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PLUMBING TIME LINE

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8000 B.C.: 6000 B.C 3000 B.C

2255 B.C 2500 B.C 2700 B.C

800 B.C
2100 B.C 1500 B.C

705 B.C
432 B.C 710 B.C

52 A.D
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206 B.C
 1596 700 - 1500
600

1775 1829 1870

2002 1915 - 1919 1885

2010

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Ancient Plumbing
 Plumbing originated during the ancient
civilizations such as the
Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian, and Chinese
civilizations as they developed public baths and
needed to provide potable water, and drainage of
wastes. Standardized earthen plumbing pipes
with broad flanges making use of asphalt for
preventing leakages appeared in the urban
settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization by
2700 B.C. The Romans used lead pipe inscriptions
to prevent water theft
 Improvement in plumbing systems was very
slow, with virtually no progress made from the
time of the Roman systems of aqueducts and lead
pipes until the growth of modern cities.
 Water systems of ancient times relied on
gravity for the supply of water, using pipes or
channels usually made of clay, lead, bamboo
wood or stone
 Eventually the development of
separate, underground water and sewage
systems eliminated open sewage ditches and
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cesspools
Modern Plumbing
 Present-day water-supply systems use a
network of high-pressure pumps, and pipes are
now made of copper, brass, plastic, or other
nontoxic material. Due to lead’s toxicity, lead has
not been used in modern water-supply piping
since the 1930s in the United States, although
lead was used as a solder until 1986. Drain and
vent lines are made of plastic, steel, cast-
iron, and lead.
The "straight" sections of plumbing systems are
pipes or tubes. A pipe is typically formed via
casting or welding, where a tube is made through
extrusion. Pipe normally has thicker walls and
may be threaded or welded, where tubing is
thinner-walled and requires special joining
techniques such as brazing compression fitting
crimping or for plastics, solvent welding
What is High rise Structure ???
A high-rise building is a structure whose architectural height is between 35
and 100 meters. A structure is automatically listed as a high-rise when it
has a minimum of 12 floors, whether or not the height is known. If it has
fewer than 40 floors and the height is unknown, it is also classified
automatically as a high-rise.

A multi-storey structure between 35-100 meters tall, or a building of

unknown height from 12-39 floors.

The six-member high rise committee Mumbai, consisting of officials from

the civic development plan department, fire department, private architects
and civil engineers, was formed five years ago to vet the proposals for high
rises. Under the definition, a high rise is any building over 70 meters in
height (approximately 20 storey's).

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 The term High-Rise is very ambiguous, meaning one thing to one
person and something else to another. In search to overcome ever-
escalating cost of land, as well as the scarcity of appropriate sites, builders
have adopted the philosophy of building vertically rather than
horizontally. Some visionaries have already proposed vertical cities to
maintain our open spaces and halt the devastation of open spread.
Buildings are going higher rather then wider. During the 1930s and 40s a
six story was considered highrise , and few buildings which exceeded this
height were classified as SKY – SCRAPERs. During the 50s, 20 and 30
storey became common place and during the 60s, the 100- storey building
was no longer oddity.

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Gravity feed System:

 Tanks must be sufficiently elevated to achieve required pressure. For proper

operation of the system, the gravity tank is located at least 30 ft or 10 m above the
highest outlet or consumer. In tall buildings it's necessary to use pressure reducing
valves in the lowest floors before the fittings.

Advantages of gravity system:

 Extreme simplicity : There are no complicated or sophisticated controls

 Most Reliable : It is the only system which has a available in the event of the power
or water supply failure
 Economical: Operating costs are much less and capital is usually no higher than
other systems.
 Minimum maintenance: Only requirement beyond terms is periodic cleaning and
possible repainting of the tank.
 Fewer pressure regulating valves are required for the control system
 Provides additional reserve capacity for fire protection while domestic water is
available in addition to the fire reserve

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 Pressure is to be Gravity
controlled with the Tank
help of prv stations
where ever it exceeds
max. pressure limits

Break pressure
tanks to be
provided at
regular intervals

PG

PG
Suction
Tank Pump
City Main
Gravity Feed System
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 Use less energy: Pump head, therefore horse power is less then required
in other systems. The pumps operate to replenish the tank and then shut off
so that a high horse power pump is not requires to satisfy light demands as is
required for the tank less booster pump system. The pumps operate on
optimum duty point on the pump curve for the greater efficiency and less
energy wastage.
 Minimum pressure variations in the distribution systems.

