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Know the meaning of the following terms:

c- conflict over the leadership, structure, and policies of gov¶t

 !"# "- institutions and procedures through which a territory and its people are ruled

  "-

"$#" # "

%! % #!&-a system of rule that permits citizens to vote directly on laws/policies

! '!  " % #!&- a system of gov¶t in which the people select reps, who play a role in the gov¶t

decision making

'((! -broadly shared values, beliefs, and attitudes about how the gov¶t should function. USA

political culture values of liberty, equality, and democracy

$! %#

##!"   

''(! ! "&- a principle of democracy in which political authority rests ultimately in the hands of

the people

) !#- It was committed to the ideal of limited government and liberty of individuals

including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and free markets.(taken from Wiki)

" ! (American version)-today it refers to those who generally support the social and economic

status quo and are suspicious of efforts to introduce new political formulae and economic arrangements.

Conservatives believe that a large and powerful gov¶t poses a threat to citizens¶ freedom

) !(American version)- refers to those who generally support social and political reform; extensive gov¶t

intervention in the economy; the expansion of federal social services; more vigorous efforts on behalf of the

poor, minorities, and women; and greater concern for consumers and the environment

belief in limited government

#*!&!( "%#"!&!+- the democratic principle that a gov¶t follows the preferences of the

majority of voters but protects the interests of the minority

,(&

#)&   

!%# '!%(-the total value of goods and services produced within a country

-!"c"- a framework for the Constitution, introduced by Edmund Randolph, which called for

representation in the national legislature based on the population of each state

 ./ ! &c"- a framework for the Constitution, introduced by William Paterson, which called for equal

state representation in the national legislature regardless of population

! $"$ % !"- America¶s first written constitution; served as the basis for America¶s national

government until 1789

+&0
) "- Daniel Shay led a mob of farmers in a rebellion against the gov¶t of Massachusetts. The

purpose of the rebellion was to prevent foreclosures on their debt-ridden land by keeping the

country courts of western Mass from sitting until Next election. This showed that the gov¶t couldn¶t

act swiftly under the Articles and they needed to be changed, led to the Constitutional Convention

 !"$"% ' "% " is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which

announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain were now independent states,

and thus no longer a part of the British Empire. Written primarily by Thomas Jefferson (Wiki) 

"("is the supreme law of the United States. The Constitution is the framework for the

organization of the United States government and for the relationship of the federal government with the

states, citizens, and all people within the United States.(Wiki)

" ! ## ! is an enumerated power listed in the United States Constitution (Article I, Section 8,

Clause 3). The clause states that the United States Congress shall have power "To regulate Commerce with

foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes". Courts and commentators have

tended to discuss each of these three areas of commerce as a separate power granted to Congress. It is

common to see the Commerce Clause referred to as "the Foreign Commerce Clause," "the Interstate
Commerce Clause," and "the Indian Commerce Clause," each of which refers to a different application of

the same sentence in the Constitution.± 12  

('! #&( - Article VI of the Constitution, which states that laws passed by the national gov¶t and all

treaties are supreme law of the land and superior to all laws adopted by any state or any subdivison

 " !. $! ( - the clause that gives the federal government of the United States its power of

taxation.

c! #) ±"("2is a brief introductory statement of the Constitution's fundamental purposes

and guiding principles. It states in general terms, and courts have referred to it as reliable evidence of, the

Founding Fathers' intentions regarding the Constitution's meaning and what they hoped it would achieve.

³We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure

domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence,[1] promote the general Welfare, and secure the

Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United

States of America (Wiki)

"" (#'!# was an agreement between large and small states reached during the

Constitutional Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each

state would have under the United States Constitution. It proposed a bicameral legislature, resulting in the

current United States Senate and House of Representatives±Wiki) 

"$ % !- those who favored strong state gov¶t and a weak national gov¶t and who were opponents of

the Constitution proposed at the American Constitutional Convention of 1787

 % !#- a system of government in which power is divided, by a constitution, between a central gov¶t

and regional gov¶t


 
- a series of essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and John Jay supporting the ratification

of the Constitution

"$ % !"- a system of gov¶t in which states retain sovereign authority except for the powers expressly

delegated to the national gov¶t

("!&& #- a centralized gov¶t system in which lower levels of gov¶t have little power independent of

the national gov¶t

3 "% %! '()-

#! '()-

"  !&"%'!' !( - Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution, it provides Congress with the

authority to make all laws ³necessary and proper´ to carry out its expressed powers

