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CALIBRATION HANDBOOK
OF
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
Alessandro Brunelli
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FIRST EDITION
Notice
The information presented in this publication is for the general education of the reader. Because neither the author
nor the publisher has any control over the use of the information by the reader, both the author and the publisher
disclaim any and all liability of any kind arising out of such use. The reader is expected to exercise sound professional
judgment in using any of the information presented in a particular application.
Additionally, neither the author nor the publisher has investigated or considered the effect of any patents on the
ability of the reader to use any of the information in a particular application. The reader is responsible for reviewing any
possible patents that may affect any particular use of the information presented.
Any references to commercial products in the work are cited as examples only. Neither the author nor the
publisher endorses any referenced commercial product. Any trademarks or tradenames referenced belong to the
respective owner of the mark or name. Neither the author nor the publisher makes any representation regarding the
availability of any referenced commercial product at any time. The manufacturer’s instructions on the use of any
commercial product must be followed at all times, even if in conflict with the information in this publication.
ISBN: 978-1-945541-57-5
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
ISA
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P.O. Box 12277
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Disclaimer: Neither the Author nor the Publisher are responsible for the results obtained by the use or possible
misuse of the spreadsheets used in this handbook or on the CD.
The literary property and all rights of the series of ISA Publications are reserved to the Publisher. The graphical
structure, the editorial content, and illustrations in this volume cannot be reported, translated, or stored, even partially,
without the permission of the Publisher.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface 5
Part I – Requirements and General Guidelines for Management of Instruments and Measurements 7
1. International System of Units (SI) 9
2. International Calibration System (ILAC) 15
3. European Calibration System (EA) 17
4. Traceability and Compatibility of the Measures 21
5. Measurement Uncertainty 23
6. Calibration of Measuring Instruments 29
7. Requirements in the Quality Management Systems ISO 9001, 14001, 16949, and EN 9100 35
8. Requirements in the Measurement Management Systems ISO 10012 39
9. Criteria for Instrument Selection in Relation to the Measurement Requirements 49
10. Criteria for Conformity Evaluation of the Measuring Instrument 53
11. Notes to Legislative Requirements for Initial and Periodic Calibration Checks 59
12. Notes to Technical Requirements on Document Management According to FDA 21 CFR Part 11 65
Part II – Requirements and Criteria for the Management and Calibration of Measuring Instruments 71
1. Physical Quantities 73
1.1 Pressure 75
1.2 Flow 87
1.3 Level 113
1.4 Temperature 119
1.5 Humidity 143
1.6 Viscosity 153
1.7 Density 163
1.8 Mass 175
2. Chemicals for Liquids 191
2.1 pH 193
2.2 Redox 199
2.3 Turbidity 205
2.4 Conductivity 211
2.5 Dissolved Oxygen 217
2.6 Dissolved Ions 223
2.7 Colorimetry 229
2.8 Refractometry 235
3. Chemicals for Gases 241
3.1 Infrared Analyzers 243
3.2 Ultraviolet Analyzers 247
3.3 Comburent Gases 251
3.4 Combustible Gases 255
3.5 Chromatography 261
3.6 Spectrometry 267
4. Mechanical Quantities 273
4.1 Length 275
4.2 Force 287
4.3 Torque 291
4.4 Velocity (and Rotation) 295
4.5 Vibration (and Acceleration) 299
4.6 Sound and Noise 305
5. Electrical Quantities 315
5.1 Indicators 317
5.2 Oscilloscopes 321
5.3 Transformers 325
5.4 Energy Meters 329
5.5 Clamp Meters 333
5.6 Multimeters 337
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Dedication
To my learned readers,
this book combines my so-called HME versus HMS,
or How Much is Enough versus How Much it Serves,
in compliance with metrological requirements
imposed by the reference normatives for
calibrating and confirming measuring instruments.
PREFACE
The Calibration Handbook of Measuring Instruments was commissioned by the Association for the Instrumentation,
Control and Automation Company in Italy (GISI) to meet the needs of instrumentation technicians, who strongly
requested a handbook that clearly and completely explained calibration procedures and periodic metrological
confirmation for all the instruments for measurement in industrial applications: chemical, petrochemical,
pharmaceutical, food, energy, and custody and transfer for water, oil, and gas.
Published first in the Italian language in 2012, it was outstandingly successful; many companies, professionals, and
training centers have found this calibration handbook a valuable reference.
