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DOC. NO.
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REKAYASA :
Project Manager Project Manager Engineering Manager
Project Control Manager Engineering Manager Jakarta Representative – KNI
Engineering Manager Project Secretary Project Engineer
Procurement Manager Document Controller Project Controls
Engineering Manager Document Controller
QA Manager
QC Manager
HSE Manager
Administration & Finance Manager
Process Project Engineer
Civil Project Engineer
Mechanical Project Engineer
Piping Project Engineer
Electrical Project Engineer
Instrument Project Engineer
DOC. NO.
TABLE OF CONTENT
1 SCOPE ...................................................................................................................................................... 5
2 APPLICABLE STANDARD, CODES AND REFERENCES ........................................................................ 5
3 UNITS ........................................................................................................................................................ 7
3.1 Metric (SI) system ............................................................................................................................. 7
3.2 Miscellaneous ................................................................................................................................... 7
4 SITE CONDITIONS ................................................................................................................................... 7
4.1 Design ground elevation ................................................................................................................... 7
4.2 Groundwater ..................................................................................................................................... 7
4.3 Environmental data ........................................................................................................................... 7
5 STRUCTURAL ........................................................................................................................................... 8
5.1 Material ............................................................................................................................................. 8
5.1.1 Concrete ................................................................................................................................... 8
5.1.2 Reinforcing steel bar ................................................................................................................. 8
5.1.3 Cement ..................................................................................................................................... 9
5.1.4 Admixture.................................................................................................................................. 9
5.1.5 Sand and aggregate ................................................................................................................. 9
5.1.6 Steel Material ............................................................................................................................ 9
5.1.7 Aluminium Material ................................................................................................................. 10
5.1.8 Connection bolt for structural steel ......................................................................................... 10
5.1.9 Welding Material ..................................................................................................................... 13
5.1.10 Anchor bolt.............................................................................................................................. 13
5.1.11 Piles ........................................................................................................................................ 13
5.1.12 Insert plate .............................................................................................................................. 14
5.1.13 Floor ....................................................................................................................................... 14
5.1.14 Painting ................................................................................................................................... 15
5.1.15 Chemical Resistance and Protective Coating ......................................................................... 15
5.1.16 Concrete Structure for Blast Proof Design .............................................................................. 15
5.1.17 Steel Structure for Blast Proof Design .................................................................................... 16
5.2 Design Load .................................................................................................................................... 16
5.2.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 16
5.2.2 Dead load ("D") ....................................................................................................................... 17
5.2.3 Live load ("L") ......................................................................................................................... 17
5.2.4 Equipment load ("E")............................................................................................................... 18
5.2.5 Piping load (”P”) ...................................................................................................................... 18
5.2.6 Impact load ("I") ...................................................................................................................... 19
5.2.7 Wind load ("W") ...................................................................................................................... 19
5.2.8 Earthquake load ("V") ............................................................................................................ 23
5.2.9 Thermal force/Friction force (“T”) ............................................................................................ 27
5.2.10 Bundle Pulling Force (”B”)....................................................................................................... 27
5.2.11 Soil pressure (”SP”) ................................................................................................................ 28
5.2.12 Ground water pressure ("WT") ................................................................................................ 28
DOC. NO.
List of Table
DOC. NO.
1 SCOPE
This specification covers the design requirement for civil and structural work for the EPC contract of
the Ammonium Nitrate Prill Plant Project, Bontang, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
The requirements shall in accordance with the latest editions of the following standards and codes.
1. ISO “International Standard Organization”
2. ANSI “American National Standard Institute”
3. AISC 325-05 “American Institute of Steel Construction”
American Code For Steel Design
4. ACI 318-05 “American Concrete Institute”
Building Code Requirement for Structural Concrete and Commentary
5. AWS D1.1 “American Welding Standard”
Structural Welding Code
6. ASCE 7-05 “American Society of Civil Engineer”
Minimum Design Loads for Building and Other Structure
7. ASCE “Blast Resistant Design for Petrochemical Facilities”
12. FEMA 426 Reference Manual to Mitigate Potential Terrorist Attack Against Buildings
DOC. NO.
JIS G3193 Dimension, Mass and Permissible Variation of Hot Rolled Steel
Plates, Sheets and Strip
JIS G3194 Dimension, Mass and Permissible Variation of Hot Rolled Flat
Steel
JIS G3466 Carbon Steel Square and Rectangular Pipes for General Structure
JIS G3551 Welded Steel Wire and Bar Fabrics
DOC. NO.
3 UNITS
3.2 Miscellaneous
For simplification purposes, one (1) kg weight may be taken as equal to 10 N (0.01 kN).