  '. !powers granted to congress from Article I Section 8 of the constitution(look up specific

powers)

3 ( '. !powers granted to the President in Article 2 of the constitution(look up specific powers)

*(%'. !powers granted to the Supreme Court in Article 3 of the constitution(look up specific

powers)

"! is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting

of the Senate and the House of RepresentativesThe House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative

process (legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers); however, the Constitution

grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate is uniquely empowered to ratify treaties and to

approve top presidential appointments. Revenue-raising bills must originate in the House of Representatives,

which also has the sole power of impeachment, while the Senate has the sole power to try impeachment

cases.(Wiki)

c! % "& is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the

executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States armed

forces. executive power of the United States in the president and charges him with the execution of federal

law, alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive, diplomatic, regulatory, and judicial

officers, and concluding treaties with foreign powers, with the advice and consent of the Senate. The

president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves, and to convene and adjourn either or

both houses of Congress under extraordinary circumstances.[3] Since the founding of the United States, the

power of the president and the federal government have substantially grown[4] and each modern president,
despite possessing no formal legislative powers beyond signing or vetoing congressionally passed bills, is

largely responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of his party and the foreign and domestic policy of the

United States.[5] The president is frequently described as the most powerful person in the world.(Wiki)


('! # (!-is the highest judicial body in the United States, and leads the federal judiciary. It

consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight Associate Justices, who are nominated by the

President and confirmed with the "advice and consent" (majority vote) of the Senate. Once appointed,

Justices effectively have life tenure, serving "during good Behaviour",[1] which terminates only upon death,

resignation, retirement, or conviction on impeachment.[2] The Court meets in Washington, D.C. in the

United States Supreme Court Building. The Supreme Court is primarily an appellate court, but it has original

jurisdiction over a small range of cases.[3] The Supreme Court is sometimes informally referred to as the

High Court, or by the acronym SCOTUS± 12

456#'!# Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which

may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by

adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and

excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons± 12

 '!"$'. !- the division of gov¶t power among several institutions that must cooperate in

decision making

+ 1"%)" - mechanisms through which each branch of gov¶t is able to participate in and

influence the activities of the other branches. Major examples include the president¶s veto power over

congressional legislation, the power of the Senate to approve presidential appointments, and judicial review

of congressional enactments

*(%!  .- the power of the courts to review and, if necessary declare actions of the legislative and

executive branches invalid or unconstitutional. Supreme Court asserted this power in Marbury vs. Madison

+) (!'(a court order demanding that an individual in custody be brought into court and shown the

cause for detention

3'$.- a law that declares an action to be illegal after it has been committed
)$"% !- a law that declares a person guilty of a crime without a trial

)# ! (! -having a legislative assembly composed of two chambers of houses, opposite of

unicameral

("# ! (! the practice of having only one legislative or parliamentary chamber.(Wiki) China

is an example of this

7( $
'!  "  the lower of the 2 houses, The major power of the House is to pass federal

legislation that affects the entire country, although its bills must also be passed by the Senate and further

agreed to by the President before becoming law (unless both the House and Senate re-pass the legislation

with a two-thirds majority in each chamber). Each state receives representation in the House in proportion to

its population but is entitled to at least one Representative.(wiki) 

" The Senate has several exclusive powers not granted to the House, including consenting to treaties

as a precondition to their ratification and consenting or confirmation of appointments of Cabinet secretaries,

federal judges, other federal executive officials, military officers, regulatory officials, ambassadors, and

other federal uniformed officers,[2][3] as well as trying federal officials impeached by the House. The

Senate is both a more deliberative[4] and more prestigious[5] body than the House of Representatives, due

to its longer terms, smaller size, and statewide constituencies, which historically led to a more collegial and

less partisan atmosphere.[6] The Senate is often described as the "world's greatest deliberative body" (Wiki)

!)(!&%"   

(+!&"%

))" % "   

& !1 $ % !#the relationship between the central government of a nation and that of its states,

where the powers and policy assignments of the government hierarchy ("layers" of government) are clearly

spelled out and distinct from one another.In other words, the national government deals with the issues that

are national and the states deals with the state and local issues. Ideally, there will be no interference between

the two arenas. This term was coined by political scientist, Morton Grodzins. In the United States, this type

of federalism developed after the Civil War in the 1870s, and ran on until the New Deal era of the 1930s.
%( ! "&a legal doctrine holding that more than one sovereign (e.g. a state government and the