FOREWORD
The handbook is mainly dedicated to operators involved in the verification and calibration of measuring instruments
used in ISO 9001 – Quality management systems, ISO 14001 – Environment applications, ISO 16949 – Automotive
industry, and EN 9100 – Aviation industry to be a reference and consultation handbook in the main topics for the
assurance and management of industrial process measurement, such as:
• The general concepts for managing the measurement equipment according to ISO 10012 concerning the
management system of instruments and measurements
• The ability of the instrument to perform accurate measurements, by controlling the drift to maintain the quality
of the measurement process
• The criteria and procedures for acceptance, management, and verification of the calibration of the main
industrial measuring instruments
• The provisions of law and regulations for production and the European marking, CE, of metrological
instruments used in commercial transactions and for their periodic verification
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GENERAL GUIDELINES
For the most common measurement instruments, it is possible to determine the best practices for calibration
procedures suitable for industrial applications, with procedures harmonized on the following points:
• Scope and purpose
• Identification and classification
• Normative references
• Ambient conditions
• Initial checks
• Calibration method
• Calibration verification
• Calibration results
• Metrological confirmation
Practical report templates useful for recording both the recorded instrument data and the experimental calibration data,
to evaluate the conformity of the instrument, are available on the enclosed CD for practical usage.
The report templates are reported in “white” on the enclosed CD for a practice specific use.
Furthermore, the CD contains various spreadsheets in Excel (Reports Calibration) that automatically calculate errors
and the relative uncertainty of measurement. They directly determine the compliance of the calibrated instrument
according to the two methods mentioned in this calibration handbook: as a practical method, according to the error
approach, or an analytical method, according to the uncertainty approach.
Therefore, once again, the author aims to develop and promote the culture of instrumentation in its metrological and
application aspects, currently the cornerstone of a company’s production as traceability and compatibility ensure
measurements in the global market.
During his career, Brunelli published many papers in the areas of measurement and
automation of industrial processes. He published two monographs relating to humidity and
flow measurement, a series of five volumes on measurement and control in industrial applications, a specific volume
titled Industrial Measurements: Physical & Mechanical, and a two-volume Instrumentation Handbook series.
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PART I
5. Measurement Uncertainty
7. Technical Requirements in Quality Management Systems ISO 9001, 14001, 16949, and EN 9100
12. Notes to Technical Requirements on Document Management according to FDA 21 CFR Part 11
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INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI)
It did this through the General Conference on Weights and Measures (Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures
[CGPM]), which was formed by the delegates of the member states to the Metre Convention and still has these tasks
(see figure 1-1):
• Discuss and promote the necessary measures to spread and refine the SI system
• Recognize the results of new fundamental metrological determinations
• Issue scientific resolutions of international scope
• Approve the definition of the SI units
The CGPM uses the work of the International Committee for Weights and Measures (Comité International des Poids et
Mesures [CIPM]), composed of members appointed by the same CGPM. Their task is to carry out the decisions of the
CGPM and oversee the activities of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (Bureau International des Poids
et Mesures [BIPM]).
This latter institution is an international metrological laboratory based in Sèvres near Paris. It is the permanent scientific
body of the CGPM and has the following tasks:
• Preserve the international prototypes of measurement standards
• Carry out and coordinate the determination of fundamental physical constants
• Make the necessary comparisons to ensure the uniformity of international measures
The units, terminology, and International System recommendations are established by the General Conference of
Weights and Measures, the diplomatic body that is connected with the BIPM.
The International System of quantities and units has thus developed over time:
• 1889: the “MKS system” with only three units (meter, kilogram, second), approved by the first CGPM
• 1935: the “MKSΩ system” with a fourth unit (ohm) dedicated to electrical resistance, on the proposal of the
Italian physicist Giovanni Giorgi
• 1946: the “MKSA system” with a variation of the fourth unit: ampere electric current, based on the Giorgi
proposal and therefore also commonly called the “Giorgi system”
• 1954: the “SI system” with the addition of kelvin and candela, approved by the 10th CGPM
• 1971: the “SI system” included a seventh unit, the mole, approved by the 14th CGPM
1. The measurement units of the International System (SI) are currently regulated by the International Standards ISO/IEC 80000
series, replacing the previous standard ISO 31 and IEC 60027 series.
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GENERAL GUIDELINES
The International System is therefore a coherent system in that its magnitudes and derived units are derived as a
product of magnitudes and fundamental units.
METRE CONVENTION
CGPM
Diplomatic Level
Technical Level
CIPM BIPM
ADVISORY COMMITTEES
(quantities of competence)
NATIONAL LABORATORY
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INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI)
The SI should be used in each country. In some of them, such as in Italy, their use is mandatory, in compliance with the
EEC Council Directive 18 October 1971 (71/1354/ EEC), as amended on 27 July 1976 (76/770/EEC). Its use is
mandatory in drafting acts and documents with legal value, and therefore the failure to comply with the above rules of
writing could invalidate such documents.