4 SITE CONDITIONS
Elevation of finished grade, abbreviated as “EL + 100.25 m”, equal to +3.95 m above mean sea
level (MSL).
4.2 Groundwater
For design purpose, the ground water level at the plant area was estimated at elevation is estimated
2.0 meter below finish grade.
DOC. NO.
5 STRUCTURAL
5.1 Material
5.1.1 Concrete
Compressive strengths of concrete at 28 days monitored by cylinder test shall be as follows unless
otherwise specified:
a. Fc’ = 105 kg/cm2 (10.5 MPa), type I cement (Ordinary Pozzolan Cement) for blinding concrete
or lean concrete (leveling concrete).
b. Fc’ = 350 kg/cm2 (35 MPa), type I cement (Ordinary Pozzolan Cement) for upper structure,
trench, concrete paving, ground slab of AN big bag storage and non process building.
c. Fc’ = 350 kg/cm2 (35 MPa), type V cement (Sulphate Resistance) or type 1 cement with fly ash
or silica fume for foundation, marine structure and ground slab of process building.
d. Fc’ = 500 kg/cm2 (50 MPa), type V cement (Sulphate Resistance) or type 1 cement with fly ash
or silica fume for PC Pile
a. Deformed bar shall conform to SNI 07-2052-2002 (BJTS 40), JIS G.3112 (SD 40) or
equivalent with minimum yield strength 390 MPa.
b. Plain bar shall conform to SNI 07-2052-2002 (BJTP 24), JIS G.3112 (SR 24) with minimum
yield strength 240 MPa.
c. Steel wire fabric reinforcement shall conform to ASTM A 185, JIS G3551 or equivalent with
minimum yield strength 490 MPa.
DOC. NO.
Table 5-3 Steel wire fabric reinforcement shall conform to ASTM A 185, JIS G3551 or
equivalent.
5.1.3 Cement
Cement shall be type I for upper structure, trench, concrete paving, ground slab of Big Bag storage
and non process building, type V for foundation, PC Pile, floor slab of process building and marine
structure and conform to ASTM C 150.
5.1.4 Admixture
Admixture shall not contain chlorides and conform to ASTM C 494.
DOC. NO.
Roof purlin and wall girt shall be cold rolled section with hot dipped galvanized in accordance with
Cold Formed Steel Design Manual AISI.
• Connection plate shall have minimum thickness of 10 mm for CU-100, 110, 120, 150, 160,
210, 230, 270, 320 and Conveyor Bridge Structures, other areas it’s shall be 6 mm of
thickness.
• The flange width of purlins supporting concrete slab shall not be less than 65 mm
• The flange width of purlins supporting roof sheeting and wall cladding shall not less than 50
mm.
• Width of steel rolled sections, etc which will be connected to other structural members, shall be
at least 50 mm.
• The depth of beams for all structures shall be not less than 100 mm
Primary member for Prilling Tower Pent House structures, roof purlins and wall girts for areas CU-100,
110, 120, 210, 230, 270, Prilling Tower Penthouse and Conveyor Bridge Structures shall be from
aluminium alloy 6082 with maximum copper contain 0.15% (0.1% Cu contain for 6082 Alloy) in
accordance with ANSI H35.1 or ASTM B-221-08.
Connection bolts are applied subject to structural calculation and specification, for structural
connection material in AN process areas CU-100, 110, 120, 150, 160, 210, 230, 270, 320, Conveyor
Bridge structure and Prilling Tower Penthouse shall consist of stainless steel bolt ASTM A193 B.8
class 2 for structural connection, class 1 for non structural connection such as roof purlin, wall girt,
handrail ladder, stairway and etc. and ASTM A194M B.8 for Nut. For other areas shall be made of
hot dipped galvanized bolt ASTM A325 for main structural connection and A307 for non structural
connection such as roof purlin, wall girt, handrail, ladder, stairway and etc. and ASTM A563 for Nut.
Allowable loads of connection bolts are as follow:
a. Stainless Steel Bolt conforming to ASTM A-193 B.8 Class 2 for main structural connection with
yield strength Fy = 690 MPa and tensile strength Fu = 860 MPa for bolt diameter 20 mm and
under, yield strength Fy = 550 MPa and tensile strength Fu = 795 MPa for bolt diameter
greater than 20 mm to 24 mm.
DOC. NO.
