ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP PRACTICE

OBJECTIVE:
To providing skill in the use of electrical tools and to improve the skill
of students by making the house wiring small circuits and to develop the level of
practical work.

DEFINITION OF WORKSHOP:
“It is a place where we design, manufacture,
process the item or components according to scientific equipments.”

TYPES OF ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP

1) Electrical engineering workshop
2) Telecommunication workshop
3) Electronics workshop
4) Computer engineering workshop
5) Mobile phone workshop
6) Robotics engineering workshop
ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP TOOLS
1) Screw drivers (Flat and Phillips Types)
2) Cutter
3) Pliers Flat Nose
4) Pliers Long Nose
5) Wire Gauge
6) Knife
7) Phase Tester
8) Crimping Tools
9) Drill Machine
10) Feeler Gauge
11) Hand Vice and Bench Vice

ELECTRICAL ACCESSOERIES

1) Switch Single Way

2) Switch Two Way
3) Electrical Sockets (Two pins)
4) Electrical Sockets (Three pins)
5) Power plugs (Two pins)
6) Power plugs (Three pins)
7) Bell push button
8) Bed Switch
9) Ceiling Rose
10) Circuit Breaker
11) Fuse Cell Type
12) Main Electric Switch
13) Electric Wire in Different Size (3/0.029”
To 3/0.036’’ etc)
14) Insulation Tape
15) Breaker Holder Switch
16) Bulb Holder (pins/screw in types)
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT SYMBOLS

1) Electric Bulb

2) Ac Supply

3) D.C Supply

4) Switch
5) Push Buttons

6) Electric Fan

7) Watt Meter

8) Meter/Machine
9) Volt Meter

10) Ampere Meter

11) Two pin socket (5amp)

12) Three pin sockets (5amp)

 13) Rewire able Fuse

14) Electronic Fuse

15) Tube Rod

16) Starter

17) AC Voltage Source

18) Battery

19) Transformer

20) Galvanometer

21) Current Source

22) Ohm Meter

23) Wire by Pass

24) Energy Meter

25) Main Switch

26) Fan Regulator

27) Bracket Fan

28) Exhaust Fan

29) Pull Switch

30) Electric Bell

31) Buzzer

32) Thermostat
33) Chaises Ground

34) Ground/Earth

35) Circuit Breaker

36) Siren

37) Common Ground

ELECTRICAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
1) Avoid contact with live circuit.
2) Deal with tools carefully.
3) Always handle electrical equipments with proper
care.
4) Always use rubber shoes while working on high
voltage main line.
5) Always disconnect the power source before
working on any electrical equipment.
6) Always try to use along single wire otherwise,
If we use small wire in pieces it would be danger and
Also short circuit could take place.
7) Green wire is ground always, red live wire and
Black neutral wire.
8) All electrical made connections b/w two wires
Should be covered with insulation tape, naked
Wires connections are very dangerous.
9) All connections should be checked carefully before
 Power on.
10) We should not on earth directly without wearing
Leather or rubber shoes.
11) Always first aid kit must be present and it
should be fully equipped in case of injured.
12) Always checked power cable to be sure. It is not
naked (tap/cut wire), loose or damages.
13) Do not use loose jeweler or rings when working
on electrical equipments because these things are
good conductors and accidents cause take place.
14) Do not keep open liquids near electrical
equipments.
15) Do not touch any electrical equipment unless
you know it, is safe to do.
16) Do not involve in soldering the component
without proper training.
17) Do not operate any electrical equipments if you
have not been trained, please get help from your
teacher or instructor.
18) Only use dry hands while making alive circuit.

TO Study Standard Wire Guage & Measure the Size of Wire

with SWG

STANDARD WIRE GAUGE

It is used to check the size of wire. It consists of
steel disc type structure, having spots and holes in it
just like gear. The size of wire is checked by simply
inserting wire strands into the slots and measures the
size of wire.
• TYPES OF WIRE GAUGE
• British wire gauge
• American wire gauge
• BRITISH STANDARD WIRE GAUGE
 This type of wire gauge is generally used in
Europe and also in Pakistan to measure size of wire,
its measurement in inches and mm. It is generally
abbreviated a “SWG”.It is also known as imperial
wire gauge. It is made by HAWK Company in
BARTAIN.
• Example:
A22WG 3/0.029’’ (Wire size)
Where 22 is gauge number, 3 is total strands (no. of
conductors) of wire and 0.029’’ is the diameter of
wire.
• AMERICANS STANDARD WIRE GAUGE
It is also used to check the size of wire. It is
somewhat different from British wire gauge. It is
measure the size of wire in “MILS”.Where
1Mils=1/1000’’
It is made by general tool company in USA.
 It mostly used to measure the aluminum size of
wire.

