dwhe obei
sputbe
twe
ennoun
a
nda
dje
cti
ve.
Myl
apt
opi
sbl
ack
Thef
lowe
rsa
rebe
aut
if
ul

Ki
ndsofa
dje
cti
ve
 De
mons
tra
ti
vea
dje
cti
ve
a
.De
fini
tede
mons
tra
ti
vea
dje
cti
vesc
anbeus
edt
oide
nti
fyqua
nti
tyofnoun.Wec
anus
e:
t
his
,tha
t,t
hes
e,a
ndt
hos
e.
Thi
sbook(
nea
rbyt
hes
pea
kera
nds
ingul
ar)
The
sebooks(
nea
rbyt
hes
pea
kera
ndpl
ura
l)
Tha
tbook(
farf
romt
hes
pea
kera
nds
ingul
ar)
Thos
ebooks(
farf
romt
hes
pea
kera
ndpl
ura
l)
b.I
dent
if
iedde
mons
tra
ti
vei
sus
edt
oide
nti
fye
it
hert
henouni
ssi
ngul
arorpl
ura
l(s
ucha
s
a
,an,ac
ert
ai
n,c
ert
ai
n).
Ana
ppl
e
Abook
Ac
ert
ai
nfl
owe
r
Ce
rta
inf
lowe
rs
 Pr
ope
radj
ect
ivei
sthea
dje
cti
vewhi
chr
efe
rst
obe
longi
ngofa
nobj
ect
.
n=I
ndone
sia
n
a
n=Eur
ope
an
i
an=Br
azi
li
an
y–i
an=I
tal
ia
n
 Qua
nti
ta
ti
vea
dje
cti
ve.Us
edt
oli
mitus
ingofno
unbypr
opor
ti :muc
ons h,l
it
tl
e,s
ome
,
e
nough,bi
t,e
tc.
Heha
sli
tt
lemone
y
Ibr
ings
amef
rui
ts
 Nume
rala
dje
cti
ve.
Ca
rdi
nalnumbe
r,s
uc sonet
ha wo,t
hre
e,e
tc.
Or
dina
lnumbe
r,s
uc sf
ha i
rst
,se
cond,t
hir
d,f
our
th,f
if
th,s
eve
nth,e
tc.
Mul
ti
pli
cat
ive
,suc
hass
ingl
e,doubl
e,t
ri
ple
,et
c.
 De
scr
ipt
ivea
dje
cti
vei
sus
edt
ode
scr
ibenouns
ucha
spe
opl
e,a
nima
l,bui
ldi
ng,e
tc.
Aha
nds
omeboy
AHi
ghbui
ldi
ng
 ADVERB

Adve
rbi
swor
dtha
tgi
vene
xpl
ana
ti
ona
bouti
nfor
mat
ionofhow,whe
n,whe
re,or
s
ome
thi
ngha
ppe
n.
 Adv
erbofma
nne
r
Qui
ckl
y
Ea
sil
y
Fl
uent
ly

 Adv
erbofpl
ace
I
n
At
on

 Adv
erboft
ime
Now
Ye
ste
rda
y
Tomor
row

 Adv
erboff
reque
ncy
Al
way
s
Of
ten
Us
ual
ly
Some
ti
me
Se
ldom

 Adv
erbofde
gre
e
Ve
ry
Too
Al
mos
t
Abs
olut
el
y
 PREPOSI
TION
Pr
epos
it
ioni
ndi
cat
esr
ela
ti
ons
hipsbe
twe
ennoun,pr
onoun,orphr
asewi
thot
herwor
dsi
nthe
s
ent
enc
e.

Pr
epos
it
ionswhi
cha
rec
ommonl
yus
eda
re:

 Ab
out
:se
kit
ar,t
ent
ang  Be
low:
diba
wah
 Above
:dia
tas  Unde
r:di
bawa
h
 Ahe
ad:kede
pan  Be
yond:di
lua
r
 Ac
cor
dingt
o:me
nur
ut  Admi
st
:dit
enga
h-t
enga
h
 I
nsi
deof
:dida
lam  Fr
om:da
ri
 Fr
omunde
r:da
riba
wah  By:ol
eh
 Toge
the
rwi
th:be
rsa
made
nga
n  of
:da
ri
 Be
hind:dis
ampi
ng  To:ke
/unt
uk
 Ac
ros
s(onc
ros
s):d
ise
ber
ang  For
:unt
uk
 Above
:di
at
as  Si
nce
;se
jak
 Be
hind:di
bel
aka
ng
Pr
epos
it
ionI
n,ona
nda
t
a
)Pr
epos
it
ionoft
ime
I
n
 Mo
nthorye
ar(
inj
une
,in2018)
 Ce
ntur
yors
pec
ifi
cti
mei
npa
st(
in21stc
ent
ury
,ins
tonea
ge)
 Pa
rti
cul
art
imeofda
y,mont
h,ye
ar,s
eas
on(
int
hemor
ning,i
nfi
rstwe
ekofma
rch,i
n
s
umme
r)

