Prof. Wei Ming Gong - Load Cell Test20171108

Self-balanced
Load Testing Method

Weiming Gong
Professor, Ph.D, P.E., G.E.
School of Civil Engineering,

Southeast University
02/11/2017
Southeast University http://en.ddzph.com/

Agenda
 Background and Conventional Methods
 Self-balanced Method Introduction
 Applications
 Conclusion

Background
 Objective of Load Testing

To verify the bearing capacity of the pile.
 Traditional Testing Techniques

1. Kentledge method
2. Anchor pile method

Background
1. Kentledge Method
Kentledge Block
Secondary
Beam
(a) Concrete block

Main Main
Beam Beam
Supporting
Supporting
Block
Hydraulic Hydraulic
Jack Jack Block
Test Pile
Dial Reference
Gauge Beam
(b) Earthbagging block
Fig.1 Schematic diagram of kentledge method
Fig.2 Application cases of kentledge method

Background
2. Anchor Pile Method
Secondary Beam
Main Beam
Anchor Tie
Oil Jack
Main Bar
Test
Anchor Pile
Pile
Anchor Pile
Reference
Beam
Secondary Beam
Main Beam
Test Pile
Fig.4 Application cases of anchor pile method
Fig.3 Profile map and plan of anchor pile method Southeast University http://en.ddzph.com/
Background
 Limitations of traditional testing methods:
1. Maximum load capacity <4,000 tons
2. Require reaction systems
3. Limited use in special area, e.g. offshore, mountains
(a) Offshore steel pipe pile (b) Sloping fields (c) Diaphragm wall foundation
Fig.5 Examples of special test conditions

Background
Problem
Conventional testing techniques cannot deal with the

Challenges of larger bearing capacity of foundations.
Solution
In this case, we proposed the improved O-cell testing
technique – we call it “self-balanced method”.

O-cell/ Self-balanced Method
 First proposed in 1982 by Prof. J. Osterberg of the
Northwest University in the U.S.
 Has been used widely in China

Self-Balanced Method: Principles
 The test pile is loaded by
the embedded load cell；
 Pressure is applied to the
load cell by oil pump on
the ground.
Fig.6 Load Cell and Installation

data displacement transducers
acquisition
reference beam
system
hydraulic pump with

pressure gauge
oil pipe
shaft
side steel telltale rods
shear
telltale casings
load cell
shaft end bearing

Fig.7 Principles of Self-balanced method

Ⅰ. Single Load Cell
 Divide the pile into two segments (top and
bottom), using each other as reaction.
Segment 1
 Load cell level is based on soil conditions.
 Apply hydraulic pressure to expand the cell. Rs1 Fu
 Upper and lower shaft are loaded.
Rs2 Segment 2
Fd
Rb

Ⅱ. Multi-level Load Cell
 Multi-level load cells, i.e. two levels, can be
Segment 1
installed to better mobilized each pile segments.
Level 1
 Pile is divided into 3 segments.
Step 1: Segment 3 will be mobilized using Segment 2
Segment 1 & 2 as reaction. Level 2
Step 2: Segment 1 & 2 will be mobilized using

Segment 3
each other’s reaction, with Level 2 jack opened.
Step 3 (optional): If Segment 2 has reached
ultimate before Segment 1, Level 2 jack will be
locked to enable Segment 2 & 3 as reaction to
continue to mobilize Segment 1.

Governed by shear resistance
characteristics of soil
Upper Load-Settlement
Curve
(1xWL) Fu
Bottom Load-Settlement
Curve
Governed by compressibility of soil
(1xWL) Fd
below toe
Note：Strain gauge can be added to determine load distribution.Southeast University http://en.ddzph.com/

After the completion of 132 comparision tests, we get the following equations
Compression bearing capacity Uplift bearing capacity with single

with single load cell: load cell: Quu
Quu  W Qu 
Qu   Qud γ2
γ1 Qu — vertical bearing capacity of single pile；
Quu — limit load of upper pile；
Compression bearing capacity
Qum— limit load of middle pile；
with two load cells:
Qud — limit load of downward pile；
Quu  W
Qu   Qum  Qud W — dead load of pile;
γ1 γ1 — 0.7 for sand; 0.8 for clay;
γ2 — 1.0

After the completion of 132 comparision tests,
The two Q-S curves can be converted to the top-down curve of the whole
pile, Then the settlement of the whole pile can be determined as top-
down testing.