Table 5-4 Stainless Structural Bolt ASTM A-193 B.8 Class 2 Allowable Capacity for
Friction Type
Table 5-5 Stainless Structural Bolt ASTM A-193 B.8 Class 2 Allowable Capacity for
Bearing Type
Allowable
Nominal Allowable Shear
Tension
Type Diameter Force (kN)
Force
cm Single Double (kN)
M 16 1.6 27.00 54.01 50.63
M 20 2.0 42.14 84.28 79.01
M 22 2.2 52.12 104.23 90.33
M 24 2.4 60.72 121.43 105.24
b. Stainless Steel Bolt conforming to ASTM A-193 B.8 Class 1 for secondary structural
connection with yield strength Fy = 205 MPa and tensile strength Fu= 515 MPa
Table 5-6 Stainless Structural Bolt ASTM A-193 B.8 Class 1 Allowable Capacity for
Bearing Type
Allowable
Nominal Allowable Shear
Tension
Type Diameter Force (kN)
Force
cm Single Double (kN)
M 16 1.6 16.17 32.34 30.32
M 20 2.0 25.24 50.47 47.32
M 22 2.2 31.21 62.42 58.52
M 24 2.4 36.36 72.72 68.17
DOC. NO.
c. High Strength bolt (hexagonal bolt) conforming to ASTM A 325, yield strength Fy = 635 MPa
and tensile strength Fu= 825 MPa
Table 5-7 High Strength Bolt ASTM A-325 Allowable Capacity For Friction Type
Table 5-8 High Strength Bolt ASTM A-325 Allowable Capacity for Bearing Type
Allowable
Nominal Allowable Shear
Tension
Type Diameter Force (kN)
Force
DOC. NO.
d. Ordinary Structural bolt (hexagonal bolt) conforming to ASTM A 307 yield strength Fy=240MPa
and tensile strength Fu= 400 MPa.
Table 5-9 Ordinary Structural Bolt ASTM A-307 Allowable Capacity for Bearing Type
Allowable
Nominal Allowable Shear
Tension
Type Diameter Force (kN)
Force
Welding electrodes shall be conforming to AWS A5.1, A5.5, A5.17, A5.18, A5.23, A 5.20, A5.28,
A5.29 whichever are applicable, ISO 2560 and ISO 5182. Minimum requirements for welding
material, such as yield strength, tensile strength, etc., shall be the same with the parent material.
5.1.11 Piles
PC spun pile to be used shall conform to JIS A 5335 or equivalent and shall Type V cement or
cement type 1 with fly ash or silica fume with minimum concrete strength fc’ 500 kg/cm2 (50 MPa).
Pilling works shall be accordance with construction specification ANP-E-CO-000-WS-003
(Construction Specification for Pilling Works).
DOC. NO.
5.1.13 Floor
GRP grating shall be applied in all structure at CU-Unit 100, 110 (Not included for Prill Tower
Head House which has Aluminium Grating), 120, 150, 160, 210, 220, 230, 240, 270, 300, 310,
320, 330, 335, 340, 400, 420, 430, 440, 450, 460, 470, 475, 480, 500, 505, 510, 515, 520, 525,
550, 560, 570, 600, 700
Hot dipped galvanized steel grating shall be Forge Welded serrated applied in Trenches Cover
alongside roads and in paved areas. The specification as shown follows:
DOC. NO.
Aluminium grating & treads shall be applied in Prilling Tower Penthouse. The specification of
aluminium grating & treads as shown follows:
5.1.14 Painting
Painting material shall conform to specification for painting and coating document no OR-BA-EC-
00009-02. All carbon steel painting shall be complying with Painting System 10 or equivalent.
A coating and lining system shall be applied where chemical attack on surface can be expected,
chemical coating and lining shall conform to Concrete Corrosion Protection and Details no ANP-G-
00-000-PR-0005
Concrete floor and foundation slabs shall be monolithic in construction and shall be designed to
transfer all horizontal and vertical loads.
DOC. NO.
(a) The maximum spacing between main transverse rigid frames (bay width) shall not exceed 6.1 m
(20 ft).
(b) The maximum spacing between column supports for rigid frames shall not exceed 6.1 m (20 ft)
while the overall height of frames shall be 9.14 m (30 ft) or less.
(c) Slope of the roof shall not exceed four horizontal to one vertical. However, the roof slope shall be
as shallow as physically possible.
(d) Spacing between girts shall not exceed 1.2 m (4 ft) while the space between purlins shall not be
greater than 1.5 m (5 ft).
(e) Primary members including frames and other main load carrying members shall consist of hot-
rolled structural shapes having "I"-shape of constant depth or structural tubing while secondary
structural framing such as girts, roof purlins, bridging, eave struts, and other miscellaneous
secondary framing shall consist of either hot-rolled or cold-formed structural steel. All primary
members and main secondary members (purlins, girts, etc.,) shall be formed from symmetrical "I"
sections.
(f) Primary structural framing connections shall be either shop welded or bolted or field bolted
assemblies. ASTM A325 bolts with appropriate nuts and washers shall be used for connecting of
all primary members; whereas secondary members may use bolts conforming to ASTM A307. A
minimum of two bolts shall be used for each connection while bolts for primary and secondary
members shall not be less than 20 mm and 13 mm in diameter, respectively.