On
 Da
y(wewi
llme
etonSunda
y)
 Da
te(
Iwa non10thofma
sbor rc,onma
rch10th)
.
 Pa
rti
cul
arda
y(onbi
rt
hda
y)

At
 Ti
meofc
loc
k(Ige
tupa
t5o’
cloc
k)
 Shor
tandpr
eci
set
ime(
ats
uns
et,a
tthes
amet
ime
).

b)Pr
epos
it
ionofpl
ace
I
n
 Count
ry(
mypa
rent
sst
ayi
nEa
stLuwu)
 Ci
ty(
Ist
ayi
nPa
lopo)
 Pl
aceha
vings
ome(
phi
si
calo
rvi
rt
ual
)bounda
ry(
inaha
ll
,int
hec
las
s)

On
 St
ree
t(Il
iveonRa
tul
angis
tre
et)
 Sur
fac
eoft
hings(
ont
het
abl
e,ont
hepa
ge)

At
 Addr
ess(
Ili
vea
tBTNboga
rbl
ockBno.64)
 Spe
cif
icpl
ace(
athome
,atbus
)
 CONJ
UNCTI
ON

Conj
unc
ti
oni
sawor
dus
edt
ocon
nec
tort
oli
nkwor
ds,phr
ase
s,c
laus
esors
ent
enc
esor
c
laus
etoge
the
r.

Ki
ndofc
onj
unc
tion

a
.Coor
dina
ti
ngc
onj
unc
ti
ons

Coor
dina
ti
ngc
onj
unc
ti
oni
swor
disus
edt
oli
nkwor
d,phr
ase
,andc
laus
eequa
l
gr
amma
ti
calr
anki
nas
ent
enc
e.

For
,and,nor
,but
,or
,ye
t,a
nds
o.

Youc
anr
eme
mbe
rthe
mbyus
ingmne
moni
cde
vic
eFANBOY

Fourki
ndsofCoor
dina
ti
ngc
onj
unc
ti
on

 Cumul
at
ivec
onj
unc
ti
onme
rel
yaddsones
tat
eme
ntt
oanot
her

Iwr
it
ethel
et
te
randGonp
ost
sit

Ex:Ir
eadt
henove
landGonhe
arsi
t

Ia
ndmyGona
regoi
ngt
oca
mpust
oda
y

Notonl
ymebuta
lsoGonc
ome
stoc
ampust
oda
y

 Adve
rsa
ti
vec
onj
unc
ti
one
xpr
ess
esc
ont
ras
tbe
twe
ens
tat
eme
nts

Ther
opei
sthi
nbuti
tsos
trong

Ex:Shei
ssma
rtbuts
hei
snotc
onf
ide
nt.

 Di
sj
unc
ti
veora
lt
erna
ti
vec
onj
unc
ti
oni
sus
edt
oel
ectt
wowor
dsormor
e

Exa
mpl
e:Hemus
tdoi
torhewi
llbepuni
she
d
  I
ll
at
ivec
onj
unc
ti
oni
sus
edt
opoi
nt“
caus
e/e
ffe
ct”byot
here
ventorgi
ve
c
onc
lus
ion.

Sot
hen,s
o,t
hen
,the
ref
ore
,asar
esul
t.

Ex:Ia
mst
udyi
ngnow,s
oIc
an’
tgowi
thyou.

b.Cor
rel
at
ivec
onj
unc
ti
ons

Ei
the
r,ne
it
her
,buta
lso,nor
,notonl
y

Ei
the
r-Ne
ithe
r J
ane
 nor
 Al
inel
ike
stha
tdr
ama
.

Ne
it
her-Ei
the
r myda
d or
 mybr
othe
rwi
llf
etc
hmef
roms
chool
.

