Cell Membrane

NURSING STUSY CLUB BIO IMUN 2007
CELL MEMBRANE CHANNELS AND TRANSPORTER

Learning Objective
 Molecular Organization of the Cell Membrane
 Cell permeability
 Intracellular ion enviroment
MEMBRAN SEL
 STRUKTUR FISIK SEL DIBATASI OLEH MEMBRAN
terdiri atas : LIPID dan PROTEIN
 Membran sel  Selubung mitokondria
 Selubung inti (nuclear  Lisosom

membrane)
 Apparatus golgi
 Selubung retikulum
endoplasmik
MEMBRAN SEL
 Mrpk struktur pembatas sel → berperan serta dalam berbagai fungsi sel
CELL MEMBRANE | Vivi-Ayyu-Ika-Nita-Fajar-Gina
 MC → tdk tampak
ME → * Tebal : 7,5 – 10 nm
* 3 garis paralel :
- Electron dense layer :
2 garis tebal, hitam lapisan padat
electron : 2,5 – 3 nm
- Electron-lucent layer :
1 lapisan diantaranya jernih : 3,5– 4 nm
Composition of Cell Membrane
1. Lipid (40%) : - Phospholipid :
* Phosphatidylcholine (lecithin)
* Phosphatidylethanolamine (cephalin)
- Sphingomyelin
- Cholesterol
2. Proteins (55%) :
a. Integral proteins à usually they are insoluble in water solutions, are associated
with lipids,this proteins may be attached tooligosaccharides à forming glycoproteins
b. Peripheral proteinsà are soluble in aqueoussolutions, and are usually free of lipids
3. Carbohydrates (5%) → oligosaccharide : - glycoproteins - glycolipids - glycocalyx

1. Model-model molekuler membran plasma
 Overton (1902) :
- mengamati bahan-bahan larut lemak (liposolible)
 Gorter & Grendel (1926) :
- mengukur kandungan lipid eritrosit hemolisis
 Danieli & Dason (Model molekuler) :
- membran seperti roti tipis
2. Sistem Model artificial
 Model Danieli & Dauson :
Penelitian sistem lipid artifisial dimana terbentuk film lapis tunggal dilapisan ganda
● Molekul-mnolekul lipid terdiri dari 2 kutub mengandung rantai hidrokarbon kelompok polar (hidrofil)
dan rantai hidrokarbon non polar (lipotil)
3. Model Membran kesatuan
 ME → membran plasma tebalnya 6 – 10 nm
terdiri 3 lapis , 2 lapis luar masing-
masing : 2 nm dan yang tengah 3,5 nm.
Robertson (1969) →
* lapisan tengah jernih : rantai-rantai hidrokarbon lipid
* 2 lapisan padat diluar → protein

The fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure
2
Structure membrane

Unit Membrane Typical Structure - composed protein and lipid (fat) molecules
Membrane phospholipid molecule

Diagram of a membrane phospholipid molecule, which is the main component of cell membranes and
determines the fundamental properties of the cell membrane as a whole.
FUNCTIONS OF CELL MEMBRANE
1. Protective 4. Excretory function:
2. As a semipermeable membrane 5. Exchange of gases:
3. Absorptive 6. Maintenance of shape and size of the

cell
Membrane cytoskeleton

Cytoskeletal network
Overview
■ The cell membrane is mainly compose of lipids and proteins.
■ Its frame work consists of a double layer of phospholipids.
■ There are two major types of proteins : tightly coiled, rod –shaped, fibrous proteins and the more
compact, globular – shaped integral proteins and peripheral proteins.
2
These are the different types of molecules of the cell membrane

Phospholipid Fibrous protein
Examples of globular – shaped proteins
Glycoprotein
Pore protein
Channel protein
■ Two layer of phospholipids molecules self – assemble so that their water

soluble (hydrophilic) heads form the surface and interior of the membrane,
and the water insoluble (hydrophobic) tails face each other.
2

■ One type of globular protein form “pores” to allow lipid insoluble water
molecules to pass through.

■
Other
integral
proteins
serve as
channel
protein and selectively transport ions for the cell.
■ The fibrous proteins may span the entire membrane and serve as receptors
for the cell
■ Globular proteins, which are peripheral (associated with the surface of the
2
cell), may be enzymes or glycoproteins (proteins with carbohydrate
associations that identify the cell.