(g) Base plates for columns shall be rolled and set on grout bed of 25 mm minimum of thickness.
ASTM A307 steel bolts shall be used to anchor all columns.
5.2.1 General
The following type of load and force shall be considered.
a. Dead load
b. Live load
c. Equipment load
d. Impact load
e. Wind load
f. Earthquake load
DOC. NO.
g. Piping load
h. Thermal force
i. Bundle pulling force
j. Soil pressure
k. Ground water pressure
l. Vibration load
m. Blast pressure
Live load means the load not permanently fixed to the structure such as load caused by personnel,
furniture tools, material, etc.
Minimum live load shall be shown as below:
a. Live load for building
Live load for building shall be referred to ASCE 7-05 except for the following:
DOC. NO.
For exchanger, the support shall be designed for vertical & horizontal forces (Bundle pulling forces
or friction forces)
Piping load means the weight of pipe, fittings, valves, insulation and the fluid contents of piping,
weight of pipe insulation shall be taken into account, shall be classified into the following three
cases depending on their conditions.
DOC. NO.
For moving object impact load shall be taken accordance with ASCE 7-05 as follows :
Crane, hoist
o Vertically
Monorail Crane (Powered) : ¼ (25%) of the maximum wheel
load
Cab-operated or remotely operated bridge : ¼ (25%) of the maximum wheel
load
Pendant – operated bridge crane (powered) : 1/10 (10%) of the maximum wheel
load
Bridge crane or monorail with hand-geared, trolley, and hoist : 0%
o Horizontally, parallel with rail direction : 1/10 (10%) of the maximum wheel
load
o Horizontally, perpendicular with rail direction : 1/5 (20%) of the maximum wheel
load
Elevator
o Vertically : 100% of max capacity (including self weight)
Reciprocating machinery
o Vertically : ½ (50%) of the total load
The following definitions of building apply only in determining wind load design:
DOC. NO.
Wind load shall be calculated in accordance with the formula as given in ASCE 7-05
• Design wind for load for the MWFRS (Main Wind-Force Resisting System) of rigid
building of all (any) height, as follows:
Where:
q = Design wind pressure for windward wall evaluated at height z above the ground
(qz) and for leeward wall, side wall, roofs evaluated at height h (qh) (kPa or
N/m2)
qi = Design wind pressure for windward walls, side walls, leeward walls, and roofs
of enclosed building and for negative internal pressure evaluation in partially
enclosed building (qh) and for positive internal pressure evaluation in partially
enclosed building where height z is defined as the level of highest opening in
the building that could affect the positive internal pressure (qz).
G = Gust effect factor
Cp = External pressure coefficient from Fig. 6-6 or 6-8 in Attachment-4
GCpi = Internal pressure coefficient from Fig. 6-5 in Attachment-4
A = Surface area (m2)
W = Wind load (N)
• Design wind load for the MWFRS (Main Wind-Force Resisting System) of Low-Rise
building, shall be determined as follows:
DOC. NO.
• Design wind load for MWFRS of Flexible Building, shall be determined as follows:
W = [q Gf Cp – qi(GCpi)] x A …………………….(N)
Where:
q = Design wind pressure for windward wall evaluated at height z above the ground
(qz) and for leeward wall, side wall, roofs evaluated at height h (qh) (kPa or N/m2)
qi = Design wind pressure for windward walls, side walls, leeward walls, and roofs of
enclosed building and for negative internal pressure evaluation in partially
enclosed building (qh) and for positive internal pressure evaluation in partially
enclosed building where height z is defined as the level of highest opening in the
building that could affect the positive internal pressure (qz).
Gf = Gust effect factor for Flexible Building
Cp = External pressure coefficient from Fig. 6-6 or 6-8 in Attachment-4
GCpi = Internal pressure coefficient from Fig. 6-5 in Attachment-4
A = Surface area (m2)
W = Wind load (N)
b. Design wind loads for Open Building with Mono Slope, Pitched or Troughed Roofs.
• Net design wind loads for MWFRS of monoslope, pitched, or troughed roofs shall be
determine as follows:
W = qh x G x CN x A……………………….. (N)
Where:
qh = Velocity pressure evaluated at mean roof height h
G = Gust effect factor
CN = Net pressure coefficient determine from Figs. 6-18A through 6-18D
A = Surface area (m2)
• Design wind loads for solid freestanding walls and solid signs shall be determined as
follows:
W = qh x G x Cf x As ……………………. ( N )
Where:
qh = Velocity pressure evaluated at height h (kPa or N/m2)
DOC. NO.
DOC. NO.