Disadvantages of Gravity System

 The tank must be elevated. Provision must be made on the roof of the
building to support the tank. A tank on the roof is unslightly and if it is
enclosed and dressed up, there is additional architectural expense.
 The weight of the water and the tank can increase the structural costs.
Tanks require maintenance, periodic cleaning and painting Is required.
 If the tank ruptures. A large quantity of water is released which may
cause damage.

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Hydro-pneumatic pressure system
 Is a modernization of the older gravity tank method of water supply. Its main
purpose is to control or boost a limited supply pressure to a higher or more uniform
value so that a continuous and satisfactory water supply will be available at all
fixtures within the system.

A suitable pump, a pressure tank and essential control devices for making the system
operate automatically with the least amount of supervision. The pump is used for
supplying the required amount of water into the tank at the proper pressure while
the tank acts as a storage vessel for the proper ratios of water and air within the
pressures and levels maintained by the control devices.

The expansion of air under reducing pressures regulates the amount of water which
can be used by the system before the pump is again called upon to replenish the
reserve that is desired to be maintained in the tank. This pressure and volume
relationship is a well known law of physics which states that at constant
temperature the volume of a given weight of gas varies inversely as the absolute
pressure.

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Hydro pneumatic pressure boosting

Pressure to controlled
with the help of prv
stations where ever it
crosses the Max.
pressure limit

Pressure Vessel
PG

Suction
City
Tank
Main Vortex Care & Safety
Advantages:

Does not have to be elevated

Can be located anywhere in the building.
Can save valuable space by being located outside the building
It is not exposed to the outer elements.

Disadvantages:

Inside corrosion of tank and piping is danger due to addition of air in the tank.
A pressure variation of 20 psi is normal in the system pressure.
Pumps of higher head are required.
Higher initial and operating costs than gravity system due to pressure vessel
type tank, higher head pumps and more sophisticated controls.
May take valuable space in the basement or other area.

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Pressure requirements in Plumbing Hydraulics
 Model plumbing codes limit the pressure supplied to a fixture to 80 psi
 One feet head equates to pressure of 0.433 psi
1’(feet) = 0.433 psi (pound per square inch)
 Any Building Over 100 ft tall will require more then one water Distribution
- 104 x 0.433 = 45 psi
- 45 + 25 = 70 psi
- 10% safety factor and friction.
- Say 80 psi, there fore a system should never be designed above 80 psi.
 The most demanding fixtures are:
e.g W.C = 25 psi , Shower = 20 psi

Pressure Zoning
 Building Over 10 storeys in height requires multiple water piping zone

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Pressure and velocity effects on plumbing system

Excessive pressures and velocities do present some very real dangers:

Excessive wear or erosion of piping.
 Wire drawing of valve seats with resultant maintenance problems.

 Hydraulic shock and the resulting stresses that could rupture pipes or
damage equipments.

 Damage to fixtures or equipment which are not designs for high pressure
or velocity.

 Wasted water at outlets due to high rates of flow in excess of required flow.
The nuisance of splashing that wets the walls and floors or the users.

 Reduced life expectancy of the system and equipment.

Increased costs of equipment which require special construction for
operation at the higher working pressures

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Hydro Pneumatic System

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 Hot water System

Solar Heating System Local Heating System

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Swimming Pools

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Drainage
Shower

W.B
Sink

W.C

Floor Finish
Combined Soil & Waste Pipe

Drainage Line

Vent Pipe
Connections Typical for all floors

External Drainage Line

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 Shower

W.B
Sink

W.C

Floor Finish
Waste Pipe

Drainage Line

Vent Pipe
Vent Pipe

Soil Pipe
Connections Typical for all floors

Gulley
Trap External Drainage Line
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Two Pipe System
Drainage
Flow conditions in plumbing Drainage:
 The flow in the stack tends to cling to the wall of the pipe. There is a slight
spiral motion as the water flows down the pipe.
 Terminal velocity occurs after 3 stories of flow.
VT = 3.0 (q/d)2/5
where :
q = flow rate in gpm
VT = terminal velocity in stack,
d = diameter in inches
 Terminal velocity in drainage is same from 4th to 100 th storey.
 Drainage in the stack is the same for a hotel or an office building.
Venting:
It is important to understand that the sole purpose of venting is to relieve
the pressure fluctuations in the soil or waste stack it serves
 A vent stack must connect to the base of the drainage stack.
 The connection must be at or below the lowest horizontal branch.
 The lowest floor would connect to the horizontal building drain
after the hydraulic jump.
 when more ten 10 storeys in height the relief vent is to be the same
size of the vent.
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 Air movement is within the conventional stack, which pressures attempt
to balance between the floors
 Relief vent must be located every 10 ten branch intervals down from
the top of stack for conventional systems