■ Cholesterol molecules are embedded in

animal cell.Membranes but not in plant
cell membranes, they help make the
membrane
(along with
the
phospholipids) impermeable to water soluble substances. Cholesterol also stabilized

themembrane.
Transport Through Cell Membrane
Pergerakan materi menembus membran sel
Pergerakan materi menembus membran sel
 Prinsip dasar : * TRANSPORT PASIF
* TRANSPORT AKTIF
 Mekanisme transport pasif ;

2
● difusi ● difusi terfasilitasi
● dialisis ● filtrasi
● osmosis
* Mekanisme transport aktif : - energi,
- enzim
Mekanisme transport aktif
 1. Transport aktif diperantarai carrier
Carrier : protein integral yg disebut pompa
→ pompa ion natrium/kalium yg aktif
dlm sel hidup.
→ Pompa kalsium : - kontraksi otot
 2. Transport massa berukuran besar : vesikel
(vakuola) →
* Fagositosis * Endositosis
* Pinositosis * Eksositosis
Transport protein, mekanisme pembawa, dan poros tetap
 Transport molekul-molekul berbeda melewati membran memperlihatkan spesifitas

tinggi
 Permeabilitas molekul berkaitan dengan susuna kimianya.
 Macam selektifitas ini berkaitan dengan transport protein → carrier / pembawa
 Ada 2 hipotesis :
1. mekanisme carrier
2. mekanisme poros tetap

2
Diffusion
 Water*

 Gases: - CO2 - N2 - O2
 Small uncharged polar molecules
- ethanol
- urea*
 Hydrophobic molecules
- steroid hormones
Must be transported !
 Ions
- K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3-,
HPO42-
 Large uncharged polar molecules
- glucose
 Charged polar molecules
- amino acids - ATP
Hypothetical diagram of simple diffusion through the cell membrane. 2

A = Diffusion through lipid layer. B = Diffusion through ungated channel.
C - Diffusion through gated channel.
Transport of Small Molecules

The internal composition of the cell is maintained because the plasma membrane is selectively
permeable to small molecules.
Most biological molecules are unable to diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer, so the plasma
membrane forms a barrier that blocks the free exchange of molecules between the cytoplasm and the
external
environment of the cell.
Specific transport proteins (carrier proteins and channel proteins) then mediate the selective
passage of small molecules across the membrane, allowing the cell to control the composition of its
cytoplasm.Permeability of phospholipid bilayers
Small uncharged molecules can diffuse freely through a phospholipid bilayer. However, the bilayer is
impermeable to larger polar molecules (such as glucose and amino acids) and to ions.
Permeability of phospholipid bilayers :

Gases, hydrophobic molecules, and small polar can diffuse through phospholipid bilayers. Larger polar 2
molecules and charged molecules cannot

Hypothetical diagram of facilitated diffusion from higher concentration (ECF) to lower concentration
(ICF). through the cell membrane.
Stage 1. Glucose binds with carrier protein. Stage 2. Conformational change occurs in the carrier
protein and glucose is released into ICF.
Ion channels
 Conduct ions 10 ions/sec
 Recognize & select specific ions
 Open and close in response to specific signals

Channel and carrier proteins

(A) Channel proteins form open pores through which molecules of the
appropriate size (e.g., ions) can cross the membrane.
(B) Carrier proteins selectively bind the small molecule to be transported
and then undergo a conformational change to release the molecule
on the other side of the membrane.
Model of active transport
Energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP is used to transport H+ against the electrochemical gradient
(from low to high H+ concentration).
Binding of H+ is accompanied by phosphorylation of the carrier protein, which induces a
conformational change that drives H+ transport against the electrochemical gradient.
Release of H+ and hydrolysis of the bound phosphate group then restore the carrier to its original
conformation.
Transporter
 Uniporter -à The facilitated diffusion of glucose is an example of uniport, the transport of
only a single molecule.
 Symporter -à The coordinate uptake of glucose and Na+ is an example of symport, the
transport of two molecules in thesame direction.
 Antiporter -à Active transport can also take place by antiport, in which two molecules are
transported in opposite directions.
2


Examples of uniport: Model for the facilitated diffusion of glucose
 The glucose transporter

alternates between two
conformations in which a
glucose-binding site is
alternately exposed on the
outside and the inside of the
cell.
 In the first conformation shown