1. Gust effect factor shall be taken for rigid building system as G = 0.85 or calculated by
formula in ASCE 7-05 Section 6.5.8.1
2. Gust effect factor shall be taken for flexible or dynamically sensitive structure as
calculated by formula in ASCE 7-05 Section 6.5.8.2
The pressure coefficient for buildings and structure shall be accordance with ASCE 7-
05.
1. For the process structure earthquake load for each facility shall be calculated in accordance
with the formula as given in UBC 1997
DOC. NO.
2. For the all other structure and buildings earthquake load for each facility shall be calculated
in accordance with the formula as given in SNI 03-1726-2002 (Design method of earthquake
resistance for building)
In UBC 1997 the procedures and the limitation for the earthquake loads design of structure be
determined considering
Seismic zoning, seismic zone factor (Z) shall be referred to table 16-I (Seismic Zone Factor
Z) UBC 1997 as follows.
Accordance with Engineering Specification for Civil / Structural Basis of Design SPEC-
25709-00-CS-001, the seismic zone factor for Bontang site shall be Zone 2B.
Site Characteristic, each site shall be assigned a soil profile type based on properly
geological data, shall be referred to table 16-J UBC 1997.
Based on UD-BA-EC-00002 “Soil Investigation Report 2007”, section 4.4 “Soil Profile
Based on UBC 1997” The soil profile type SD or Stiff Soil Profile can thus be classified for
the project.
Occupancy Categories shall be referred to UBC 1997 table 16-K assigns importance factor
(I). The importance factor for the building in this plant shall be I = 1.25
Structural System, shall be referred to UBC 1997 table 16-N (Structural System (R))
DOC. NO.
Total lateral force or shear of the structure shall be as the following formula :
Cv⋅ I 2.5⋅ Ca⋅ I
V := ⋅ Wt And 0.11⋅ Ca⋅ I⋅ Wt ≤ V ≤ ⋅ Wt
R⋅ T R
Method A For all building, the value T may be approximated from the following
formula:
T = Ct x (hi)3/4
Where:
Ct = 0.0853 for steel moment-resisting frames
= 0.0731 for reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames and eccentrically
braced frame
= 0.0488 for all other structure building
hi = Height in meter above the base to level i respectively
g ∑ fiδi
i =1
The value of T from method B < 140% Value of T from method A in seismic zone 2.
Wt : Total dead load and applicable proportion of the other loads (refer to UBC 1997
Volume-2 page 2-13) listed below
DOC. NO.
The total horizontal seismic base shear (V) shall be distributed over height of the building in
accordance with the following formula:
Fi =
(V − Ft )xWi xhi
∑Wi xhi
Where
hi = Height of story at level-i
i = designated level-i
And for the top of building horizontal seismic force shall be:
C*I
V = * Wt
R
Where:
V : Total lateral force or shear at the base
C : Basic seismic coefficient, for peak ground acceleration 0.15 g
(1.42 cm/sec2 and dominant period of shear wave less than 0.6
sec) (equivalent with Indonesian Seismic Map, zone 2, medium
soil)
I : Importance factor, for this project the importance factor shall be
1.4
R : Earthquake reduction factor, see on table 3, SNI 03-1726-2002
Wt : Total dead load and applicable proportion of the other loads
Soil Type : “Medium soil” base on SNI 03-1726-2002
Peak ground acceleration : 0.15 g
A0 : 0.15
Am : 2.5A0 = 0.375
DOC. NO.
Ar : Am x Tc = 0.225
Tc : 0.6 s
For T ≤ Tc
C = Am =0.375
T > T0
C = Ar/T = 0.225/T
The total horizontal seismic base shear (V) shall be distributed over height of the building in
accordance with the following formula :
Fi = V * Wx * zx
∑(Wi * zi)
Where:
zi = Height of story at level-i
x = Designated level-x
Note:
1. Where the height to width ratio is equal to or greater than 3, 0.1V shall be considered
as concentrated at the top of story and the remaining 0.9 V shall be distributed in
accordance with the above equation.
2. Lateral force and overturning moment working on large vessels and towers on
structure/foundation shall be calculated separately by equipment engineer.
The magnitude and direction of thermal forces due to constraint of hot piping or equipment shall be
calculated separately by piping or equipment engineer.
Friction factors, shall be as follows :
Bundle pulling force is defined as the force on a support that is induced by pulling a bundle from a
heat exchanger for maintenance. This force shall be friction factor (steel to steel, unless otherwise
specified) times by of the weight of tube bundle as follows:
DOC. NO.
The pressure exerted by soil shall be considered when its effect to the foundation design is
significant.