Federal government) may prosecute an individual without violating the prohibition against double jeopardy

if the individual's act breaks the laws of each sovereignty±.12     

#!) 1 $ % !#

$($+"%! %( - provision from Article IV, Section 1, of the constitution, requiring that the

states normally honor the public acts and judicial decisions that take place in another state

$!#(!"- grants-in-aid in which a formula is used to determine the amount of federal funds a state of

local gov¶t will receive

8$
+- the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1791; they ensure certain rights

and liberties to the people

9+# "%# " one of three Civil War amendments; guaranteed equal protection and due process

Enumerated powers-

( - Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which enumerates the powers of Congress and

provides Congress with the authority to make all laws ³necessary and proper´ to carry them out

 :!+- the principle that the states should oppose the increasing authority of the national gov¶t. This

principle was most popular in the period before the Civil War

 !!"- congressional grants given to states and localities on the conditions that expenditures

be limited to a problem or group specified by law

)1!"- federal grants-in-aid that allows states considerable discretion in how the funds are spent

("!&& #a centralized gov¶t system in which lower levels of gov¶t have little power independent of

the national gov¶t   

 '!"$+(!+"% 

!  3 ! $! "- the First Amendment clause that protects a citizen¶s right to believe and practice

whatever religion he or she chooses   

$! %#$+ '! ;' +;! ";"% #)&

   "!'!"- the practice by which different protections of the Bill of Rights were incorporated

into the 14th Amendment, thus guaranteeing citizens protection from states as well as national gov¶t 

'!!! !" an effort by a gov¶t agency to block the publication of material it deems libelous or harmful

in some other way; censorship. In the US, the courts forbid prior restraint except under the most

extraordinary circumstances

)  a written statement made in ³reckless disregard of the truth´ that is considered damaging to a victim

because it¶s ³malicious, scandalous, and defamatory´     

"% !- an oral statement made in ³reckless disregard of the truth´ that is considered damaging to a victim

because it¶s ³malicious, scandalous, and defamatory´

!+(" while the right to counsel in trials by the federal government was recognized by the US

Bill of Rights, the affirmation that this right extended to cases tried by state courts (i.e. most criminal trials,

including for crimes such as murder in most cases) came much later. While some state supreme courts

affirmed this right during the 19th century, it was only in the 1963 decision Gideon v. Wainwright that the

American Supreme Court affirmed the right for defendants to have counsel in felony trials.± 12

 !+.!!"Under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, most searches by the

police require a search warrant based on probable cause, although there are exceptions. Any police entry of

an individual's home always requires a warrant (for either search or arrest), absent exigent circumstances, or

the free and voluntary consent of a person with reasonably apparent use of or control over the property±.12

&#)' +is a legal term in United States law used to describe actions that purposefully and

discernibly convey a particular message or statement to those viewing it. Symbolic speech is recognized as

being protected under the First Amendment as a form of speech, but this is not expressly written as such in

the document. One possible explanation as to why the Framers did not address this issue in the Bill of rights

is because the primary forms for both political debate and protest in their time were verbal expression and

published word, and they may have been unaware of the possibility of future people using non-verbal

expression (Wiki)   

!( "%("(('("+# " 

 ,('! " provisions of the 14th Amendment, guaranteeing citizen ³the equal protection of the

laws.´ This clause has been the basis for the civil rights of African Americans, women and other groups,

3("!&!(  the ability of courts to exclude evidence obtained in the violation of the 14th amendment

''("+# "is the killing of a person by judicial process as a punishment for an offense. Crimes

that can result in a death penalty are known as capital crimes or capital offences.(Wiki)

 !"%'!  "%" !  test to determine whether speech is protected or unprotected, based on its

capacity to present a ³clear and present danger´ to society  

%( '! the right of every citizen against arbitrary action by national or state governments

Know the following:

Fundamental issues of government and politics

Characteristics of the U.S. population, including recent demographic trends

How social attributes affect political system

Core attributes of American political culture (from Ginsberg)

What distinguishes American liberals from American conservatives

Major issues at the Constitutional Convention (and resolution)

Elements of the Constitution designed to protect us from ³the excesses of democracy´

Procedures to amend the Constitution

Principles of government reflected in Constitution

Supporters and opponents of ratification of the Constitution

How federal system has evolved since 1789 ± major periods of American Federalism

Freedoms guaranteed by the Bill of Rights