Group 2030580 24 John Jairo Valencia R.

Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia – UNAD
Escuela de Ciencias Básicas Tecnologías e Ingenierías-ECBTI

Curso: Teoria electromagnetica y Ondas
Unity N°1
Step 2- recognize the electrodynamic and waves applications
John Jairo Valencia Rojas Cod: 94326428
Group: 2030580_24
Tutor: Wilmer Hernán Gutiérrez
OPEN AND DISTANCE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - UNAD
Palmira (Valle)
March of 2018
Unity N°1
Each student in the group has to answer the following questions using academic
references to support the research:
1-.) Explain the practical application of the loss tangent with an example.
Calculate the loss tangent of the dry soil at a frequency of 10kHz. Calculate again at
100MHz.
Solution:
The dry soil parameters are𝜎 = 10−4 𝑠𝑚⁄𝑚 ∈𝑟 = 3
There is the lost tangent to 10 kHz
𝜎 10−4
tan(𝛿) = = = 60
𝜔 ∈ 2𝜋 ∗ 107 ∗ 3 ∗ 1 ∗ 10−9
36𝜋
Which gives an angle of losses of:δ = tan−1(60) = 89°
When you change the frequency to 100MHz, you get:
𝜎 10−4
tan(𝛿) = = = 0 − 006
𝜔 ∈ 2𝜋 ∗ 108 ∗ 3 ∗ 1 ∗ 10−9
36𝜋
δ = tan−1(0.006) = 0.3°
2.-) What kind of information give us the propagation velocity in electromagnetic

waves propagation?
The velocity of propagation can be measured as the time necessary for a zero crossing or a
maximum of the signal to occur again at the same point in space. (parra, 2013, pág. 215)
Unity N°1
3.-) Explain how an electromagnetic wave behaves in free space, perfect dielectrics
and good conductors.
Maxwell's equations give rise to harmonic solutions which were first found by James Clerck
Maxwell in 1884. Based on these solutions Maxwell predicted the existence of
electromagnetic waves and discovered that signals can be transmitted over long distances
without necessarily having physical means for transmission.
In the year of 1887, Einrich Hertz discovered the waves predicted by Maxwell and showed
that electricity can be transmitted in the form of electromagnetic waves, which propagate at
the speed of light and have many of their properties.
This is the principle of wireless telephony, radio, TV, telemetry, among many other wonders
of modern life.
It is possible to find equations that describe the behavior of fields in free space in the absence
of volumetric load or electric conduction currents, under these conditions, Maxwell's
equations are reduced. (parra, 2013, pág. 200)
4.-Using the electromagnetic spectrum, explain the practical application of every