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CALIBRATION OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
ensures, where necessary for valid results, that the measuring instruments are:
• Calibrated and verified, at specified intervals or prior to use, against measurement standards traceable to
international or national measurement standards. Where no such standards exist, they must be registered with
the criteria used for calibration or verification.
• Adjusted or regulated again, when necessary.
Therefore, all management systems provide the initial calibration and any periodic “adjustment or metrological
confirmation” (according to ISO 10012 – Measurement management systems) of the measuring instruments to validate
the various measurement processes to ensure proper traceability of measurements to the International System (SI) (for
terminology, see table 6-1).
This contains the thermal drift of the standard and calibration instruments.
If, however, the measurement is made in a laboratory, it is appropriate that the measures are carried out in controlled
conditions, within these maximum limits:
• Temperature : 20 ± 2°C for mechanical measurements, 23 ± 3°C for electrical measurements
• Relative humidity : 50 ± 10% (or ± 20%)
This gives better uncertainty, and therefore traceability, of the measuring process.
Measurement Equipment
Use appropriate equipment for the measuring ranges and the desired levels of uncertainty, traceable to the SI units
(see point 1) by:
• National calibration laboratories (NCL):
o European cooperation for Accreditation (EA) (or extra-European)
o International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC)
• National metrological institutes (NMI)
The reference standard instrument should still have a measurement uncertainty of typically better than one-third of the
nominal uncertainty of the calibrated instrument (see point 10).
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GENERAL GUIDELINES
Technical Personnel
Technical personnel should be specifically trained and operating under the technical and management procedures
regarding the quality manual of the company or the laboratory.
Operating Procedures
The operating calibration procedures should be specifically drawn up:
• For each type of provided measurement
• For each type of instrumentation with respect to any applicable normatives
In the absence of specific reference normatives, it is good practice to follow the generic operating procedures
described in table 6-1.
Usually the complete measuring cycle up and down is expected for instrumentation using sensors at “elastic
deformation” (and therefore with displacement: type dial manometers or dilatation thermometers) while a measuring
cycle is carried out up (preferentially) or down for the instrumentation using sensors at the “solid state” (and thus using
sensors without moving, electric type: digital multimeters and sensor thermoelectrics as resistance thermometers and
thermocouples that don’t have inherent hysteresis phenomena).
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CALIBRATION OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
Measurand:
Quantity intended to be measured.
Measurement:
Process of experimentally obtaining one or more quantity values that can reasonably be attributed to a quantity.
Error:
Measured quantity value minus a reference quantity value.
Accuracy:
Closeness of agreement between a measured quantity value and a true quantity value of a measurand.
Accuracy class:
Class of measuring instruments or measuring systems that meet stated metrological requirements that are intended to keep
measurement errors or instrumental measurement uncertainties within specified limits under specified operating conditions.
Measurement accuracy:
Closeness of agreement between a measured quantity value and a true quantity value of a measurand.
International measurement standard:
Measurement standard recognized by signatories to an international agreement and intended to serve worldwide.
Reference measurement standard:
Measurement standard designated for the calibration of other measurement standards for quantities of a given kind in a given
organization or at a given location.
Traveling measurement standard:
Measurement standard, sometimes of special construction, intended for transport between different locations.
Primary measurement standard:
Measurement standard established using a primary reference measurement procedure, or created as an artifact, chosen by
convention.
Secondary measurement standard:
Measurement standard established through calibration with respect to a primary measurement standard for a quantity of the
same kind.
Material measure:
Measuring instrument reproducing or supplying, in a permanent manner during its use, quantities of one or more given kinds,
each with an assigned quantity value.
Reference material:
Material, sufficiently homogeneous and stable with reference to specified properties, that has been established to be fit for its
intended use in measurement or in examination of nominal properties.
Measuring instrument:
Device used for making measurements, alone or in conjunction with one or more supplementary devices.
Metrological traceability:
Property of a measurement result whereby the result can be related to a reference through a documented unbroken chain of
calibrations, each contributing to the measurement uncertainty (see point 4.2).
Metrological traceability chain:
Sequence of measurement standards and calibrations used to relate a measurement result to a reference (see figure 4-1).
Measurement uncertainty:
Nonnegative parameter characterizing the dispersion of the quantity values being attributed to a measurand, based on the
information used (for more details, see point 5 and table 5-1).