(A), glucose binds to a site
exposed on the outside of the
plasma membrane.
 The transporter then undergoes

a conformational change such
that the glucose-binding site
faces the inside of the cell and
glucose is released into the
cytosol (B).
 The transporter then returns to its original conformation (C).
Examples of symport :
à Glucose transport by
intestinal epithelial cells
 A transporter in the apical domain of the

plasma membrane is responsible for the
active uptake of glucose (by cotransport
with Na+) from the intestinal lumen.
Examples of antiport

 Ca2+ and H+ are exported from cells by antiporters,

which couple to their export to the energetically
favorable import of Na+.
SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF TRANSPORT
Endocytosis Filtration
Exocytosis Osmosis

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tapi tetep semangat!! Vivi kamu jangan nyerah… hahahahahhaha
sory ya temen2 ini datengnya telat, cz banyak sebab musababnya.
Semoga bermanfaat…
NSC BIO IMUN
vivi-ayyu-nita-ika-fajar-gina

Cell Membrane

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NURSING STUSY CLUB BIO IMUN 2007

CELL MEMBRANE CHANNELS AND TRANSPORTER

 Molecular Organization of the Cell Membrane

 Intracellular ion enviroment

 STRUKTUR FISIK SEL DIBATASI OLEH MEMBRAN

terdiri atas : LIPID dan PROTEIN

 Membran sel  Selubung mitokondria

 Selubung inti (nuclear  Lisosom

- Electron dense layer :

2 garis tebal, hitam lapisan padat

1 lapisan diantaranya jernih : 3,5– 4 nm

Composition of Cell Membrane

1. Lipid (40%) : - Phospholipid :

3. Carbohydrates (5%) → oligosaccharide : - glycoproteins - glycolipids - glycocalyx

CELL MEMBRANE | Vivi-Ayyu-Ika-Nita-Fajar-Gina

1. Model-model molekuler membran plasma

- mengamati bahan-bahan larut lemak (liposolible)

 Gorter & Grendel (1926) :

- mengukur kandungan lipid eritrosit hemolisis

 Danieli & Dason (Model molekuler) :

- membran seperti roti tipis

2. Sistem Model artificial

 Model Danieli & Dauson :

3. Model Membran kesatuan

 ME → membran plasma tebalnya 6 – 10 nm

terdiri 3 lapis , 2 lapis luar masing-

masing : 2 nm dan yang tengah 3,5 nm.

* lapisan tengah jernih : rantai-rantai hidrokarbon lipid

* 2 lapisan padat diluar → protein

CELL MEMBRANE | Vivi-Ayyu-Ika-Nita-Fajar-Gina

The fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure

CELL MEMBRANE | Vivi-Ayyu-Ika-Nita-Fajar-Gina

Membrane phospholipid molecule

CELL MEMBRANE | Vivi-Ayyu-Ika-Nita-Fajar-Gina

FUNCTIONS OF CELL MEMBRANE

1. Protective 4. Excretory function:

2. As a semipermeable membrane 5. Exchange of gases:

3. Absorptive 6. Maintenance of shape and size of the

CELL MEMBRANE | Vivi-Ayyu-Ika-Nita-Fajar-Gina

■ The cell membrane is mainly compose of lipids and proteins.

■ Its frame work consists of a double layer of phospholipids.

CELL MEMBRANE | Vivi-Ayyu-Ika-Nita-Fajar-Gina

Phospholipid Fibrous protein

Examples of globular – shaped proteins

■ Two layer of phospholipids molecules self – assemble so that their water

CELL MEMBRANE | Vivi-Ayyu-Ika-Nita-Fajar-Gina

CELL MEMBRANE | Vivi-Ayyu-Ika-Nita-Fajar-Gina

CELL MEMBRANE | Vivi-Ayyu-Ika-Nita-Fajar-Gina

■ Cholesterol molecules are embedded in

phospholipids) impermeable to water soluble substances. Cholesterol also stabilized

Transport Through Cell Membrane

Pergerakan materi menembus membran sel

Pergerakan materi menembus membran sel

 Prinsip dasar : * TRANSPORT PASIF

 Mekanisme transport pasif ;

* Mekanisme transport aktif : - energi,

Mekanisme transport aktif

 1. Transport aktif diperantarai carrier

Carrier : protein integral yg disebut pompa

→ pompa ion natrium/kalium yg aktif

dlm sel hidup.

→ Pompa kalsium : - kontraksi otot

 2. Transport massa berukuran besar : vesikel

Transport protein, mekanisme pembawa, dan poros tetap