type of radiation.
Gamma rays have shorter wavelengths than R-Xs. These are the most energetic photons.
Although they do not have a clear lower limit for their wavelength, it is usually accepted that
they are in the frequency range: 3 EHz <f <30 ZHz They are used in astronomy to study
objects or regions of high energy and, in general, in research of high energy physics. Also as
radiotherapy of some types of cancer, with the well-known "cobalt bomb".
X-rays are used to see through some objects and not others, taking advantage of the
difference in absorption between different matter (medical diagnoses, for example). Also in
high energy physics and astronomy - black holes and neutron stars emit R-X, allowing its
study. Its frequency is conventionally accepted: 30 PHz <f <50 EHz
Ultraviolet rays are EM radiation whose wavelength is shorter than the violet end of the
visible spectrum. This part of the spectrum corresponds to frequencies: 750 THz <f <300
PHz The sun is a very important source of ultraviolet radiation. This type of radiation,
artificially created has applications such as, sterilization of instruments and certain
equipment, germicidal lamps for swimming pools or other environments, tanning lamps, etc.
Unity N°1
Radiación visible. -
Electromagnetic waves whose frequencies are between 4.6 x 1014 Hz and 6.7 x 1014 Hz
constitute a region of the spectrum that is of special importance to us, since this radiation is
capable of stimulating human vision, since it deals with the light waves or light. This is a
very narrow region of the spectrum, so our eyes are not able to perceive most of the radiation
that makes up the spectrum.
The lower frequencies of the visible radiation give us the sensation of the red color. - By
increasing the frequency of the waves we will have successively, those corresponding to the
colors orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and at the end of the visible region, the color
violet. (WIKIPEDIA, 2017)
The Infrared covers the part of the spectrum from approximately 300 GHz (1 mm) to 385
THz (780 nm). It is divided into three regions:
Far infrared 300GHz <f <30THz
The lower part of this range can be qualified as a microwave.
Average infrared 30THz <f <120THz
Near Infrared 120THz <f <385THz
Typical applications of infrared rays are found in astronomy, industry, medicine, etc.
The lasers are EM radiation in the range, generally, of the visible spectrum (He-Ne laser of
638 nm, Nd-YAG laser of 1.06 mμ, etc.), although they can also be located in infrared (CO2
laser of 30 μm) and even in the ultraviolet.
Specific characteristics of laser light is that it is a monochromatic, coherent and collimated
light. The applications are innumerable. In dentistry and other medical-surgical specialties,
for readers-recorders of CD's and DVD's, etc.
Radio ondas o Radio Frecuencia (RF) refer to the portion of the EM spectrum in which
EM waves can be generated by alternating currents that feed an antenna Radios waves are
used for data transmission, via modulation, television, mobile phones, wireless networks,
commercial broadcasting stations, amateur radio, microwave ovens, etc.
The bands ELF, SLF, ULF and VLF, together, are known as Audio Frequency (AF).
ELF hey are used by the US Navy to communicate with submerged submarines. The VLF
band is also used for the same purpose, but When the ship is near the surface (about 20 m or
less).
Unity N°1
SLF It is Typical in transport and distribution lines (50 or 60 Hz). 10 KHz is frequent in
radionavigation (VLF band). Induction cookers work in the range of 25-40 KHz (VLF-LF
bands).
The bands LF (long wave), MF (medium wave), HF (short wave) and VHF (FM radio
and TV), are commonly known as Radio Frequency (RF). In addition to broadcasting, other
applications are heating by dielectric hysteresis - welding, melting and softening of plastics
(13.56 MHz - 27.12 MHz - 40.68 MHz), induction heating, etc.UHF.
SHF y EHF, They are popularly known as Microwaves (MO). Mobile telephony (GSM,
DCS and UMTS 14) operates in this frequency spectrum band. Other applications:
microwave ovens (2.45 GHz), radars for police traffic control (10 GHz), airport radars (15-
100 GHz), Wi-Fi 15, etc. (Johnk, 1988)
5.- What is the refraction index and what kind of information give us about the
electromagnetic waves behavior?
The refractive index of a substance is the ratio between the speed of light in vacuum and
the phase velocity of an electromagnetic signal in a specific medium. It is represented by
the letter n.
The inverse of the refractive index is also a characteristic parameter of the different
means of propagation and is called speed factor:
Because the phase velocity in any medium is less than the speed of light in vacuum, the
refractive index of a substance is always an amount greater than or equal to 1. (parra, 2013)
6.- What is a plane wave and a non-plane wave and where are they used? What is a
magnetic and a nonmagnetic medium and where are they used? Why do we use plane
waves to explain practical models associated to electromagnetic phenomenon?
in the physics of wave propagation, a plane wave (also spelled planewave) is a wave whose
wavefronts (surfaces of constant phase) are infinite parallel planes. Mathematically a plane
wave takes the form
the flat waves are used to explain practical models associated with electromagnetic
phenomena
In physics is called magnetic permeability to the ability of a substance or medium to attract

and pass through it magnetic fields, which is given by the relationship between the existing
Unity N°1
magnetic induction and the magnetic field strength that appears in the interior of said
material.
The magnitude thus defined, the degree of magnetization (non-permanent magnetization) of

a material in response to a magnetic field, is called absolute permeability and is usually
represented by the symbol μ:
μ = B/H
where B is the magnetic induction (also called magnetic flux density) in the material, and H
is magnetic field strength.
Choose one of the following problems, solve it and share the solution in the forum.
Perform a critical analysis on the group members’ contributions and reply this in the
forum.
In a medium with the following characteristics,𝜀𝑟 = 4, 𝜇𝑟 = 1.6 y 𝜎 = 2.3𝑥10−4 𝑆/𝑚
find these parameters for a 90MHz signal:
 Loss tangent.
 Propagation constant
 Phase velocity.
 Wavelength.
 Index of refraction.
Explain the meaning of each found value.
Solution
LOSS TANGENT
𝜎 2,3 ∗ 10−4
tan(𝛿) = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋 ∗ 90 ∗ 106 ∗ 4 ∗ 1 ∗ 10−9
36𝜋
Unity N°1
1
2𝜋 ∗ 90 ∗ 106 ∗ 4 ∗ ∗ 10−9
36𝜋
1
10−9 ∗ 106 ∗ 720𝜋
36𝜋
1
10−3 ∗ 720𝜋
36𝜋
2,3 ∗ 10−4
1
10−3 ∗ 720𝜋 36𝜋
1 1
= 720𝜋 ∗ 3
36𝜋 10
1 ∗ 1 ∗ 720𝜋
36𝜋 ∗ 103
720𝜋
36𝜋 ∗ 103
20
103
22 ∗ 5
23 ∗ 53
1
2 ∗ 52
1
50
Unity N°1
10−4 ∗ 2.3
1
50
0,00023
1
50
50 ∗ 0,00023
1
0,0115
1
= 0,0115
δ = tan−1 0.0115 = 0.66°
R/. - tangente de perdida es de 0,66°
2,3 ∗ 10−4
531441
500000000
0.00023
531441
500000000
500000000 ∗ 0.00023
531441
115000
= 0.21639
531441
Unity N°1
δ = tan−1 0.21639 = 12.4
R/. - tangente de perdida es de 12.4°