• DIFFERENT SIZE OF WIRE AND THEIR CURRENT CARRYING

CAPACITY

SIZE OF WIRE CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY

3/0.029” 5amp-13amp
3/0.036” 7amp-16amp
3/0.044” 10.5amp only
7/0.029” 8.5amp-21amp
7/0.036” 13amp/28amp
7/0.044” 21amp-34amp
7/0.064’’ 33amp-56amp
7/0.052’’ 43amp only
19/0.0036” 29amps only

19/0.044’’ 47 amps only

19/0.064’’ 105 amps only
14/0.0076’’ 03 amps
23/0.0076’’ 06 amps
• AC CURRENT STRENGTH

READING OF
CURRENT
VALUES EFFECTS
No effect on human being
body not felt.
Safe current 1 mA or less
Sensation of shock, not
values 1 mA to 8 mA painful.

8 mA to 15 mA Painful shock, but

muscular control not
Unsafe lost.
current values When it passes through
20 mA to 50 mA chest, may stop breathing.

50 to 100 mA Fibrillation: It most

serious cause of death and
there is no cure of it, it
damages the heart into
small pieces & causing
the stop of breathing.

200mA or above
Severe burns, muscular
contraction, fibrillation.
 • HOW TO JOINTS OF PAIR OF
WIRES ARE MADE
1) Remove the insulation of wires at about 10cm.
2) Remove the braid for about 2.5 cm if applicable.
3) Clean each of stands gently with sand paper.
4) Separate the strands of each wire by twisting the
strands conductors in opposite directions.
5) Retwists the strands.
6) Bind the twisted wire with a binding wire if
applicable.
7) Cut of middle strands with the help of pliers.
8) Spread the strands individual.
9) Bring the two wire and to end with all strands
intersecting.
10) Hold one of the wires in left hand and wrap one
of strand of the other wire around the twisted
conductors in opposite direction.
11) Round off the ends with pliers.
12) The joint is the soldered if required.
13) When joint is made apply insulation on joints.
TYPES OF JOINTS
1) Britannia Joint:
In this type of joint one extra wires is
required to faster the two joints.
2) MARRIED WIRE:
Intersecting of strands of two wires
joint is known as married wire. It is mostly used to
joint two wires having more than one conductor.
3) Simple Twist Joint:
If two wire are simply twisted to
each other known as simple twist joint.
 • Tee Joint:
It is required where it is necessary to
tap the electrical energy from a running line and
making T-shaped.

Termination of wires

When it is required to terminate a wire to

a screw the insulation from the wire is removal
the conductor is bent in from of loop. It should
be remembered that the loop of the wire must be
made in the same direction in which the terminal
screw is to be turned for tightening while making
a termination of insulation of the wire, it is a
wrong method to keep it away such a termination
causes short circuit and also excess wire should
be cut off and the wire end is tucked inward to
avoid exposing bare part of the conductor.

ELECTRIC EARTHING

• INTRODUCTION:
The meaning of term earthing or
grounding is connecting to the electrical
equipment to the gernal mass (6x1024 kg) of
earth wire of negligible resistance. This brings the
body of the electrical equipment to zero
potential and thus will avoid the shock to the
operator.

Q: Why earthing/grounding is required?

 If insulation of wires of electrical
equipment may defective and the phase wires
(mains) may touch the metal frame of the
electrical equipment, then in case of faulty circuit
current will change the actual path in which it is
flowing. So some of the current will also flow
through the metal frame of the electrical
equipment, it is known as leakage current and if
the operator or any person will touch the
electrical equipment, he will absorb an electrical
shock in his body. In some cases death to the
person may also take place due to severe electrical
shock. But if electrical equipment will be earthed
to ground mass of earth the current through
metal frame will flow to earth ground and there
will be no electrical shock to any person, because
resistance of earth is less with comparable to
human body. Current will always flow where
resistance will be very low.
 Diagram

PARTS OF EARTHING
• Earthing led
• Earth plate (copper)
• Earth electrode (copper)
• Earth continuity conductor
• Lighting conductor
• G.Pipe (galvanized pipe)
• Copper plate (2’*2’*1/8’’)
Silent features of grounding or earthing
Must be…
• The earth wire as a earthing or bonding
connection must be of sufficient crossection
 to carry the faculty current under worst
condition.
• The resistance of the grounding or earthing
must be very low.
• The earth wire must be strong enough so
that it cannot be broken at any point.
• The connection of the earthing wire must be
perfect at both sides.
• All earthing or boring connection should be
protected against corrosion.

Q: How earthing is necessary?

Whenever there is a breakdown
of insulation over the wires it is always
accompanied by generation of heat and increase of
temperature near about the fault persists which
further increase the temperature of surrounding
and if the temperature reaches ignition point, the
 insulation starts burning and fire break out. Hence,
to avoid the fires hazard earthing or bonding is a
necessary.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

1.BASIC HOUSE HOLD CIRCUIT:

EXPERIMENT#1
• SERIES CIRCUIT:
OBJECTIVE:
•To show that a series circuit has
only one path for current flow.
• To show that the total resistance
connected in series is the sum of individual
resistance.
 APPARATUS/TOOLS REQURIED:
• Multimeter(DMM)
• Phase tester
• Wooden circuit
• Plier long nose
• Cutter
• Insulation tape
• Wires
• Power supply (220v)
• Bulbs/Bulb holders
• Knife
• Electric plug Two pins
• Switch
• Crinping tool
• BASIC INFORMATION:
The fundamental idea of
series circuit is that there is only one path
for current flow. If other resistor or load
is removed or if the wire are disconnected
then no current will flow. This is the
charactertics of a series circuit when any
load is removed the circuit is open and no
current is flow.
Mathematically:
The mathematical formula of series is:
R1+R2+R3+…….
FOR EXAMPLE:

IF R1=220A
R2=330 OHM
RT=220+330=550
In series circuit the current at each point throughout the circuit will

remain to same but voltages will be divide.