Storm Water Drainage

Storm water piping is probably subjected to the most frequent

movement of any plumbing system, but not necessarily the maximum
expansion . the movement is due to the frequently changing difference in the
outside temperature relative to the inside temperature. Low temperature flow
in the storm water piping will cause condensation to form on the outside of the
piping in the building. It is therefore advisable to insulate all storm water
offsets to prevent condensation from staining ceilings. The higher the buiding
the more economical its use becomes, but even far importance than the
economies realized, controlled flow roof drainage is one of the best way to
combat water flooding during heavy rainfalls.

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Rain Water Harvesting Storm Water Harvesting
Terrace Lvl
Storm Water run off is collected
in filtration (silt remover)
through Channels

Over Flow is
connected
to the Bore well

Water is pumped back for non potable use

Filtration

Harvesting
Tank To Non Potable water Tanks For Flushing & Irrigation Purpose
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 Pre- Primary Secondary Tertiary
Treatment Treatment Treatment Treatment

Pre-treatment removes Primary treatment Secondary treatment Tertiary treatment is

materials that can be consists of temporarily removes dissolved sometimes defined as
easily collected from the holding the sewage in a and suspended anything more than primary
raw waste water before quiescent basin where and secondary treatment in
biological matter.
they damage or clog the heavy solids can settle to order to allow rejection into
Secondary treatment
pumps and skimmers of the bottom while a highly sensitive or fragile
primary treatment oil, grease and lighter is typically performed ecosystem (estuaries, low-
clarifiers (trash, tree solids float to the surface. by indigneous, water- flow rivers, coral reefs,...).
limbs, leaves, etc.). It The settled and floating borne micro- Treated water is sometimes
Includes materials are removed organisms in a disinfected chemically or
 Screening and the remaining liquid managed habitat. physically (for example, by
 Grit removal may be discharged or Secondary treatment lagoons and microfiltration)
 Flow equalization subjected to secondary may require a prior to discharge into a
 Fat and grease stream, river, bay, lagoon
treatment. separation process to
removal or wetland, or it can be
remove the micro-
used for the irrigation of a
organisms from the golf course, green way or
treated water prior to park. If it is sufficiently
discharge or tertiary clean, it can also be used
treatment for ground water recharge
or agricultural purposes.

Non Potable water Tank

Treated Water
for
Tank
Fishing & Irrigation
Over Flow to
Municipal Sewer
Sewage Treatment Plant
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Plumbing fixtures are divided in to following classes:
Water Closets
Urinals
Lavatories
Sinks
Service Sinks
Bath tubs
Showers
Drinking Fountains
Bidets.

A Water Closet is a Closet that disposes of human waste by using

water to flush it through a drainpipe to the main sewer stack

A Urinal is a specialized toilet for urinating into. It has the form of a

container or simply a wall, with drainage and automatic or manual
flushing.

A sink (also basin, hand basin and wash basin) is a bowl-shaped

plumbing fixture used for washing hands, for dishwashing or other
purposes.

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Sinks generally have taps (faucets) that supply hot and cold water and may include
a spray feature to be used for faster rinsing. They also include a drain to remove
used water; this drain may itself include a strainer and/or shut-off device and an
overflow-prevention device. Sinks may also have an integrated soap dispenser

Service Sink is a Deep fixed basin, supplied with hot and cold water, which is used
for rinsing of mops, disposal of cleaning water, or washing clothes and other
household items.

A bath tub or tub (informal) is a large container for holding water in which a
person may bathe (take a bath). Most modern bathtubs are made of acrylic or
fiberglass, but alternatives are available in enamel over steel or cast iron, and
occasionally waterproof finished wood. A bathtub is usually placed in a bathroom
either as a stand-alone fixture or in conjunction with a shower

A shower (or shower-bath, walk-in shower, steam shower) is an area in which

one bathes underneath a spray of water

A water fountain or drinking fountain is designed to provide drinking water and

has a basin arrangement with either continuously running water or a tap. The
drinker bends down to the stream of water and swallows water directly from the
stream
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Bidets are primarily used to wash and clean the genitalia, perimeum, inner
buttocks, and anus. They may also be used to clean any other part of the body such
as feet. Despite appearing similar to a toilet, it would be more accurate to
compare it to the wash basin or bathtub.

