STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM

1.STRESS AND ITS TYPES:

The intensity of force i.e. the force acting per unit area of the cross section is
called stress and it has uniform distribution over the cross section.
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Types:
 Normal stress-Tensile and Compressive
 Shear stress
 Thermal stress
 True stress
 Plane stress

2.STRAIN AND ITS TYPES:

The ratio of change in dimension to the original dimension (or) elongation
per unit length of the material is called strain.
TYPES:
 axial strain- Tensile and Compressive.
 Lateral strain
 True strain
 Thermal strain
 Plane strain
 Volumetric strain

3.WHY STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM:

Stress strain diagram is drawn to determine the characteristic, mechanical
properties and type of behavior of the materials.It is also used to represent the
behavior of the material graphically with increasing load.
4.WHY CANT STRESS IN X-AXIS AND STRAIN IN Y-AXIS:
In the standard representation of the graph, single x value should not have
more than one y value. If is it so, it cannot be represented in mathematical equation.
It is convenient to interpret the data’s such as young’s modulus (slope of the
curve), integrating the curve equation to find the energy stored during deformation.

5.WHEN TO APPLY FORMULA FOR STRESS

The deferomation should be uniform throughout the volume.
The material should be homogenous.
The formula for stress is applied when there is uniform distribution of stress
over the cross section of the bar and the force must pass through the centroid of the
material.

6.TRUE STRESS AND ENGINEERING STRESS

If stress is calculated by using the initial cross sectional area of the material,
then it is called engineering stress
If stress is calculated by using the actual cross sectional area of the material,
then it is called true stress.

7.WHEN TO GO FOR TRUE STRESS

True stress should be used when the cross sectional area undergoes
appreciable change in dimension. It is used for material with high percentage of
elongation

8.DIFF BETWEEN STRESS AND PRESSURE

Stress: Acting internally,It is the tensor quantity, applicable for solid
Pressure: Acting externally, It is the vector quantity ,applicable for fluid.

9.DIFF BETWEEN STRENGTH AND STRESS

Strength-Capacity of the structure to resist load
 Stress-Ability to resist the deforming force
10.DIFF BETWEEN RIGIDITY MODULUS AND YOUNG’S MODULUS
RM:Shear stress is accounted,No change in volume
YM:Linear stress is accounted, change in volume

11.HOW TO FIND YIELD POINT OF AL

A straight line is drawn on the stress strain diagram parallel to initial linear
part of the curve,but offset by some standard strain,such as 0.002(0.2%).The
intersection of the offset line and the SSC defines the yield stress.

12.WHY DO WE GO FOR TENSILE STRESS IN DESIGNING

Engnieering materials have the ability to withstand higher compressive load
than the tensile load . Also,Ultimate stress in compression are much higher than
those in tension. So, It is safer to use tensile stress in designing.

13.UPPER AND LOWER YIELD POINT?

Upper yield point:The yielding occurs rapidly without appreciable increase
in load.
Lower yield. The rapid straining of the materials stops.

14.DIFF BETWEEN RIGIDITY AND STIFFNESS

Stiffness: Resistance offered by the material to elongate.
Rigidity: Ability of the material to resist bending.

15.WHY FRACTURE IS PREFERABLE AT THE MIDDLE OF THE SPECIMEN

IN THE TENSILE TEST
The failure at the ends would not produce the desire information about the
material, because the stress distribution near the grip is not uniform.
To easily place the extensometer and to monitor the change in dimension and
to prevent damage to the instrument.
16.WHY COMPRESSION TEST?
When the application of the material have higher compressive load such as
for building materials (brick,concrete column),compressive test is done.Because
failure occurs due to compressive load.

17.WHY STRESS RESULTS IN NECKING

It occurs mostly in the ductile materials.The reduction in the area results in
stress concentration on that area and results in necking of the bar.

18.CRITERIA FOR BRITTLE AND DUCTILE MATERIALS

Ductile:
Material undergoing large permanent strain before failure
Capable of absorbing large amount of strain energy prior to fracture
Visible distortion occurs.

Brittle:
Materials fail in tension at relatively low values of strain.
Little elongation after the proportional limit.

19.WHY NECKING OCCURS IN MS

It is due to the ductile nature of the material

20.WHICH REPRESENTS TOUGHNESS AND RESILIENCE REGION IN SSD?

Toughnes:Area below entire stress strain diagram
Resilience:it is the area below the SSD upto the proportional limit.

21.PHYSICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF YOUNG’S MODULUS

Young’s modulus represent the modulus of ELASTICITY of the material.the
ease of the elasticity of the material with increasing load condition.
22.EXPLAIN STRAIN HARDENING WITH RESPECT TO SSD
After undergoing the large strains that occur during yielding,the steel begins
to strain harden.During strain hardening the material undergoes changes in its
crystalline structure resulting in increased resistance of the material to further
deformation

23.WHAT IS GAGE LENGTH?

It is the distance between which the extensometer arms are attached to the
specimen.

24.WHAT IS BAUSCHINGER EFFECT RELATED TO STRESS- STRAIN

DIAGRAM?