LAW

Law and its kinds.

Law

Uniformity of fixedness of behavior.

The word is taken from the word “LAG”, which means something fixed or
unchanging.
Law in different sciences.
IN PHYSICAL SCIENCES:

Something fix or unchanging (behavior).

Law of gravity, law of motion.

IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES:

1. fixed or uniformity of things (demand and supply).
2. a rule that guides the behavior.
Definition of law

Law is a command issued by a superior to an inferior.

General rule of action.
Body of principles recognized and applied by the state in the administration
of justice.

Positive law is the term generally used to describe man-made laws which
oblige or specify an action.
It also describes the establishment of specific rights for an individual or
group.
 Six characteristics of law
1. Uniformity

2. Universality

3. Externality

4. Content

5. Formulation

6. Sanction
Uniformity
Law is a general rule of human conduct.

It means that people will always act in a way and will refrain from some
behaviors.

So we can say that law is a statement of do’s and don'ts.

Universality
Law is applicable to the whole civic community.

It is meant for all the individuals living in the state.

No man whatsoever can claim exception from the obedience of law.

The principle of equality before the law.

Externality
Law is only for external acts.

It is not for inner thoughts and intentions.

The state or a law cannot enforce intentions or thoughts.

The law cannot enforce honest thoughts in minds of people.

Content
The laws define the relation, association, rights or duties among
individuals or the groups.
Formulation
Laws are prepared according to some formula or a procedure by the
state or the legislative organ.

A mare custom cannot be a law unless it is formulated by the state or

the authority.

LAW MAKING IN PAKISTAN

Sanction
The threat of punishment and the reward for good is called the
sanction.

The state enforce the law by force.

The punishment can be given in the form of fine, confiscation of

property etc.
Sources of law
Custom or usage (cyber laws)

Religion (Islamic law, Quran, Hadood Laws)

Judicial decisions (Precedents)

Scientific commentaries (Email).

Equity (justice, Above Law)

Legislation (Law making process of a state).

Kinds of laws
There are different classifications of the laws.

Different writers have different rule to make classifications of laws.

Kinds of laws
National law/Municipal law
Country vs state laws

Laws made by the state or positive laws are called national laws.

All laws except international laws are national laws.

Kinds of laws
Constitutional laws:
The body of laws that determines the rule and regulations about how
governments should functions. A parent law….

Ordinary laws
National laws other than constitutional laws are called ordinary laws. A
child law……
Made by state.
Kinds of laws
Public laws

Laws that define the relations between the citizens and the state and
different departments of the government.
Public laws protects the rights of the citizens.
Kinds of laws
Administrative laws.

Laws that defines the relation between the officials of the state and the
state.

like an official is tried for some offence against the state to his or her
duties towards the state.
Kinds of laws
General law
Relation between a private citizens and the state.

Two divisions
Criminal laws and criminal procedures……….
Crime against the state in order to disturb the state’s peace. (criminal
laws).
The methods of preventing such crimes is called the criminal procedures.
Kinds of laws

Substantive and procedural laws.

One define the rights and the other give the procedures to prevent it.
Kinds of laws
Civil laws and procedures

The rights to protect civil matters of citizens like property debt etc.

The methods to protect thee laws are called civil procedures.

Kinds of laws
Statute laws

Ordinary laws that’s are made by the legislature of the country.

They are present in the statute book of laws.
Kinds of laws
Ordinance (law)

Temporary laws made to cater some emergency in the state.

Common laws.
Have been adopted by the courts through the customs of the society.
International laws:
Laws dealing the matters of countries internationally.