Traps
Trap plays an very important part where drainage is concerned, it is a part of
sanitary appliance which is designed to hold a quantity of water. This part of
water is called a trap seal, trap seal acts as a barrier to prevent air from passing
out from water and in to the room

The primary purpose of the trap is to prevent the passage of air, odours or vermin
through it from the sewer in to the buildings. The require of the ideal trap is as
follows.
 It must be able to pass used water freely without mechanical help.
It must be self cleansing.
It must have seal,prefarably more then 50 mm deep.
It must have strong and proof against leakage from it of gas or liquid.
It must have no moving parts
It must be provided with a clean out to access to the interior in the event of
chocking

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It must have no recess or cavities or pockets.
It must have no internal projections to catch hold hair, lint, bits of matches.

Bottle Traps:
This device is provided that recieves wastes from washbasins, kitchen sinks and
other appliances where the appliances do not have built in traps in it.

Nahani / Floors Traps:

The waste water from floors, wash basins and sinks are often taken to waste pipe
through floor traps. The depth of water seal provided is about 50 mm .

Gully traps
The function of this trap is to form an obstacle to the passage of foul gases from the
interior of the drain or waste to the outside and thus to prevent the surrounding
air being polluted by sewage gas.

Grease Traps
It is the device installed in the waste pipe from one or more fixtures for the purpose
of separating grease from the liquid and retaining the grease. A grease trap is
required in the waste pipe from sinks and other fixtures in which greasy and oily
foods are prepared and dishes are washed. Such as hotels, restaurants, food courts
etc
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Sewer Trap
This trap is installed where internal sewer line connects to the main (city sewer)
sewer line. So that the odor in the mains do not enter the internal sewer of the
building.

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Galvanised Iron Pipes:
Although GI pipes are widely used in india , GI pipes are more prone to
corrosion. Corrosion in pipes reduces the bore diameter and subsequent water
flow in the pipe and shortens its life span. GI pipes usually give service not more
then 20 years.

Copper Pipes
Use of copper pipes is as old as our civilization, they are easy to assemble ,they do
not rust and do not require painting, which in case of hot water pipes avoids the
unpleasant smell of warm paint. The very smooth internal surface offers a very
low frictional resistance to flow of water. The joints commonly used are
compression joints and capillary joint. Both these joints can be safely used for
higher temperatures and pressures of water.

Plastic Pipes
Now a days plastic pipes are becoming more and more common, due to their
properties of corrosion resistance, light weight and economy.

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LDPE
Low density poly ethylene pipes are flexible and this material is used up to
63mm diameter pipes. These pipes are recommended for usage in long runs.
These pipes require supports at closer intervals due to flexibility. These are not
suitable for internal supply system.

HDPE
These are tougher compared to LDPE. These a pipes are not used in smaller
sizes due to practical difficulties.

cPVC
Chlorinated poly vinyl chloride pipes are made from speciality
thermoplastics, These pipes are useful for hot and cold water distribution. Pipes
can withstand temperature upt o 93 deg C without insulation. This material do
not support combustion increasing the fire safety of building

uPVC
unplasticized (Rigid) poly vinyl chloride pipes are widely used for cold water
services internal/external water supply system, water mains, rain water
system, soil /waste piping system and also in underground drainage piping.

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PPRC
Green polypropylene Random Copolymer pipes are green in colour and are
made as per DIN standards these pipes are reliable for hot and cold water
supply. The pipes are designed to last for 50 years at a pressure of 10
kg/cm2 and temp. Of 60 deg. C.

PE-AL-PE
These re polyethylene aluminum composite pipes that combines the best
features of both material to form a pipe that is light, strong, and does not
support corrosion. These are designed for hot water reliability up to 95
deg.C for 50 years. It is clean non corroding plastic interior, there will be
never a problem of odor, colour, taste, etc.

Sanitary fittings
Spouts, mixers, waste couplings valves, faucets and stop cocks are called
fittings and are used for controlling the flow into, through, and from the
pipe.

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Fittings are used in pipe and plumbing systems to connect straight pipe or
tubing sections, to adapt to different sizes or shapes, and for other
purposes, such as regulating or measuring fluid flow.