Notonl
y,buta
lso-Notonl
y Ra
ngga
 buta
lso 
Dikal
ike
stopl
ayf
oot
bal
l

c
.Subor
dina
ti
ngc
onj
unc
tioni
sus
edt
oli
nks
ubor
dina
tec
laus
e/i
nde
pende
ntc
laus
ewi
th
ma
inc
laus
e/i
nde
pende
ntc
laus
e.

I
f,Sot
hat
,be
caus
e,unt
il
,asl
onga
s.

Ex:Iwi
lldi
eifId
on’
tea
t

Iwi
llhe
lpyoua
slonga
sIc
an
 DETERMI
NER

Pe
nge
rti
anAr
ti
cle

A,a
n,t
he(
art
icl
es)
 ada
lahka
taya
ngdi
guna
kanunt
ukme
mba
tas
ipe
nge
rti
anda
ri 
noun 
(ka
ta
be
nda
).

De
fini
teAr
ti
cle

 The
 di
guna
kanpa
daha
lya
ngs
pes
ifi
k(t
el
ahj
el
asa
taupunt
el
ahdi
te
rangka
nse
bel
umnya
)
me
li
put
i:
 pe
rson 
(or
ang)
,t
 hi
ng 
(be
nda
),ma i
upun de
a (
pemi
kir
an)
.
 Ka
tai
nidi
guna
kans
ebe
lum c
ount
abl
e noun 
(ka
ta be
nda da
patdi
hit
ung)ma
upun
unc
oun
tab
lenoun 
(ka
tabe
ndaya
ngt
ida
kda
patdi
hit
ung)
.

At
ura
npe
ngguna
ana
rti
cle(
kat
asa ng)t
nda he:
a
.Ar
ti
cet
l hedi
guna
kanunt
ukme
nunj
ukka
nse
sua
tua
taus
ese
ora
ngya
ngt
el
ahdi
sebut
kan
s
ebe
lumya
.
Ex:Iboughtabookye
ste
r y.Thebookwa
da ssoe
xpe
nsi
ve.
b.Ar
ti
cet
l hedi
guna
kanunt
ukka
tabe
ndaya
ngha
nyaa
das
atu.
Ex:Thewor
ld. Thes
un. Themoon.
c
.Ar
ti
cet
l hedi
guna
kanunt
ukbe
ntks
u upe
rla
ti
vede
gre
e.
Ex:Themos
tbe
aut
if
uls
tude
nt.
Thebe
sts
tude
nt.
d.Ar
ti
cet
l hedi
guna
kanunt
ukme
nunj
ukka
nur
uta
nwa
ktu.
Ex:Thebe
ginni
ng. nt
I hemor
ning.
Thee
nd. nt
I hee
veni
ng.
nt
I hea
fte
rnoon.
e
.Ar
ti
cet
l hedi
guna
kanunt
ukme
nunj
ukl
et
ada
nar
ahma
taa
ngi
n.
Ex:Thet
op. Theba
ck. Thenor
thpol
e.
Thebot
tom. Thec
ent
er. Themi
ddl
eea
st.
f
. Ar
ti
cet
l hedi
guna
kanunt
ukme
nunj
ukka
nje
nis
-je
nisa
lat
.
Ex:TheGui
ta
r.
ThePi
ano.
I
nde
fini
teAr
ti
cle
s

 Ka
tas
a ngada
nda nandi
guna
kanpa
daha
lya
ngt
ida
kspe
sif
ik(
bel
um j
el
as)a
taube
lum
pe
rna
h di
te
rangka
nse
bel
umnya
,me
li
put
i:pe
rson 
(or
ang)
,t
 hi
ng 
(be
nda
),ma i
upun de
a
(
pemi
kir
an)
.
 Ka
tai
niha
nyadi
guna
kans
ebe
l s
um i
ngul
arc
ount
abl
enoun 
(ka
tabe
ndada
patdi
hit
ung
t
ungga
l).

Cont
ohKa
lima
tInde
fini
teAr
ti
cle
:

 ama
n, 
abook,
 a
numbr
ell
a
 Hegoe
stot
hes
wimmi
ngpoolt
wic
e a
 we
ek.
 (
Diape
rgikekol
amr
ena
ngduaka
li
s
emi
ngg
u.)