Self-Balanced Method: Test Procedures
Producing Load Cell
a) Jack Production b) Calibrating Single Jack c) Calibrating a set of Jacks d) Pressure Test
Load Cell Installation
e) Finish Load Cell Production f) Arrived at the Site a) Cutting Reinforcement Cage b) Connecting Load Cell

Strain Gauges Installation Placing Reinforcement Cage
a) Welding with Main Reinforcement b) Finish Installation a) Ready for Hoisting b) Cage cutting (2cm)
Lowering Reinforcement Cage Casting Concrete
a) Hoisting b)Placing c) Lowering a) Nighttime b)Daytime

Test Preparation Field Test
a) Erecting Shed b) Erecting Instrument a) Displacement/Strain Sensor b)Test Control System
Explaining and Answering Questions Grouting Sealing after Test
a) Experts Visit b) Owners Introduction a) Equipment b) Grouting c)Effect

Self-Balanced Method: Industry
Standard
Communications Industry
Standard of the People’s
Republic of China
Static loading test of foundation

pile—Self-balanced method
Issued by:
Ministry of Transport of the People’s
Republic of China

Self-Balanced Method: Industry
Standard
Industry Standard of the People’s
Republic of China
Technical specification for static

loading of self-balanced method
of building foundation piles
Issued by:
Ministry of Housing and
Construction of the People's
Republic of China

Self-Balanced Method: Load Cell

Self-Balanced Method: Load Cell
Fig.8 Positions of the Load Cells

Applications
 The Southeast University has completed more than
1,000 testing projects, including 1,000 buildings, and
400 bridge projects worldwide.
 The total number of testing piles is more than 8,000.

Application Cases
1 Floating pile
2 Rock-socketed pile
3 Large caisson
4 Diaphragm wall Foundation

5 Pipe pile

Application Cases: Floating Piles
Shanghai Yangtze River
Bridge (Cable-stayed, Span 730m)
Taizhou Yangtze River

Suspension Bridge (Span 2×1080m)
Hangzhou Bay
Cross-ocean Bridge
(Length 36.0km)

Application Cases: Floating Piles
Indonesia Suramadu Bridge
(Span 818m)
Sutong Yangtze River Cable-stayed

Bridge (Span 1080m)
Donghai Cross-ocean Bridge

(Length 32.0km)

Case 1: Indonesia Suramadu Bridge
Length of the cross-ocean section: 5438 m
Diameter of Pile = 2.4m
Length of Pile =81.0m
Dual Load Cell
Test Location

Case 1: Indonesia Suramadu Bridge
Ultimate Bearing Capacity:
Before Grouting: 4,000t
After Grouting: 5,000t

Case 2: Shanghai Yangtze River Bridge
Test Location
Length of the bridge: 16.55km

Length of the cross-river section: 10km

Parameters of piles
Elevatio Elevation
Diamete Length Designed Load
n of of Pile- Reference
Test No. Location No. r of Pile of Pile Capacity
Pile-top bottom（ Drill Hole
（cm）（m）（kN）
（m） m）
South of The
107.8 Upper ：2×40000kN
250～ XK068～
Team F Bridge -2.000 -109.85 Lower ：
320 5 XK069
Main 61# Pier 2×40000kN
North of The
250～ XK072～ Upper：2×40000kN
Team F Bridge -2.000 -106.85 104.85
320 XK073 Lower：2×40000kN
Main 62# Pier
Team PM 120# Upper：2×16000kN

160 1.600 -80.355 81.955 XK159
D-1# （Chongming） Lower：2×20000kN
PM114#（
Upper：2×40000kN
Team G Secondary 250~300 0.150 -109.85 95.150 XK154
Lower：2×40000kN
Navigable Spans）
PM15# Upper：2×18000kN
Team C 180 1.650 -75.35 77.00 CQ013
（Changxing） Lower：2×22000kN
Team PM81# Upper：2×16000kN
160 1.650 -84.75 86.40 XK106
D-2# （Chongming） Lower：2×20000kN

88% 73%
68%
99%
Fig.9 The bearing capacity of tested piles

(before and after grouting)
Case 3: Suzhou-Nantong Yangtze River
Bridge
Test Location
Length of the span:1080m, the largest span in the world today

Length of the cross river section: 6000m

Case 3: Suzhou-Nantong Yangtze River
Bridge
Parameters and ultimate bearing capacity
Ultimate Capacity（kN）
Diameter Length
of Pile of Pile Enhanced
Stages No. Before After
（cm）（m） Percentage
grouting grouting
（%）
S1 150 84 24000 37500 56

S2 150 69 16000 28000 75
One
S3 150 69 16000 32000 100
N3 250 124 58400 108000 74
Two SZ4 250 120 59638 100538 69

