Assignment 2 Script

Shot reverse shot

Shot reverse shot (or shot/counter shot) is a film technique where one character is shown
looking at another character (often off-screen), and then the other character is shown looking
back at the first character. Since the characters are shown facing in the opposite directions,
the viewer assumes that they are looking at each other. Now onto the context. Shot reverse
shot is a feature of the “classical” Hollywood style of continuity editing, which deemphasizes
transitions between shots such that the spectator perceives one continuous action that
develops of an eyeline match.

180-degree rule
In film making, the 180-degree rule is a basic guideline regarding the on-screen spatial
relationship between two characters or object within a scene. An imaginary line called the
axis connects the characters, and by keeping the camera on one side of the axis for every
shot in the scene, the first character is always frame right of the second character, who is
then always frame left of the first. The camera passing over the axis is called jumping the
line or crossing the line; breaking the 180-degree rule by shooting on all sides is known as
shooting in the round. The 180-degree rule enables the audience to visually connect with
unseen movement happening around and behind the immediate subject and is important in
the narration of battle scenes.

30-degree rule
The 30-degree rule is a basic film editing guideline that states the camera should move at
least 30-degrees between shots of the same subject occurring in succession. If this rule is
not followed, a jump cut occurs which could jar the audience and take them out of the story
being told. Instead the audience might focus on the film technique rather than being
engaged in the narrative itself. The 30-degree change of perspective makes two shots in
succession different enough to avoid a jump out. However camera movement should be kept
to one side of the subject or action in order to follow the 180-degree rule. Also when thinking
about the 30-degree rule it is improved to change the shot distance at least 20mm with each
move you make on the axis.

Dissolves (fade-in/fade-out)
In the post-production process of film and video editing, a dissolve is a gradual transition
from one image to another. The terms fade-out (also called fade to black) and fade-in are
used to describe a transition. A dissolve overlaps two shots for the duration of the effect,
usually at the end of one scene and the beginning of the next, but may be used in montage
sequences also. Generally, but not always, the use of a dissolve is held to indicate that a
period of time has passed between the two scenes.
Wipe (transition)
A wipe is a type of film transition where one shot replaces another by travelling from one
side of the frame to another or with a special shape. If the wipe proceeds from two opposite
edges of the screen toward the centre or vice versa, it is known as a barn door wipe (named
for its similarity to pair of doors opening or closing). The wipe can take the form of a circle,
star or even a heart. The iris slow has been used for animations such as Looney Tunes and
Merrie Melodies cartoon series. The iris wipe maybe centred on a on a certain focal point
and maybe used as a device for a “parting shot” joke, a fourth wall-breaching wink by a
character, or other purposes. The star wipe is used to impact a sense of “extra specialness”
or “added value”. An example of the “star wipe” can be seen in the Guiding Light opening
sequence of the 1980s. This convention was considered overused during that time period
and is now generally thought to be somewhat out-of-date. The use was parodied in Aqua
Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theatres and “The Simpsons”. A heart wipe is
used to impact a sense of “love” or “friendship”. The heart wipe still used in wedding,
graduation, and bar mitzvah videos, among others, as it has now passed from stylistic into
the realm of standard convention, though many people consider it tacky.

Match cut
In film, a match cut is a cut from one shot to another where the two shots are matched by the
action or subject and subject matter. For example, in a duel a shot can go from a long shot
on both contestants via a cut to a medium close-up shot of one of the duellists. The cut
matches the two shots and is consistent with the logic of the action. This is a standard
practice in Hollywood film-making, to produce a seamless reality-effect.

Montage
Montage is a technique in film editing in which a series of short shots are edited into a
sequence to condense space, time, and information. The term has been used in various
contexts. It was introduced to cinema primarily by Sergei Eisenstein, and early Soviet
directors used it as a synonym for creative editing. In French the word “montage” applied to
cinema simply denotes editing. The term “montage sequence” has been used primarily by
British and American studios, and refers to the common technique as outlined in this article.

New wave editing

New wave (French: La Nouvelle Vague) is a blanket term coined by critics for a group of
French filmmakers of the late 1950s and 1960s. Although never a formally organized
movement, the New Wave filmmakers were linked by their self-conscious rejected of the
literary period pieces being made in French and written by novelists, their spirit of youthful
iconoclasm, the desire to shoot more current social issues on location, and their intention of
experimenting with the film form. “New Wave” is an example of European art cinema. Many
also engaged in their work with social and political upheavals or the era, making their radical
experiments with editing, visual style and narrative part of a general break with the
conservation paradigm.
Superimposition
Superimposition is the placement of one thing over another, typically so that both are still
evident.