SP = ½ γH2Ka+qKa-2cKa0.5 (above ground water level)
SP = ½ γ’H2Ka+qKa-2cKa0.5 +½γHw2Kw (below ground water level)
Where : γ = Unit weight of soil
H = Thickness of soil layer
c = Cohesion factor of soil
Ka = tan2 (45-φ/2)
φ = Angle of friction of soil
Kw = 1
Hw = Height of water level
The pressure exerted by the ground water shall be considered for the structure below water level.
WT = V.γw
Where : V = Volume of structure below ground water
γw = Water up lift value
All forces produced by the equipment of machinery having a tendency to vibrate shall be
considered in the design of supporting structures foundation.
DOC. NO.
The pressure exerted by blast, the blast pressure equivalent to static uniform and shall be
designed accordance with Design of Blast Resistance Building in Petrochemical Facilities,
published by American Society of Civil Engineer (ASCE).
Blast pressures for building are categorized by SG-22 and CIA 1992 as follows:
High pressure, short duration, triangular shock loading, with pressure 69 kPa with duration of
20 milliseconds.
Low pressure, long duration, triangular loading, with pressure 21 kPa with duration of 100
milliseconds.
The following blast pressure shall be applied for selected facilities as front wall loading pressure:
Control room building, q=25 kPa
Guard House North, q=13 kPa
Office Building and Workshop office q=16 kPa
South Guard House q=25 kPa (based on Blast resistance consultant design report)
The blast is loaded by overpressure and drag forces of the blast wave. The interaction between the
blast wave and the structure is quite complex, for the purpose of design the resulting blast loading
can be simplified, as illustrating in following figure:
Figure 5.1 : Blast Loading General Arrangement for Rectangular Building (From Forbes 1995)
DOC. NO.
When the free blast wave from an explosion strikes a surface, it is reflected. The effect of this
blast wave reflection is that the surface will experience pressure much more than the incident
side-on value. The magnitude of reflected pressure is usually determined as an amplifying
ratio the incident pressure.
Pr = Cr x q
Cr = 2 + (0.0073q)
Where,
Pr : Peak Reflected Pressure (kPa)
Cr : Reflection Coefficient
q : Design blast pressure (Incident Overpressure)
This blast effect is due to air movement as the blast wave propagates thought the
atmosphere. The velocity of the air particles, and hence the wind pressure, depends on the
peak overpressure of the blast wave. Baker 1983 and TM 5-1300 provide data to compute
this blast effect for shock wave. In the low overpressure range with normal atmospheric
condition, the peak dynamic pressure can be calculated using the following emphirical formula
from Newmark 1956:
In the free field, the blast wave from an explosion travels at or above the acoustic speed for
the propagating medium. For design purposes it can be conservatively assumed that a
pressure wave travels at the same velocity as a shock wave. In the low pressure range, and
normal atmospheric condition, the shock/pressure front velocity in air can be approximated
using the following relationship from Newmark 1956:
The topographic blast wave at any instant in time extends over a limited radial distance as the
shock/pressure front travels outward from the explosion. The pressure is largest at the front
DOC. NO.
and trails off to ambient over a distance, Lw, the blast wave length. Value of Lw. in low
pressure range the length of the blast wave can be approximated as follows:
Lw = U x td
Where:
td : duration of positive phase
Accordance with the Fig. 5.1 Blast loading shall be defined as follows :
The wall facing the explosion sources will experience a reflected overpressure, the front wall is
assumed to span vertically from foundation to roof.
Pr = q + (Cd x qo)
Where :
Pr : Front Wall Loading (kPa)
q : Design Blast Pressure (kPa)
qo : Dynamic (blast wind) Pressure (kPa)
Cd : Drag Coefficient
Cd = 1 for front wall
The side wall is assumed to span vertically from foundation to roof. The side walls are defined
relative to the explosion source. These walls will experience less blast loading than the front
wall, due to lack of overpressure reflection and to attenuation of the blast wave with distance
from the explosion source.
Where:
Pa : Side wall loading
q : Design Blast Pressure
qo : Dynamic (blast wind) Pressure
Cc : Effective overpressure values (from TM 5-1300), shall be taken by using Fig. 5.2
Lw : Total length of building, the direction parallel to the blast direction
L : length of wall Section
Cd : Drag Coefficient
Cd = -0.4 for side wall
DOC. NO.
3. Roof Loading
For building with flat roof (pitch less than 100) it is normally assumed that reflection does not
occur when the blast wave travels horizontally, thus the blast pressure for roof shall be
designed as distributed vertically along of roof span.