Measurement method:
Generic description of a logical organization of operations used in a measurement. Measurement methods may be qualified in
various ways, such as:
• Direct measurement method (e.g., manometer calibration with pressure balance)
• Indirect measurement method (e.g., manometer calibration with reference manometer)
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GENERAL GUIDELINES
This second procedure also begins by executing three complete excursions of the measurement signal up and down;
expected, however, only for mechanical-type instrumentation with displacement sensors.
Subsequently, however, it only provides for the execution of the measuring cycle according to the method described in
the preceding calibration procedure in step (f), since the aim of this procedure is to be seen during the metrological
confirmation in subsequent times, if the error or uncertainty detected on the instrumentation of the production process
is better than the limit expected for the “correct control” of the quality of the “measurement process.”
The last point is required only in the case of procedures aimed at metrological confirmation.
For an example of procedures and reports of calibration or confirmation, see Part II.
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CALIBRATION OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
All this represents a significant cost that can be justified by the amount of equipment to be calibrated, and therefore a
cost/benefit analysis on the convenience of equipping a laboratory or on delegating calibration to an external laboratory
must be done.
Generally, for instruments such as manometers, thermometers, hygrometers, micrometers, calipers, and analog and
digital multimeters, internal calibration is convenient when the group of instruments is referable to a single reference
standard that exceeds at least 10 units. For lesser quantities, it may be more beneficial to contact an external
laboratory.
Qualify
Accredited the Falibration
Falibration Fenter
Fenter?
Calibration in the YES NOT
internal metrological
laboratory
Calibration at a Calibration at a
Falibration Fenter: qualified outside center
ILAC, EA, etc.
Figure 6-1. Sequential Scheme of Analysis for Choice of the Internal or External Calibration
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GENERAL GUIDELINES
Table 6-2. Evaluation of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Internal and External Calibration
Evaluation Internal Calibration External Calibration
Purchase costs of the reference standards Yes No
Calibration of the reference standards Yes No
Cost for personnel training Yes No
Cost of procedures Yes No
Locations for the laboratory Yes No
Unavailability time of the instrument hour 2-30 days
Costs to ship the instrument No Yes
Possibility of damage during transport No Yes
Possibility of immediate verifications Yes No
Possibility of checks on the processes Yes No
Laboratory qualification No Yes, if it is not ILAC
Table 6-3. Common Terms Relating Procedures and Results of Expressions (ISO and Others)
Operational procedure:
Procedure that tends to define and characterize the metrological characteristics of an instrument, or to adjust or restore the
functional and metrological characteristics of an instrument or a measuring apparatus.
Note: The operational procedure should be specified: measurement, calibration, verification, etc.
Measurement procedure:
Detailed description of a measurement according to one or more measurement principles and to a given measurement method,
based on a measurement model and including any calculation to obtain measurement results.
Calibration procedure:
Procedure performed under the specified conditions that establishes the relationship between the values of a quantity related
with the associated measurement uncertainties and the reading of a measuring instrument, which can be expressed by means
of a table or calibration curve, usable for the eventual measurement results correction conducted with the calibrated instrument.
Note: This procedure should not be confused with the procedures described below!
Verification procedure:
Operation that provides evidence that an instrument meets the specified requirements. (Note: This procedure is normally used in
the sense of “metrological confirmation.”)
Adjustment procedure:
Set of operations carried out (of zero and span adjustments) on an instrument so that it provides prescribed information
(specified) in relation to the measured value.
Note: This procedure is commonly used before the “calibration procedure.”
Maintenance procedure:
Process conducted in a systematic manner or as necessary to return the instrument to its normal functional conditions. (Note:
This procedure is performed periodically according to the manufacturer’s specifications.)
Calibration curve:
Expression of the relation between indication and corresponding measured quantity value (and relative measurement
uncertainty).
Calibration certificate:
Document that provides a calibration curve of an instrument, issued by a laboratory or an accredited organization (e.g.,
accredited ISO 17025: ILAC, EA).
Calibration report:
Document that provides a calibration curve of an instrument, issued by a laboratory or an organization that is not accredited for
calibration (e.g., accredited only ISO 9001).
As found report/certificate:
Document that provides a calibration curve for an instrument, as found, or as presented to the calibration or metrological
confirmation.
As left report/certificate:
Document that provides a calibration curve for an instrument, as left, or after making an adjustment procedure (because it was
found out of the specifications).
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REQUIREMENTS IN THE QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ISO 9001, 14001, 16949, AND EN 9100
a) Calibrated or verified, or both, at specified intervals, or prior to use, against measurement standards
traceable to international or national measurement standards; when no such standards exist, the basis
used for calibration or verification shall be retained as documented information
b) Identified in order to determine their status
c) Safeguarded from adjustments, damage, or deterioration that would invalidate the calibration status and
subsequent measurement results
The organization shall determine if the validity of previous measurement results has been adversely affected when
measuring equipment is found to be unfit for its intended purpose, and shall take appropriate action as necessary.