Graphics
In graphics, superimposition is the placement of an image or video on top of an already-
existing image or video, usually to add to the overall image effect, but also sometimes to
conceal something (such as when a different face is superimposed over the original face in a
photographs).

Cartography
The technique is used in cartography to produce photomaps by superimposing grid lines,
contour lines and other linear or textual mapping features over aerial photographs.

2D images
Superimposition of two-dimensional images containing correlated periodic grid structures
may produce moirés patterns. Superimposition of two correlated layers comprising parallel
lines or curves may give rise line moiré patterns. The movement of one of the layers results
in a faster movement of the line moiré superimposition image. Such optical acceleration is
known as moiré speedup (check for the formulas of optical speedup for curved patterns.

Audio
Superimposition (SI) during sound recording and reproduction (commonly called
overdubbing) is the process of adding new sounds over existing without completely erasing
or making the existing sound. Some reel-to-reel tape recorders of the mid-20th century
provided crude superimposition facilities that were implemented by killing the high-frequency
AC feed to the erase head while recording as normal via the read-write head.

Split Screen
In film and video production, split screen is the visible division of the screen, traditionally in half,
but also in several simultaneous images, rupturing the illusion that the screen's frame is a
seamless view of reality, similar to that of the human eye. There may or may not be an explicit
borderline. Until the arrival of digital technology, a split screen in films was accomplished by
using an optical printer to combine two or more actions filmed separately by copying them onto
the same negative, called the composite.
In filmmaking split screen is also a technique that allows one actor to appear twice in a scene.
The simplest technique is to lock down the camera and shoot the scene twice, with one "version"
of the actor appearing on the left side, and the other on the right side. The seam between the two
splits is intended to be invisible, making the duplication seem realistic.

Temporal effects (slo-mo/speed up)

Slow motion perception is a postulated mental state wherein time seems to be slowed down.
People experiencing life-threatening situations sometimes report that time seemed to have
slowed down.
Slow motion perception is a very conflicted area of research right now with many different
theories. Research conducted by David Eagleman established that time does not actually slow
down for a person during a life-threatening event but, rather, it is only a retrospective assessment
that brings about such a conclusion. He measured time perception during free-fall by strapping
palm-top computers to subjects' wrists and having them perform psychophysical experiments as
they fall. By measuring their speed of information intake, he concluded that participants did not
have increased temporal resolution during the fall but, because their memories are more densely
packed during a frightening situation, the event merely seems to have taken longer.

Freeze Frames
In film and video, a freeze frame is when a single frame of content shows repeatedly on the
screen—"freezing" the action. This can be done in the content itself, by printing (on film) or
recording (on video) multiple copies of the same source frame. This produces a
static shot that resembles a still photograph.
Freeze frame is also a term in live stage performance, for a technique in which actors freeze
at a particular point to enhance a scene or show an important moment in production. Spoken
word may enhance the effect, with one or more characters telling their personal thoughts
regarding the situation.

Limited/No Cutting
Limited release is a film distribution strategy of releasing a new film in a few theaters across
a country, typically in major metropolitan markets.
The purpose is often used to gauge the appeal of specialty films,
like documentaries, independent films and art films. A common practice by film studios is to
give highly anticipated and critically acclaimed films a limited release on or before December
31 in Los Angeles County to qualify for an Academy Award nomination (as by its rules). The
films are almost always released to a wider audience in January or February of the following
year.
One notable exception is The Rocky Horror Picture Show, which premiered in 1975 and is
still shown only in limited fashion; it is the longest-running theatrical release in film history.

In filmmaking, a long take is a shot lasting much longer than the conventional editing pace
either of the film itself or of films in general. Significant camera movement and elaborate
blocking are often elements in long takes, but not necessarily so. The term "long take"
should not be confused with the term "long shot", which refers to the distance between the
camera and its subject and not to the temporal length of the shot itself. The length of a long
take was originally limited to how much film a motion picture camera could hold, but the
advent of digital video has considerably lengthened the maximum potential length of a take.
Visual Effects
Visual Effects (abbreviated VFX) is the process by which imagery is created or manipulated
outside the context of a live action shot in film making.
Visual effects involve in the integration of live-action footage (special effects) and generated
imagery (digital effects[disambiguation needed]) to create environments which look realistic, but
would be dangerous, expensive, impractical, time consuming or impossible to capture on
film. Visual effects using computer-generated imagery (CGI) have recently become
accessible to the independent filmmaker with the introduction of affordable and easy-to-
use animation and compositing software.