NII-1 120 58.9 14037 20805 48
NII-2 120 58.9 14037 20805 48
Four
NII-3 120 63.6 17629 28349 61
NII-4 120 63.6 17629 28349 61
Note: The ultimate bearing capacity can be

increased by 0.5~1.0 times after tip grouting.
Case 4: Hangzhou Bay Cross-sea Bridge
Test Location
Length of the bridge: 36km, the longest cross-sea bridge in the

world
7 piles were tested in the project.
Case 4: Hangzhou Bay Cross-sea Bridge
Increased by 200% Increased by 46%
Fig.10.1 The base resistance-settlement Fig.10.2 The bearing capacity curves

curves for A1 pile for 23# pile

Case 5: Pulau Muara Besar Bridge in
Brunei
D=1.5m, L=63.0m
Dual Load Cell
Capacity of Load Cell 7,200 Tons

Case 5: Pulau Muara Besar Bridge in
Brunei
Field Welding Field Testing

Case 6: Shenzhen High-rise Building
 Dual Load Cell Hoisting
Field inspection of Self balancing
Grouting of Pile Foundation

 Pile-tip Post Grouting
U-shaped pipe grout distributor arrangements

 Pile-side Post Grouting
Pile-side post-grouting device

Test Pile Parameters
Bearing Capacity （kN）

Diameter Length
Number
(mm) (m)
Before Grouting After Grouting
XWZ15-60 1500 60 40000 85000
XWZ15-70-1 1500 70 41000 93000
XWZ15-70-2 1500 70 41000 97000

Application Cases: Rock-socketed Piles
Runyang Yangtze River Bridge
(Suspension ,Span 1450m
Cable-stayed , Span 406m)
Jingyue Yangtze River Highway

Xihoumen Bridge
1650m (Suspension ,Span 1650m)

Application Cases: Rock-socketed Piles
Nanjing Third Yangtze River
Ma’an shanYangtze River Bridge

(Suspension, Span 2×1080m)
Tsingtao Gulf Bridge

(Length 37.8km)

Case 7: Maldives Friendship Bridge
D = 3.6m
L= 88m
Dual Load Cell
Capacity = 30,000 Tons

 Special Stratum Condition: Coral-reef Limestone

Engineering Geological Section Map


Application Cases: Large Caisson
Wangdong Yangtze River Bridge

(Cable-stayed, Span 648m)
Ma’an shanYangtze River Bridge

(Suspension, Span 2×1080m)

Case 8: East Yangtze River Highway
Bridge
D = 5.0m, L= 47.0m
Ultimate Bearing Capacity:

After jacking of all roots : 7,300t
After side wall grouting: 10,000t

Case 9: Huaihe River Bridge
D= 5.0m
L= 12.0m
Capacity of
Load Cell=
3,200t
D= 8.0m
L= 26.0m
Capacity of
Load Cell=
14,400t

Case 9: Huaihe River Bridge
Ultimate Capacity Ultimate Capacity
Diameter
(Before jacking roots ) (After jacking roots )
5m 17478 kN 26994kN
8m 14581 kN 114697kN
before
after
before after
Q-S curve: 5m root foundation Q-S curve: 8m root foundation

(before and after rooting) (before and after rooting)

Application Cases: Pipe Pile
East China sea bridge offshore

wind farm
(The first offshore wind farm in
China)
Malaysian Penang Bridge

(Length 24km)

Case 10: Zhoushan Cross-sea Bridge
Group A: D=1.6m, L=90m, Capacity =32000kN
Group B: D=1.8m, L=100m, Group C: Diameter=2.0m, L=110m ，

Capacity=44000kN Capacity=56000kN

 Bury the optical fiber sensor
Alignment Derusting and Grinding
Epoxy Bonding Angle Steel Protection

The load cell and the

steel pipe pile are welded
into a whole.

 Self-balanced Curve
Turning
Turning
Point
Turning Point
Point
Q-s Curve s-lgQ Curve s-lgt Curve

Ultimate bearing capacity of the pile: Quu =1，820t
Diameter=2.0m Qlu =1，950t

Application Cases: Diaphragm Wall
Foundation
Overpass bridge of first-class

highway, China
Nanjing Jinmao Plaza, China

Height 285m

Case 11: Nanjing Jinmao Plaza
Diaphragm Wall
Test Position General layout of Diaphragm Wall
Nanjing Jinmao Plaza

Diaphragm Wall
Shape of Diaphragm Wall

Diaphragm Wall
Parameters of Load Cell
Parameters Load Cell

Thickness
number
(mm) Length Width Height Capacity
(mm) (mm) (mm) (t)
SQ1 900 2850+2850 820 700 30,000
SQ2-1 1100 5850 1020 700 40,000
SQ2-2 1100 5850 1020 700 40,000

Diaphragm Wall
Field Welding of Load Cell
Load Cell Hoisting
Load cell consists of 18 jacks.