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Part II
Requirements and Criteria for the Management and Calibration of Measuring Instruments
Part II describes the requirements and operating procedures for the management and calibration of measuring instruments for the
following measurement quantities:
1.0 Physical quantities: Pressure, flow, level, temperature, etc.
2.0 Chemicals for liquids: pH, redox, turbidity, conductivity, etc.
3.0 Chemicals for gases: Infrareds, ultraviolets, gas chromatographs, etc.
4.0 Mechanical quantities: Length, speed, acceleration, etc.
5.0 Electrical quantities: Indicators, oscilloscopes, multimeters, etc.
For the main types of measuring instruments, the operating procedures of calibration and metrological confirmation for managing the
quality of the measurements is presented. They are accompanied by the registry and metrology card, suitable for recording the
instrument identification and the registration of subsequent verification checks and metrological confirmation implemented with the
two methods explained in Part I, 10.2.1 and 10.2.2:
• Verify that the Maximum Relieved Error (MRE) of the instrument is less than or equal to the Maximum Tolerated Error
(MTE). This is generally recommended when using references with uncertainty less than or equal to one-third of that of the
instrument to be calibrated.
• Verify that the Maximum Relieved Uncertainty (MRU) of the instrument is less than or equal to the Maximum Tolerated
Uncertainty (MTU). This is particularly recommended when using references with uncertainty greater than one-third of that
of the instrument to be calibrated.
Obviously, this must always be done in compliance with any applicable normative references.
At the same time, note that errors and uncertainties are generally expressed:
• In absolute terms in the case of temperatures (°C), lengths (mm), etc.
• In relative terms (e.g., percent of full scale for pressure or percent of reading for flow)
Also note that for editorial convenience, all metrological confirmation intervals of different measurement instruments have been set
at one year, without regard to the course management criteria of the intervals reported in Part I in:
• 8.5 Definition of Metrological Confirmation Intervals
• 8.6 Review of the Metrological Confirmation Intervals
• 8.7 Examples of Definition of Metrological Confirmation Intervals
In addition, it points out the importance of reviewing the metrological confirmation intervals with the scale method provided by the
international document OIML D 10, which in principle should lead to:
• An increase in the interval for the most stable instruments (or scarcely used), type: manometers, thermocouples, etc.
• A decrease in the interval for the most critical instruments (or continuous use), type: analyzers, gas chromatographs, etc.
This is unless otherwise specified in the technical requirements and/or related legislations.
Finally, note that for uniformity in the various operating procedures, the document has highlighted the environmental conditions in
terms of temperature, relative humidity, and atmospheric pressure. This is a practice for a proper independent laboratory. For an
industrial laboratory, always specify the temperature, and specify humidity and pressure if they are influential or prescribed by
applicable normative references.
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INTRODUCTION
1. Physical Quantities
This first section of Part II describes the requirements and specific criteria for managing and calibrating measuring instruments of
physical quantities:
1.1 Pressure
1.2 Flow
1.3 Level
1.4 Temperature
1.5 Humidity
1.6 Viscosity
1.7 Density
1.8 Mass
For each quantity, the International System (SI) of units, any specific definitions, the main operating principles, and any reference
tables will be succinctly presented.
In addition to the main types of instruments, the handbook will present the relative operating procedure of calibration and
metrological confirmation articulated on the following points:
1. Scope and Purpose
2. Identification and Classification
3. Normative References
4. Ambient Conditions
5. Initial Checks
6. Calibration Method
7. Calibration Verification
8. Calibration Results
9. Metrological Confirmation
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PRESSURE
1.1 Pressure
Units of Measurement and Definitions
The pressure P is defined as the ratio between the force F acting on a surface and its area A:
P=F/A
Notes: The standard reference atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1013.25 mbar (101325 Pa). The air pressure decreases by
about 1 mbar for every 10 m above sea level (valid until 4000 m).
The concepts related to the type of the relative and absolute pressures are shown in figure 1.
Related pressure
above atmospheric P
Pressure [bar]
Absolute pressure (pressure)
above atmospheric P
Atmospheric
pressure
1.013
Limits of variation of
Abs olute pressure atmos pheric pressure
below atmospheric P
Related pressure
below atmospheric P
(depression)
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PRESSURE
Table 3. Standard Nominal Diameters DN for Manometers (EN 837)
Note:
(1) The minimum accuracy class is 0.6 for diaphragm and capsule manometers.