Be
ber
apape
doma
npe
ng-
guna
ana
rti
cleada
nan:
a
.Ar
ti
ceada
l patdi
guna
kande
nga
nse
sua
tuya
ngda
patdi
hit
ungda
ntungga
l.
Ex: awoma
n. auni
ver
si
ty
at
ree aboy
b.Ar
ti
cea
l nda
patdi
guna
kana
pabi
lanounya
nga
kandi
sebut
kandi
mul
aide
nga
nhur
uf
voc
al(
a,i
,u,e
,o)a
taube
rbunyis
eol
a ufvoc
hhur al.
Ex: a
nhone
stma
n Anumbr
ell
a.
a
nhour
. aoneo’
cloc
k.
c
.Ar
ti
ceada
l patdi
guna
kanun
tukme
nunj
ukka
nse
seor
angya
ngbe
lum di
kena
lol
eh
pe
mbi
car
a.
Ex: aMr
.J
ohnc
all
edyou
d.Ar
ti
cea
l /
ant
et
apd
ipa
kaibi
las
atua
taul
ebi
hka
tas
ifa
t(a
dje
cti
ve)di
guna
kans
ebe
lum
ka
tab
e noun)
nda( .
Ex: ac
rea
ti
vea
ndwor
kabl
eide
a.
a
nene
rgi
cma
n
e
.Ar
ti
cea
l a
/ndi
guna
kandi
depa
nka
tabe
ndaya
ngme
ner
angka
npa
ngka
t,j
aba
tan,a
tau
pe
ker
jaa
nse
seor
ang
.
Ex: anur
se. al
awye
r. a
nac
tre
ss.
f
. Ar
ti
cea
l /
andi
gun
aka
ndi
dep
anka
tabe
ndaya
ngme
ner
angka
nna
maa
gamaa
tau
ke
bangs
aan.
Ex: aMos
lem/
chr
ist
ia
n. a
nIndone
sia
n/Ame
ric
an.
 g.Ar
ti
ceadi
l guna
kanunt
ukme
nunj
ukka
nwa
ktu.
Ex: amont
h’sva
cat
ion. a
nhour
’swor
k.
h.Ar
ti
ceada
l patdi
guna
kanbe
rsa
ma-
samade n:s
nga uchda
nwha
t.
Ex: s
uchabe
aut
if
ulda
y. Wha
tapr
ett
yfa
ce.
i
. Ar
ti
cea
l /
ant
ida
kda
patdi
guna
kandi
depa
nka
tabe
ndaya
ngt
ida
kda
patdi
hit
ung.
Ex: (
X)Shewa
ntsat
ea.
 Shewa
ntst
ea.
j
. Ar
ti
cea
l /
ant
ida
kda
patdi
guna
kandi
depa
nka
tabe
ndaj
ama
k(pl
ura
lnoun)
.
Ex: (
X)The
yar
eat
eac
her
s.
 The
yar
ete
ache
rs.

Pe
nge
cua
lia
nUnt
ukI
nde
fini
teAr
ti
cle
s
I
nde
fini
tea
rti
cl
esha
nyadi
guna
kanpa
dabe
ndat
ungga
lsa
ja,t
apia
dabe
ber
apape
ngguna
ana
da
nanya
ngt
ida
kme
nun
jukka
ntungga
lna
munj
ama
k.Wa
laupunme
ngguna
kanada
nan
ya
ngme
nunj
ukka
nja
maki
nit
ida
kbi
sadi
bil
angs
eba
gaii
nde
fini
tea
rti
cl
es,na
munpe
rluj
uga
unt
uka
ndake
tahuika
renaha
linibi
sas
ajame
nje
baka
ndana
nti
nya
.Be
rikutbe
ber
apac
ont
oh
pe
ngguna
anada
nanya
ngbe
rma
knaj
ama
k.

Ada
nanya
ngbe
rar
tij
ama
k Ar
ti Cont
oh

Ac
oupl
eof Be
ber
apa Ac
oupl
eofa
ppl
es

Af
ew Se
diki
t(t
apil
ebi
hda
ris
atu) Af
ewa
ppl
es

Anumbe
rof Be
ber
apa Anumbe
rofa
ppl
es

Al
it
tl
e Be
ber
apa Al
it
tl
eri
ce

Ana
mountof Be
ber
apa Ana
mountofr
ice

Ade
alof Be
ber
apa Ade
alofr
ice

Al
otof Be
ber
apa
/ba
nya
k Al
oto
fri
ce