PROCEDURE:

• First of all issued the apparatus

from lab store.
• After then put a circuit board and
tight four bulb holders on it
according to their place from
circuit diagram.
• Then took a phase wire and
remove undesirable insulation and
then by using plier turns its
conductors in a proper way.
• After then joined a terminal of this
phase wire to bulb and other
terminal with a switch.
 • An ammeter is also attach b/w the
load bulb and switch, such has one
terminal is connected with neutral
wire and other one with phase
wire.
• After then check the circuit
connection then put four bulbs in
bulb holders with carefully.
• Then turn on the switch and note
that either bulb is glow then check
the circuit to the teacher and
returned the apparatus to lab
attendant.

• SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:

• Make all the live connections very

carefully.
 • Make sure all connections are not
lose at any terminal points.
• Do not work with wet hand.
• Avoid from sparking connections
making.
• Identify red wire for phase
connection and black wire for neutral
connection.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 EXPERIMENT#2

• PARALLEL CIRCUIT
OBJECTIVE:
• To show that parallel circuit may have many
paths for current flow.
• To show that in parallel circuit total
resistance is less than the resistance of the
smallest parallel resistance.
APPARATUS/TOOLS REQURIED:
Multimeter(DMM)
Phase tester
Wooden circuit
Plier long nose
Cutter
Insulation tape
Wires
Power supply (220v)
Bulbs/Bulb holders
 Knife
Electric plug two pins
Switch
Crinping tool

• BASIC INFORMATION
In parallel circuit there is two or
more path for current flow, show such a
circuit, note that if any of the resistance
is removed path for current flow still
exist through remaining resistors.

MATHEMATICALLY:
 The mathematically formula for parallel
circuit is,
1/R1+1/R2+1/R3+……..
PROCEDURE:
• First of all I issued the apparatus from the lab
store.
• Then I went on the working table and set the
apparatus on table.
• After then took a wooden board and set the
bulb holders on it by joining the terminal of
phase wire and neutral wire according to
circuit diagram.
• Then I took another wire which act as a
neutral source and placed with ampere meter
in parallel form with loads.
 • Then I joined the connections of load and
ammeter with switches according to circuit
diagram.
• After then again check all the joining
terminals with very carefully and then switch
on the power and note that in parallel form
the current will alternate at each terminal.
• Then returned the apparatus to lab in charge.

• SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

1. Make all the live connections very carefully.

2.Make sure all connections are not lose at any
terminal points.
3.Do not work with wet hand.
4.Avoid from sparking connections making.
 5.Identify red wire for phase connection and
black wire for neutral connection.

EXPERIMENT#3
OBJECTIVE:
To study the fan regulator circuit.
APPARATUS:
• Multimeter (DMM)
• Phase tester
• Plier
• Small fan
• Fan regulator
• Wires as required
• Insulation tape
• Circuit board
 • Switch button
• Cutter
• Screw drivers

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
• First of all I issued the apparatus from the lab
store.
• Then I went on the working table and set the
apparatus on table.
• After then took a wooden board and set the
fan and fan regulator on a board according to
circuit diagram.
• Remove insulation as required from the
phase and neutral wire.
• Then join the phase wire with a fan and
other end with regulator and neutral wire as
well.
• Then check all the joining terminals and then
switch on the power.
g.Now check the circuit to the teacher and
returned the apparatus to lab in charge.
 • SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:

1.Make all the live connections very carefully.

2.Make sure all connections are not lose at any
terminal points.
3.Do not work with wet hand.
4.Avoid from sparking connections making.
5.Identify red wire for phase connection and
black wire for neutral connection.

TYPES OF INSTALLATION OF
WIRING SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION:
The types of wiring to be adopted is
dependent on various factors, each factor are
explaining below.
a. Durability:
The type of wiring selected any
premises should durable,i.e,it should be
proper specification and as well as in
accordance with the assessed life and type of
building. Cleat wiring is suitable for
temporary building will definitely be
unsuitable for permanent factory building.
Safety:
While selecting the type of building one
has to look into safety espect.In a factory
where a lot of fumes are produced the cleat or
copping casing wiring will be unsuitable.
Underground wiring is suitable in fumes
factories.
b. Appearance of a building:
It must be taken into consideration that
the wiring do not spoil the beauty of the
premises. In a beautiful banlows,if one resort
to cleat or copping casing type of wiring, the
whole outlook of the building will
deteriorate, which will create a bad
impression on the capability of a designer or
engineer?
c.Cost:
This is the most important factor. The
executive or the designer has to see the funds
available with the clients for the such
protat.Any there by arriving at the conclusion
for type of wiring to be adopted and first
have a meeting with clients. Advice to your
client with his available resources.