For the latter pressure gauges, generally follow the procedure for manometers EN 837 (1.1.1) with calibration points at least every
20% (15% for EN 562); however, follow the specific method described in the relevant technical normative references or legal
regulations.
Notes:
(1) There is also a similar international recommendation, OIML R 23: Tire pressure gauges for motor vehicles.
(2) There is also a similar international recommendation, OIML R 16: Sphygmomanometers.
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PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
1 5
0 kPa 6
Fluid
reservoir
Δh = 0
Δh ≠ 0
Variable volume 2.500 bar
Fluid
filling valve S ta nd ar d ca libr ato r Refe re nce l eve l
Manual pump or pressure reducer
Figure A Figure B Figure C
If there is a different level Δh between the intake of the standard manometer and the manometer in calibration, it is necessary to
correct the pressure difference ΔP between the two levels, through the relation: ΔP = ρ ⋅ g ⋅ Δh [Pa], where ΔP = differential pressure
in pascal (1 Pa = 10-5 bar), ρ = density of the measurement fluid (for water ≈ 1000 kg/m3), g = local gravitational acceleration (or
standard = 9.80665 m/s2), and Δh = different level between the two manometers in meters
7. Calibration Verification
The verification should be carried out with increasing/decreasing pressure (i.e., at least every 25% of scale):
25 – 50 – 75 – 100 – 75 – 50 – 25 – 0%
Reach every point of measurement without going over, and wait for the indication that the standard and instrument in calibration are
perfectly stable. Then read and detect the standard and the instrument indications.
8. Calibration Results
Report the calibration results in an instrument card to first be processed and then valued against the Maximum Tolerated Error
(MTE) or Maximum Tolerated Uncertainty (MTU):
• Verify that the Maximum Relieved Error (MRE) of the instrument is less than or equal to MTE.
• Verify that the Maximum Relieved Uncertainty (MRU) of the instrument is less than or equal to the MTU.
If the check is not positive, it will be necessary to recalibrate the instrument, and then repeat the calibration verification (point 7), or
downgrade or alienate the instrument.
9. Metrological Confirmation
Record on the side of the instrument card:
• The results of the metrological confirmation (positive, negative: declassification or alienation)
• The signature of those who made the verification and the next verification date
Also, fill out and attach the positive confirmation label on the instrument, indicating at least the number of the verification/calibration
report, the instrument serial number, and the next verification date.
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PRESSURE
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LEVEL
1.3 Level
Units of Measurement and Definitions
The level of liquid and solid products (such as powders, mixtures, and granules) in containers (such as tanks, silos, and vessels) is
measured in height in meters. In the case of liquids, the level or height measurement is always the effective real average height of
the liquid content. In the case of solids, the level or height measured is the punctual real actual height of the solid content, a height
which is substantially a function of the measuring point (figure 1).
1 2 3 1 2 3
h h1 h2 h3
(a) (b)
Figure 1. Level Measurement of Products in Containers with Sensors (1-2-3) Mounted on Top of the Tank
a. Level measurement of liquids: The sensors always detect the same level h (h1 = h2 = h3) given the horizontal liquid level.
b. Level measurement of solids: The sensors detect various levels (h1 ≠ h2 ≠ h3) as a function of the content solid surface.
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PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
Output
Load 4-20 mA
250 Ω
Supply
Connection
Communicator
or Configurator
Transmitter
or Transducer
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LEVEL
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PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
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LEVEL
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TEMPERATURE
1.4 TEMPERATURE
Units of Measurement and Definitions
The kelvin is the fraction 1/273.16 of the temperature interval from the triple point of water to absolute zero, and can be formulated
as follows:
1 K = 1/273.16 Thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water
For conversion to other units still in use and for the evolution of the temperature scale, see table 1 and table 2. (Please note that for
temperature intervals, the kelvin K corresponds to the °C.)
