1. Which of these is least likely to produce topographic inversion?

a) ashfall
b) pyroclastic flow
c) lava flow
d) lahar
e) pyroclastic surge

2. The drainage basins around Mt. Rainier channel lahar flows

a) primarily towards the northeast.
b) primarily towards the southeast.
c) primarily towards the southwest.
d) primarily towards the northwest.
e) equally outwards in all directions.

3. What is the most effective way to survive a lahar?

a) Get in a car and drive quickly downstream.
b) Shut all of the windows and stay in the lowest level of your home.
c) Get to high ground as soon as you know it’s coming.
d) Build houses on stilts.
e) Get in a whitewater kayak and prepare for a wild ride.

4. Should a lahar occur on Mt. Rainier, local inhabitants will have:

a) to prepare for a major eruption.
b) no cause for alarm, as there is no history of far-reaching lahars at Rainier.
c) about 15 minutes to two hours to evacuate.
d) about six to twelve hours to evacuate.

5. The threat from lahars on Mt. Rainier is made worse by the fact that
a) the mountain has colder glacial ice than other Cascade volcanoes.
b) the mountain has warmer glacial ice than other Cascade volcanoes.
c) the mountain has more glacial ice than other Cascade volcanoes.
d) the mountain has less glacial ice than other Cascade volcanoes.

6. Compared to the High Cascades, subduction-zone volcanism during the West Cascades was
a) less widespread but of greater volume.
b) more widespread and of greater volume.
c) less widespread and of lesser volume.
d) more widespread but of lesser volume.
e) essentially the same in extent and volume.

7. What type of advanced warning will a hot debris avalanche most likely provide?
a) increase in air temperature
b) increase in ice temperature
c) increase in ground temperature
d) increase in shallow earthquakes
e) no significant warning
8. What type of advanced warning will a cold debris avalanche most likely provide?
a) decrease in air temperature
b) decrease in ice temperature
c) decrease in ground temperature
d) decrease in shallow earthquakes
e) no significant warning

9. Lahar warning systems around Mt. Rainier are

a) not being considered.
b) being considered for the future.
c) being installed currently.
d) installed and have an excellent record of effectiveness.
e) installed and have a poor record of effectiveness.

10. Over the last 5600 years, Mt. Rainier has

a) fluctuated in size but remained about the same overall.
b) fluctuated in size but slightly lost overall.
c) fluctuated in size but slightly gained overall.
d) lost size much more than any gains.
e) gained size much more than any losses.

11. A pyroclastic flow refers to

a) a lava flow that comes from the rift zone.
b) a hot flow of broken rock fragments and hot gas.
c) the first stage of a pahoehoe flow.
d) a lava flow that comes from a fire fountain.
e) a flow of broken rock and mud.

12. If an area is built upon former lahar flows, then the danger of future lahars is
a) high.
b) primarily dependent upon distance from the source.
c) primarily dependent upon the age of the source.
d) low.
e) impossible to assess.

13. Volcanic rocks at Mt. Rainier come from

a) Mt. Rainier.
b) volcanoes older than Mt. Rainier.
c) volcanoes younger than Mt. Rainier.
d) all of the above.
e) none of the above.

14. The most frequently active volcano in the last 4000 years in the Cascades is:
a) Mt. St. Helens
b) Mt. Rainier
c) Mt. Shasta
d) Crater Lake (Mt. Mazama)
e) Glacier Peak
15. For Mt. St. Helens since 1980, what has been the most reliable warning of eruptive behavior?
a) No warning, because there have been no eruptions since 1980.
b) No warning, therefore the eruptions have occurred unexpectedly.
c) Decreasing depth of earthquakes.
d) Increasing numbers of earthquakes.
e) Unknown, as no efforts have been made to monitor this.

16. Potential volcanic activity is assessed by:

a) ground deformation
b) gas emission
c) observations of wildlife, other than ferrets, which are not to be trusted
d) earthquakes
e) a, b, and d

17. What has far-field deformation indicated about the eruptions at Mt. St. Helens since 2004?
a) The erupted material is the remnants of the activity from the 1980s.
b) The volcano is running out of eruptible magma.
c) The magmatic system is being refilled even as the eruptions drain it.
d) The volcano is rapidly approaching a phase of explosive activity.
e) The deformation is inconclusive for this period.

18. Over the last 4000 years, the eruptions at Mt. St. Helens have been
a) entirely explosive.
b) more explosive than effusive.
c) nearly equally explosive and effusive.
d) more effusive than explosive.
e) entirely effusive.

19. Volcanic hummocky terrain is the result of

a) many accumulations of aa on the flanks of large ocean islands.
b) the accumulation of ash carried by winds in the upper atmosphere.
c) inflation of lava tubes that then collapse.
d) lateral transport of parts of the volcano from a landslide or blast.
e) mechanical collapse of the caldera after all the magma has been removed.

20. During a typical caldera-forming ring eruption, the cap above the magma chamber
a) sinks into the ground.
b) is ejected intact from the caldera.
c) is ejected in fragments.
d) turns upside-down.
e) rotates horizontally.

21. One prominent justification for originally declaring Yellowstone a national park was its
a) abundant and varied hydrothermal features.
b) enormous and widespread volcanic features.
c) remote and otherwise useless location.
d) strategic importance to national defense.
e) majestic herds of now tragically extinct ferrets.
22. Yellowstone's mantle plume produces mafic magma which
a) ascends easily through the continental crust.
b) ascends with difficulty through the continental crust.
c) descends through the continental crust.
d) fails to reach the continental crust.
e) actually is only produced at oceanic mantle plumes.

23. What type of plate boundary is producing Cascade volcanism?

a) continental-continental divergent
b) oceanic-oceanic divergent
c) continental-oceanic convergent
d) oceanic-continental divergent
e) continental-continental transform

24. Hummocky terrain is the result of

a) many accumulations of aa on the flanks of large ocean islands.
b) the accumulation of ash carried by winds in the upper atmosphere.
c) inflation of lava tubes that then collapse.
d) lateral transport of parts of the volcano from a landslide and blast.
e) mechanical collapse of the caldera after all the magma has been removed.

25. What is the difference between Western Cascade and High Cascade subduction?
a) age of the subducting oceanic plate
b) age of the overriding continental plate
c) relative contributions of marine vs. continental sediment being subducted
d) total amount of sediment being subducted
e) all of the above

26. Not everyone got the last question right on the first exam, so let's try again. Mark the correct
answer. No, "ferrets" is not the correct answer this time.
a) blank
b) also blank
c) the correct answer
d) Please consider re-reading answer c.
e) Will this be on the exam?