Pa = (Cc x q) + (Cd x qo)
Where:
Pa : Roof pressure
q : Design Blast Pressure
qo : Dynamic (blast wind) Pressure
Cc : Effective overpressure values (from TM 5-1300), shall be taken by using Fig. 5.2
Lw : Total length of building, the direction parallel to the blast direction
L : length of roof section
Cd : Drag Coefficient
Cd = -0.4 for roof
Rear wall loading is normally used only to determine the net overall frame loading. Because
the rear wall load is opposite in direction to the front wall load, its inclusion tends to reduce the
overall lateral blast force. Rear wall effects are many times conservatively negated.
DOC. NO.
Cc : Effective overpressure values (from TM 5-1300), shall be taken by using Fig. 5.2
Lw : Total length of building, the direction parallel to the blast direction
L : length of roof section
Cd : Drag Coefficient
Cd = -0.4 for rear wall
DOC. NO. 4
DESIGN SPECIFICATION FOR CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ANP –E-CO-000-GS-001
Table 5-13 Load Combination For the design of concrete structure (Ultimate Strength Design Method).
DOC. NO. 4
DESIGN SPECIFICATION FOR CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ANP –E-CO-000-GS-001
Table 5-14 Load Combination For the design of steel structures/ soil bearing pressure (Working Stress Method)
DOC. NO. 4
DESIGN SPECIFICATION FOR CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ANP –E-CO-000-GS-001
Table 5-15 Load Combination For the design of steel structures/ soil bearing pressure (Working Stress Method)
DOC. NO.
Maximum permissible deflection of beam shall be as specified in the following. L = span of beam
and shall be twice for cantilever
Floor beam, walkway, platform, stair : L/300
Floor plate : L/100
Grating : L/200 (max 4 mm)
Equipment supporting beam : L/500
Trolley beam, crane track : L/700
Pipe rack (pipe support) beam : L/300
Main roof beam and purlins : L/200
Cantilever : L/200 (L = 2Lo)
Maximum permissible horizontal deflection for structures and column shall be (H=height of
structure, h = height of one story)
5.4 Stability
All buildings, structures and or foundations shall be designed so that the safety factor shall not be
less than the values mentioned below at any circumstances.
1. Sliding
The ratio of resisting force due to friction to total shear is not less than 1.5
2. Overturning
The ratio of resisting moment due to dead load to overturning moment is not less than 1.5
3. Buoyancy
The ratio of total dead load of structure and soil weight above to total buoyancy is not less
than 1.1
DOC. NO.
For the heavy load and settlement sensitive structure/foundation, the piled foundation shall be
used. The type of pile to be used shall conform to soil condition and also considering any plant
environment condition.
1. Base on soil specialist recommendation, the estimated length of piles from ground surface and
allowable pile capacities are as follows :
DOC. NO.
DOC. NO.
For pinned pile head, the maximum deflection of 10mm and the moment due to lateral load
shall be least than the maximum moment capacity of the pile material.
For fixed piled head, the maximum deflection of 6mm and the moment due to lateral load
should be least than the maximum moment capacity of the pile material.
4. The allowable design load on piles may be increased 33% when subjected to wind, earthquake,
or short time overloading conditions.
5. Piles spacing shall be considered by follows:
For axial loading of group piles, spacing center to center piles shall be 3 times diameter, the
reduction factor shall be 1.0. For spacing center to center piles less than 3 times diameter,
the reduction factor shall be 0.85. Spacing center to center piles less than 2.5 times
diameter is not recommended.
For lateral loading, spacing center to center piles 4.5 times diameter or greater shall be no
reduction factor and for spacing center to center piles less than 4.5 times diameter, the
reduction factor shall be 0.75 to analyze the lateral group capacity.
6. Minimum distance from edge of concrete to centre of pile shall be 1.2 times diameter.
7. All the above allowable pile bearing capacities shall be compared with allowable capacities of
pile material. The lower capacities shall be used for design purposes.
According to these classifications, the following criteria shall be applied for foundation
design.
DOC. NO.
(4) For MEDIUM vibrating equipment, foundation shall have a frequency ratio outside the range
of 0.8 to 1.2.
(5) For HEAVY vibrating equipment, amplitude calculation of the foundation shall be required.
The single amplitude of vibration of the foundation in any direction at any point in the
foundation mat or machine supporting block shall be such that it will fall below line indicated
in figure 1 (see page 24).
(6) For MEDIUM and LIGHT vibrating equipment, foundation weight shall not be less than three
(3) times as the rotating equipment weight, five (5) times as the reciprocating equipment
weight
(7) Foundation for HEAVY vibrating equipment shall be kept independent of building
floors/foundations and other foundations in general
(8) The amplitude (single amplitude) which cause the effective velocity of vibration to exceed:
(9) Dynamic amplitudes of any part of the foundation including any reciprocating compressor
shall be less than 80 x 10-6 m single amplitude.