Temperature tC tK tF tR
• tC = Relative temperature in Celsius degrees (°C): Scale that assigns 0°C and ≅ 100°C at the fusion and boiling point of the
water
• tK = Absolute temperature in kelvin (K): Scale that assigns 0 K = –273.15°C at zero absolute temperature
• tF = Relative temperature in Fahrenheit degrees (°F): Scale that assigns 32°F and ≅ 212°F at the fusion and boiling point of the
water
• tK = Absolute temperature in Rankine degrees (°R): Scale that assigns 0°R = –459.67°F at zero absolute temperature
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PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
Table 3. Temperature Limits and Interpolating Polynomials for Normalized Resistance Thermometers
Temperature Temperature Interpolating Polynomial (3)
Material
Limits Coefficient Rt = Ro (1 + A•t + B•t2 + C•t3)
Type
(°C) (/°C) (Ω)
Table 4. Temperature Ranges and Tolerance Classes of Standardized Resistance Thermometers (Thermoresistances)
Table 5. Resistance Values of the Standardized Resistance Thermometers with 100 Ω @ 0°C:
Values Ω versus °C in the range –200 to 600°C
Type –200 –150 –100 –50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600
PRT 18.52 39.72 60.26 80.31 100.00 119.40 138.51 157.33 175.86 194.10 212.05 229.72 247.09 264.18 280.98 313.71
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PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
Table 8. Tolerance Classes of Extension (X) and Compensation (C) Cables for Thermocouples (IEC 60584-3)
Tolerance Classes Measure
Cable Cable Cable Temperature
Junction
Type Symbol 1 2 Range
Temperature
Table 9. Matching the Colors of Thermocouple Wires between IEC 60584-3 and Other National Standards
(*) For type B thermocouples, common copper cables in the range up to 100°C are usually used.
(+) Conductor +
(–) Conductor –
(S) Outer Sheath
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TEMPERATURE
Table 10. Values of the Various Types of Normalized Thermocouples Consisting of Alloy Metals (IEC 60584) and Pure
Metals (Au-Pt and Pt-Pd: IEC 62460)
Type – 200 – 100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
E –8.825 –5.237 0 6.319 13.421 21.036 28.946 37.005 45.093 53.112 61.017 68.787 76.373
J –7.890 –4.633 0 5.269 10.779 16.327 21.848 27.393 33.102 39.132 45.494 51.877 57.953 63.792 69.553
K –5.891 –3.554 0 4.096 8.138 12.209 16.397 20.644 24.905 29.129 33.275 37.326 41.276 45.119 48.838
N –3.990 –2.407 0 2.774 5.913 9.341 12.974 16.748 20.613 24.527 28.455 32.371 36.256 40.087 43.846
S 0 0.646 1.441 2.323 3.259 4.233 5.239 6.275 7.345 8.449 9.587 10.757 11.951
R 0 0.647 1.469 2.401 3.408 4.471 5.583 6.743 7.950 9.205 10.506 11.850 13.228
B 0 0.033 0.168 0.431 0.787 1.242 1.792 2.431 3.154 3.957 4.834 5.780 6.786
C 0 1.451 3.090 4.865 6.732 8.657 10.609 12.559 14.494 16.398 18.260 20.071 21.825
A 0 1.336 2.871 4.512 6.203 7.908 9.605 11.283 12.933 14.549 16.127 17.662 19.150
Au-Pt 0 0.778 1.845 3.142 4.633 6.301 8.135 10.132 12.291 14.609 17.085
Pt-Pd 0 0.569 1.208 1.933 2.781 3.787 4.974 6.352 7.917 9.657 11.557 13.601 15.772
Values in mV versus °C, in the range –200 to 1200°C, with thermocouple reference junction @ 0°C
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PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
Table 12. Measuring Spectral Bands of Infrared Pyrometers with Various Sensors
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TEMPERATURE
Aluminum 0.30
Beryllium 0.61
Carbon 0.80 – 0.95
Not oxidized 0.35
Chrome
Oxidized 0.87
Not oxidized 0.36
Cobalt
Oxidized 0.77
Copper 0.10
Gold 0.14
Not oxidized 0.36
Iron
Oxidized 0.80 – 0.95
Molybdenum 0.40
Not oxidized 0.36
Nickel
Oxidized 0.85 – 0.95
Palladium 0.33
Rhodium 0.26
Silver 0.07
Not oxidized 0.35
Steel
Oxidized 0.85
Tantalum 0.50
Not oxidized 0.35
Vanadium
Oxidized 0.70
Zirconium 0.32
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INTRODUCTION
For each quantity, the handbook will succinctly present its SI units, any specific definitions, the main operating principles, and any
reference tables. In addition to the main types of instruments, it will present the relative operating procedure of calibration and
metrological confirmation articulated on the following points:
1. Scope and Purpose
2. Identification and Classification
3. Normative References
4. Ambient Conditions
5. Initial Checks
6. Calibration Method
7. Calibration Verification
8. Calibration Results
9. Metrological Confirmation
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PH
2.1 pH
Units of Measurement and Definitions
The pH is the evaluation of hydrogen and its relationship with the concentration or the activity of H+ ions in the liquid. The pH value
is the negative logarithm of the concentration (or activity) of “hydrogen ions” (H+ or H3O+). It generally ranges from 0 for the acids to
14 for the bases (7 is neutral for pure water).