Material with which a pipe is manufactured often forms as the basis for
choosing any pipe. Materials that are used for manufacturing pipes include:
 Carbon Steel (CS)
 Low Temperature Service Carbon Steel (LTCS)
 Stainless Steel (SS)
 Non-Ferrous Metals (Inconel, Incoly Cupro - Nickel etc.)
 Non-Metallic (ABS, PVC, HDPE, tempered glass, etc. )
Chrome-molybdenum steel (Alloy steel) — Generally used for high temperature
service

Elbow: is a pipe fitting installed between two lengths of pipe or tubing to

allow a change of direction, usually a 90° or 45° angle though 22.5° elbows are
also made. The ends may be machined for butt welding threaded (usually
female), or socketed, etc. When the two ends differ in size, the fitting is called a
reducing elbow or reducer elbow.

Coupling connects two pipes to each other. If the size of the pipe is not the
same , the fitting may be called a reducing coupling or reducer, or an
adapter
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Union : is similar to a coupling, except it is designed to allow quick and convenient
disconnection of pipes for maintenance or fixture replacement.
Reducer: allows for a change in pipe size to meet hydraulic flow requirements of the
system, or to adapt to existing piping of a different size.
Olets are generally used Whenever branch connections are required in size where
reducing tees are not available .
Tee is the most common pipe fitting. It is available with all female thread sockets, all
solvent weld sockets, or with opposed solvent weld sockets and a side outlet with
female threads.
Cross fittings : are also called 4-way fittings. If a branch line passes completely
through a tee, the fitting becomes a cross. A cross has one inlet and three outlets, or
vice versa. They often have solvent welded socket ends or female threaded ends
Cap: is a type of pipe fitting, usually liquid or gas tight, which covers the end of a pipe.
A cap is used like plug
Plug closes off the end of a pipe. It is similar to a cap but it fits inside the fitting it is
mated.
Nipple is defined as being a short stub of pipe which has external male pipe threads
at each end, for connecting two other fittings.
Barb is used to connect flexible hoses to pipes.
Valve is equipment designed to stop or regulate flow of any fluid
(liquid, gas, condensate, stem, slurry etc.) in its path.
Sweep elbows are usually long radius or sweep types, to reduce flow resistance and
solids deposition when the directionVortex
of flow
Care is changed
& Safety
Closet flange is the drain pipe flange to which a water closet (toilet) is
attached. It is a specialized type of flange connection designed to sit flush with
the floor.
Clean-outs are fittings with removable elements that allow access to drains
without requiring removal of plumbing fixtures.
Trap primers regularly inject water into traps so that "water seals" are
maintained, as necessary to keep sewer gases out of buildings.
Combination tee (combo tee) is a tee with a gradually curving center
connecting joint. It is used in drain systems to provide a smooth, gradually
curving path to reduce the likelihood of clogs.
Sanitary tee is a tee with a curved center section designed to minimize the
possibility of siphon action that could draw water out of a trap.
Double Sanitary tee differs from a standard cross in that two of the ports have
curved inlets. The fitting has been used in the past for connecting the drains of
back-to-back fixtures
Wye is a "Y" shaped fitting which allows one pipe to be joined to another at a 45
degree angle.
Double-tapped bushing is a fitting that has opposing threads on the inside
diameter of the bushing

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Fastening of pipes
A fastener is a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more
objects together.
A threaded pipe is a pipe with a screw thread at one or both ends for assembly.
Steel pipe is often joined using threaded connections
A Solvent is applied to PVC, CPVC, ABS, or other plastic piping, to partially dissolve
and fuse the adjacent surfaces of piping and fitting.
To make a Solder connection, a chemical flux is applied to the inner sleeve of a
sleeve type joint, and the pipe is inserted.
Brazing is a thermal joining process in which the two pieces of the base metal are
joined when a molten brazing filler metal is allowed to be drawn into a capillary
gap between them.
Welding is a fabrication that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by
causing coalescene.
Compression fittings consist of a tapered concave conical seat, a hollow barrel-
shaped compression ring, and a compression nut which is threaded onto the body
of the fitting and tightened to make a leak proof connection.
Flared connections should not be confused with compression connectors, with
which they are generally not interchangeable. Flared connectors lack a
compression ring, but do use a threaded nut.
Flanges are generally used when there is a connection to valves, in-line
instruments and/or connection to equipment nozzles is required.
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