The value of the loss tangent is a measure of the quality of an insulation, the lower the
conduction current compared to the displacement current, the better the quality of the
electrical insulation; The IEEE 400-2001.20 standard illustrates the basic elements that must
be taken into account when evaluating the quality of power cable insulation through the
tangent of losses.
PROPAGATION CONSTANT
Solution
𝛾 = √𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀)
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔 = 2𝜋 ∗ 97
𝑠𝑒𝑔
𝜇 = 1.6
𝜎 = 2.3 + 10−4
𝜀𝑟 = 4
1
𝛾 = √𝑗2𝜋 ∗ 97 ∗ 1.6 ∗ 4𝜋 ∗ 107 (2.3𝑥10−4 + 𝑗2𝜋 ∗ 97 ∗ 4 ∗ ∗ 10−9 )
36𝜋
531441𝑗
= √2 ∗ 4 ∗ 97 ∗ 107 ∗ 1.6𝜋𝜋𝑗( + 10−4 ∗ 2.3)
500000000
531441𝑗
= √97 ∗ 107 ∗ 12.8𝜋𝜋𝑗( + 10−4 ∗ 2.3)
500000000
Unity N°1
531441𝑗
= √12.8 √𝜋 2 √97 ∗ 107 𝑗( + 10−4 ∗ 2.3)
500000000
531441𝑗
= √12.8 √𝜋√97 ∗ 107 𝑗( + 10−4 ∗ 2.3) =
500000000
= 𝜋√6.122214 𝑗(0.001062882𝑗 + 0.00023)
= 2√6.122214 = 24743080.49
= 24743080.49𝜋√𝑗(0.001062882𝑗 + 0.00023)
= 7732679.89√𝑗(0.001062882𝑗 + 0.00023)
attenuation constant
𝑁𝑝⁄
𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝜎 = 0.00023 𝑚
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝛽 = 0.001063 𝑟𝑎𝑑⁄𝑚
As can be seen in the complete solution, the constant α is related to an attenuation of the
amplitude of the wave as a function of distance; while the constant β is related to the phase
gain as a function of distance.
These are called attenuation constant and phase constant, respectively.
The phase constant is measured in radians per unit of length, while the attenuation constant
is measured in units inverse to the unit of length. (parra, 2013)
PHASE VELOCITY.
Solution
Unity N°1
𝐶0
𝑉𝑝 =
√𝜀𝑟
where 𝐶0 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3 ∗ 108 𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑔
𝜀𝑟 = 4
3 ∗ 108
𝑉𝑝 = = 150000000
√4
150000000 𝐾𝑚⁄𝑠
The phase velocity of electromagnetic waves depends exclusively on the electromagnetic

properties of the medium in which they propagate and not on the relative displacement
between observers, which clearly violates the laws of mechanics known. This observation
gave rise to the so-called special theory of relativity, whose fundamental statement was
published, in the year 1905, by Albert Einstein. (parra, 2013)
WAVELENGTH.
Solution
𝑪𝟎
𝝀=
𝒇
𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒈
𝝀=
90 ∗ 103 3 𝑠𝑒𝑔−1
𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒈
𝝀= = 𝟑. 𝟑𝑲𝒎
90000 𝑠𝑒𝑔−1
𝑹/ 𝟑. 𝟑 𝑲𝒎
Unity N°1
For a constant time, space points that have the same field magnitude are separated by a
distance such that the phase gain is equivalent to π radians
INDEX OF REFRACTION.
Solution
𝑪𝟎
𝒏=
𝑽𝒑
𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝒏= 𝟐
𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑲𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒈
𝑹/. 𝟐
The refractive index of a substance is the ratio between the speed of light in vacuum and the
phase velocity of an electromagnetic signal in a specific medium. It is represented by the
letter n.
Because the phase velocity in any medium is less than the speed of light in a vacuum, the
refractive index of a substance is always an amount greater than or equal to (parra, 2013)
Referencias
Johnk, C. T. (1988). mexico: mexico limusa.
parra, A. P. (2013). cali: javeriano.
WIKIPEDIA. (2017). En Espectro electromagnético. Recuperado de wikipedia.org.

Unity N°1

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Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia – UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas Tecnologías e Ingenierías-ECBTI

Step 2- recognize the electrodynamic and waves applications

John Jairo Valencia Rojas Cod: 94326428

Tutor: Wilmer Hernán Gutiérrez

OPEN AND DISTANCE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - UNAD

2.-) What kind of information give us the propagation velocity in electromagnetic

4.-Using the electromagnetic spectrum, explain the practical application of every

In physics is called magnetic permeability to the ability of a substance or medium to attract

The magnitude thus defined, the degree of magnetization (non-permanent magnetization) of

R/. - tangente de perdida es de 0,66°

δ = tan−1 0.21639 = 12.4

R/. - tangente de perdida es de 12.4°

= 𝜋√6.122214 𝑗(0.001062882𝑗 + 0.00023)

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝛽 = 0.001063 𝑟𝑎𝑑⁄𝑚

where 𝐶0 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3 ∗ 108 𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑔

The phase velocity of electromagnetic waves depends exclusively on the electromagnetic

Johnk, C. T. (1988). mexico: mexico limusa.

parra, A. P. (2013). cali: javeriano.

WIKIPEDIA. (2017). En Espectro electromagnético. Recuperado de wikipedia.org.

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