Typically, the pH is detected through a chain of measuring and reference electrodes (of the type with two separate electrodes, or two
electrodes inserted into a combined measurement device, otherwise called mono tubular) that uses the Nernst law:
E = Eo + (RT/nF) • ln “concentration” H+
where
E = measurement potential (function of concentration H+)
Eo = zero potential (function of asymmetry of the measuring electrodes of the pH)
R = gas constant (8.3144 J/K•mol)
F = Faraday constant (96493 C/mol)
T = temperature in kelvin (typically 25°C)
n = number of ions (1 per H+)
ln = natural logarithm (concentration H+)
The Nernst slope is 59.159 mV/pH at 25°C. It is given in table 1 for other temperatures, according to IEC 60746-2.
Table 2 shows by example the typical pH of some common substances of general interest and application.
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PH
Tampone
0°C 5°C 10°C 15°C 20°C 25°C 30°C 35°C 37°C 40°C 50°C 60°C 70°C 80°C 90°C 95°C
Buffer
A(2) 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.69 1.69 1.71 1.72 1.74 1.77 1.75 1.81
B(1) — — — — — 3.557 3.552 3.549 3.548 3.547 3.549 3.55 3.57 3.60 3.63 3.65
C(1) 4.000 3.998 3.997 3.998 4.000 4.005 4.011 4.018 4.022 4.027 4.050 4.06 4.12 4.16 4.21 4.24
D(1) 6.984 6.951 6.923 6.900 6.881 6.865 6.853 6.844 6.841 6.838 6.833 6.84 6.85 6.86 6.88 6.89
E(1) 7.534 7.500 7.472 7.448 7.429 7.413 7.400 7.389 7.386 7.380 7.367 — — — — —
F(2) 8.47 8.30 8.14 7.99 7.84 7.70 7.56 7.43 7.38 7.31 7.07 — — — — —
G(2) 9.51 9.43 9.36 9.30 9.25 9.19 9.15 — 9.09 9.07 9.01 8.93 8.90 8.88 8.84 8.89
H(1) 9.464 9.395 9.332 9.276 9.225 9.180 9.139 9.102 9.088 9.068 9.011 8.97 8.93 8.91 8.90 8.89
I(1) 10.317 10.245 10.179 10.118 10.062 10.012 9.966 9.926 9.910 9.889 9.828 9.75 9.73 9.73 9.75 9.77
J(2) 13.42 13.21 13.00 12.81 12.63 12.45 12.29 12.13 12.07 11.98 11.71 11.45 — — — —
Table 5. Main Buffer Solutions Used for Calibration Verification of pH Meters (IEC 60746-2)
pH Buffers Main Used in Temperature
Temperature
(°C) C D I J
KHC8H4O4 KH2PO4 NaH2CO3 Ca(OH)2
10 3.997 6.923 10.179 13.00
15 3.998 6.900 10.118 12.81
20 4.000 6.881 10.062 12.63
25 4.005 6.865 10.012 12.45
30 4.011 6.853 9.966 12.29
75 G
50
25 S
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 [pH]
Figure 1. Typical Uses of Glass Measurement Electrodes in Relation to pH and to the Measuring Temperature
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TERMS
Accuracy 31
Accuracy class Cl 31
Assessment of conformity (CE) 61
Audit Trail 65
Bureau International de Poids et Mesures BIMP 9
Calibration certificate 34
Calibration report 34
Calibration report (As Found) 34
Calibration report (As Left) 34
Characteristic, metrological 42
Characteristic, metrological for measuring equipment MEMC 52
Characteristic, metrological for reference equipment REMC 52
Code of Federal Regulation CFR 65
Comité Internationale des Poids et Mesures CIPM 9
Compatibility of Measures 22
Conference Générale des Poids et Mesures CGPM 9
Conformity assessment modules (CE) 61
Conformity marking (CE) 61
Control chart 46
Coverage factor 28
Customer Metrological Requirement CMR 42
Distribution, normal (or Gaussian) 25
Distribution, rectangular 25
Distribution, triangular 25
Environmental Management System EMS 35
Error E 32
Error, eccentricity Eecc 26
Error, indication (maximum) Emax 26
Error, interpolation Eint 27
Error, parallelism Epar 26
Error, planarity Epla 26
Error, repeatability Erep 27
Error, resolution Eres 26
Essential Safety Requirements ESR 59
European cooperation for Accreditation EA 17
Evidence of conformity instruments 57
Food and Drug Administration FDA 65
Good Automated Manufacturing Practices GAMP 66
Good Practice Guidelines GPG 66
Good Practices GxP 66
International Accreditation Forum IAF 15
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ANALYTICAL INDEX
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TERMS
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INSTRUMENTS INDEX
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