Diaphragm Wall
Displacement meter installation
Self balancing field test

Diaphragm Wall
Q (kN)
0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000
0
The Max Ultimate Capacity SQ-1荷载位移曲线

10 SQ2-1荷载位移曲线
SQ2-2荷载位移曲线
of Test Wall:
20
S (mm)
SQ1=21,714t
30
SQ2-1=31,400t 40
SQ2-2=31,400t 50
Q-s curve of each test wall after transformation

Conclusion
The self-balanced method has been proved effective and
efficient in deep foundation projects.

Conclusion
 Load tests of cross-ocean bridges
Maputo Bridge Indonesia Suramadu Bridge
Vietnam Qinyu Bridge Malaysian Penang Bridge

Conclusion
 Load tests of other Indonesian projects
Pile Top Loading
Test
Diameter Elevation value(KN)
PileNO.
(m) (m)
P12 1.0 27.25 2×5500
P17 1.5 27.25 2×8500
P19 1.5 27.25 2×8000
Tayan Bridge
Papua MYC Piles
Bearing
Pile Pile Length Estimated Ultimate Pile Dia. Length Load Capacity
Test No. (m) (m) (kN) （kN）
Diameter Bearing Capacity
PileNO. （m）
（m）（kN）
TP1-3 1.0 25 8911 12000
SZ1－4 1.5 45.0m 2×10000 TP4-6 1.0 25 14295 18000
Merah-Putih bridge Grobogan Cement Plant

Thank you


Prof. Wei Ming Gong - Load Cell Test20171108

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Self-balanced

Load Testing Method

School of Civil Engineering,

Southeast University http://en.ddzph.com/

 Background and Conventional Methods

 Self-balanced Method Introduction

Southeast University http://en.ddzph.com/

 Objective of Load Testing

 Traditional Testing Techniques

Southeast University http://en.ddzph.com/

(a) Concrete block

Southeast University http://en.ddzph.com/

Fig.4 Application cases of anchor pile method

Fig.5 Examples of special test conditions

Southeast University http://en.ddzph.com/

Conventional testing techniques cannot deal with the

Southeast University http://en.ddzph.com/

 First proposed in 1982 by Prof. J. Osterberg of the

Northwest University in the U.S.

 Has been used widely in China

Southeast University http://en.ddzph.com/

 The test pile is loaded by

the embedded load cell；

 Pressure is applied to the

load cell by oil pump on

Fig.6 Load Cell and Installation

Southeast University http://en.ddzph.com/

hydraulic pump with

shaft end bearing

Southeast University http://en.ddzph.com/

 Upper and lower shaft are loaded.

Southeast University http://en.ddzph.com/

Segment 1 & 2 as reaction. Level 2

Step 2: Segment 1 & 2 will be mobilized using

Southeast University http://en.ddzph.com/

Note：Strain gauge can be added to determine load distribution.Southeast University http://en.ddzph.com/

Compression bearing capacity Uplift bearing capacity with single

Southeast University http://en.ddzph.com/

Southeast University http://en.ddzph.com/

Southeast University http://en.ddzph.com/

Lowering Reinforcement Cage Casting Concrete

a) Hoisting b)Placing c) Lowering a) Nighttime b)Daytime

Southeast University http://en.ddzph.com/

a) Erecting Shed b) Erecting Instrument a) Displacement/Strain Sensor b)Test Control System

Explaining and Answering Questions Grouting Sealing after Test

a) Experts Visit b) Owners Introduction a) Equipment b) Grouting c)Effect

Southeast University http://en.ddzph.com/

Static loading test of foundation

Southeast University http://en.ddzph.com/

Technical specification for static

Southeast University http://en.ddzph.com/

Southeast University http://en.ddzph.com/

Fig.8 Positions of the Load Cells

Southeast University http://en.ddzph.com/

 The total number of testing piles is more than 8,000.

Southeast University http://en.ddzph.com/

4 Diaphragm wall Foundation

Southeast University http://en.ddzph.com/

Taizhou Yangtze River

Southeast University http://en.ddzph.com/

Sutong Yangtze River Cable-stayed

Donghai Cross-ocean Bridge