(10) If dynamic design not specified by supplier, amplitudes shall be determine using dynamic
forces from each rotor, calculated that Dynamic Force : 0.08 (rotor weight) x (rotor speed,
Rn min))/(50x60)
DOC. NO.
(11) The thickness of foundation slab, in metres, shall not be less than : 0.6 + L/30 ; where L =
longest dimension of foundation slab (m).
(12) The reinforcement in each direction, each face shall not be less than 0.09% of the gross
area perpendicular to the direction of the reinforcement, maximum bar spacing shall be 300
mm
(13) For foundation greater than 1.2 m in depth the maximum amount of reinforcement needs
not be more than 1000 mm2/m each face, unless a greater amount is required for strength
design
(14) Main reinforcement in piers shall not be less than 1% or more than 6% of the cross-
sectional area of the piers.
(15) If the natural frequency of foundation plus machinery exceeds that of the speed of the
machinery itself, (high-tuned foundation) the pile loads or soil bearing pressures shall not
exceed 50% of the design values of static loads, otherwise (low-tuned foundation) the pile
loads or soil bearing pressures shall not exceed 75% of the design value for static loads.
DOC. NO.
Slope to embankment and excavation shall be as indicate on the drawing, the face of all
slopes to cuts, embankment and ditches shall be finished to reasonably smooth, with uniform
of inclination between point where elevation shown.
Slope and shape of the ditches should be such as minimize erosion and sedimentation and
maintain a minimum flow velocity of 0.3 to 1.0 m/sec
Three (3) meters upstream and downstream of culvert, erosion protection shall be applied
over the full cross section of the ditch, with 100 mm minimum of thickness, the protection shall
comprise broken stone or gravel sized 25-75 mm
The longitudinal slope of drainage ditches shall have a tolerance of + 20 mm from a straight
slope between point of given elevation
Grout shall be used under all base plate of equipment and structures, where a uniform bearing
surface is required for transfer of loads into the foundation, grout thickness shall be in general 50
mm.
DOC. NO.
6 ATTACHMENT
DOC. NO.
Min Bolt Min. Space Edge to Ultimate Tension (Ta) Ultimate Shear (Va)
Dimension (mm) One, Two &
Nominal Spacing No Side No Side ONE SIDE TWO SIDE THREE SIDE No Side ONE SIDE TWO SIDE THREE SIDE
NO Three Side
size (mm)
Tepered Washer s ca ca Single Anchor Single Anchor Single Anchor Single Anchor Single Anchor Single Anchor Single Anchor Single Anchor
D1 S1 S2 K A B (min) L
t W dø (mm) mm mm (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN)
1 M 12 12 110 30 2.0 40 180 290 9 40 14 50 270 125 25.28 25.28 25.28 25.28 17.53 17.53 17.53 16.41
2 M 16 16 135 35 2.0 50 275 410 9 40 18 65 420 125 47.00 47.00 47.00 47.00 32.59 32.59 32.59 18.95
3 M 20 20 160 45 2.5 65 365 520 12 50 22 80 550 125 73.44 73.44 73.44 71.36 50.92 50.92 50.92 21.18
4 M 22 22 165 45 3.0 70 465 630 12 60 24 90 700 135 91.02 91.02 91.02 91.02 63.11 63.11 63.11 24.94
5 M 24 24 180 55 3.0 80 565 740 16 70 26 100 850 150 105.75 105.75 105.75 105.75 73.32 73.32 73.32 30.51
6 M 30 30 195 65 3.5 95 595 790 16 70 32 120 900 180 168.18 168.18 168.18 144.08 116.60 116.60 116.60 44.83
7 M 36 36 215 75 4.0 110 745 960 19 80 38 145 1120 216 245.02 245.02 245.02 224.66 169.88 169.88 169.88 64.56
8 M 42 42 240 85 4.5 125 885 1120 19 90 45 255 1330 252 336.27 336.27 336.27 286.95 233.15 233.15 233.15 87.88
9 M 48 48 260 95 5.0 140 1025 1280 19 110 51 290 1540 288 441.94 441.94 441.94 354.12 306.41 306.41 306.41 114.78
10 M 56 56 295 110 5.5 165 1110 1400 22 130 59 340 1670 336 609.00 609.00 609.00 422.14 422.24 422.24 422.24 156.22
11 M 64 64 325 120 6.0 185 1250 1570 22 150 67 385 1880 384 802.79 802.79 802.79 509.94 556.60 556.60 556.60 204.05
12 M 72 72 350 130 7.0 205 1330 1680 22 180 76 435 2000 432 1037.92 1037.92 1037.92 583.69 719.63 719.63 719.63 258.25
PT REKAYASA INDUSTRI
SHEET 46 OF 48
REK’s JOB NO.
09-1804 REV
DOC. NO.
a/2
DOC. NO.
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