Course : Foundations

Year : 2015
CONTENT
1
1. BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL
2. SITE EXPLORATION
3. SPREAD FOOTING
4. STRIP FOOTING
5. MAT
6. COMBINED FOOTINGS
7. PILED FOOTINGS
8. CAISSONS AND PIERS

Asst. Prof. Dr. Erol Sadoglu

INTRODUCTION: 
Footings should fulfill three criteria:
oot gs s ou d u t ee c te a:
1. Bearing Capacity: Failure should not occur in foundation 
soil and safety against failure should be.
y g
2. Settlement: Settlements of footings should not exceed 
allowable settlement values.
3. Economy: While satisfying bearing capacity and settlement 
criteria, foundations should be constructed with minimum 
cost.

Asst. Prof. Dr. Erol Sadoglu

SPREAD FOOTING: 

Tekil
Spread
temeller
Footings

Deprem
Earthquake
baðlantý Tie
B kiriþleri
Beams

When we look at the structure, we see that each column has a widened base under it

Asst. Prof. Dr. Erol Sadoglu

SPREAD FOOTING: 
Different cross sections and Plan Views:

Column

Footing

Cross sections

Plan views

Unform Thickness V i Thi

Varying Thickness
k
Circular Footing

Asst. Prof. Dr. Erol Sadoglu

SPREAD FOOTING: 
Different cross sections and Plan Views:

Column Embedment Depth (Df):

Embedment depth is determined by taking into
account the following aspects:
Footing
1 If upper soil layer is weak and loose,
1. loose or consists of
a fill of unknown quality, we extent the footing through
those soils into underlying competent soil.
2 If the soil is prone to frost heave,
2. heave so footing depth
should exceed the depth of frost penetration.
3. If the soil is prone to scouring, which is erosion
caused byy surface or g ground water,, footing
g should
extent below the potential scour depth.

Asst. Prof. Dr. Erol Sadoglu

Spread footins are classified into two categories with respect to loading and place
of column:
Centrally loaded spread
footing
Symmetrical Spread Footings

Eccentricallyy loaded spread

p
footing
Spread
Footings

Asymmetric Spread Footings

Asst. Prof. Dr. Erol Sadoglu

SPREAD FOOTING: 
Centrally loaded symmetrical spread footing

Nk
Column This footing carries vertical column load and have
uniform base pressure distribution.
Wt
Footing
Nk: Column load
Wt: Weight of footing
qt

Asst. Prof. Dr. Erol Sadoglu

SPREAD FOOTING: 
Centrally loaded symmetrical spread footing

Nk
Column Bearing Capacity Check:

N k + Wt
= q t ≤ q safe .............(1)
Wt
Footing
(1)
A Equation (1) is used to find base area of footing. Base
qt dimensions are determined according to base shape
after this calculation.
Weight of footing is determined in three different ways:
1. Weight of footing per unit area can be found by the following
emprical formula:
Nk
wt = N k : kg w t : kg / cm 2
3000
2. Weight of footing can be chosen between 10 and 50 kN, then if real
weight is close to the accepted one, calculation is finished.

3. Sometimes, wt is ignored.
Asst. Prof. Dr. Erol Sadoglu
SPREAD FOOTING: 
Two Way Shear Check (Punching Shear Check)
This check is the shearing of base plate “d/2” away
Column
from column
col mn face in two
t o direction

Vsf ≤ Vsc
d/2 d/2

d
Vsf : Sh
Shear fforce acting
ti on critical
iti l section
ti
Vsc : Shear capacity of critical section
d/2
Vsf = γfctdA shear

Minimum dimensions:
B-L>1 m
d>0.20 m

Asst. Prof. Dr. Erol Sadoglu

SPREAD FOOTING: 
One Way Shear Check
This check is the shearing of base plate along
Column
col mn face in ttwo
column o direction

Vsf ≤ Vsc
d
Vsf : Sh
Shear fforce acting
ti on critical
iti l section
ti
Vsc : Shear capacity of critical section
Vsf = γfctdA shear

Asst. Prof. Dr. Erol Sadoglu

SPREAD FOOTING: 
Flexural Design:
Reinforcement is used to resist tensile stresses in
Column
footings According to moment at critical section
footings. section,
necessary amount of reinforcement is found.

(T)

(M)
Asst. Prof. Dr. Erol Sadoglu
Development
p Length:
g

Rebars must extend a sufficient distance into the concrete to

develop proper anchorage. This distance is called
development length.

Asst. Prof. Dr. Erol Sadoglu

Crushing
g Check:

In case, column and footing are made of different concrete

types, crushing check must be done for the interface.

Asst. Prof. Dr. Erol Sadoglu

SPREAD FOOTING: 
Eccentrically loaded symmetrical spread footing

Footings can be subjected to moments caused by

mainly lateral loads. This type of footings is called as
eccentrically loaded footings. Eccentricity can be in
one or two directions
directions.

M y− y
ex =
∑N
M y− y : Total moment around y-y axis
e x : Eccentricity on x-x axis
∑ N: Total vertical force on footingg base

Asst. Prof. Dr. Erol Sadoglu

SPREAD FOOTING: 
Bearing Capacity Check:

B B B
ΣN e ΣN e ΣN
e

qmin
qmax q max
qmax

e<B/6 e=B/6 e>B/6

1. q max ≤ q safe
2. Meyerhof's effective width method

Asst. Prof. Dr. Erol Sadoglu

SPREAD FOOTING: 
One Way and One Way Shear Checks:

Critical cross section for one way

y shear check is
one the eccentriciy side.

Two way shear check is done in a similar way as

centrally loaded footing. Average base pressure
for two way eccentricity :

q1 + q 2 + q 3 + q 4
q average =
4

Asst. Prof. Dr. Erol Sadoglu

SPREAD FOOTING: 
Asymmetric Spread Footings:

If eccentricity
y is always
y on the same side, this situation causes some
problems to arise:
1. If eccentricity is very large, big base pressure occurs on one side of
footing. In this case, big loss in vertical load capacity comes up. Safe load
decreases with increasing eccentricity.

2. Verification of bearing capacity check can be difficult even for solid soils
2
according to Customary Analysis.

3. Footings can settle and rotate in a similar way of base pressure

3 pressure, This
situation may be harmful for superstructure.

Asst. Prof. Dr. Erol Sadoglu

SPREAD FOOTING: 
Asymmetric Spread Footings:

Nk Nk
M M

Wt Wt

L L*

Uniform

B B*
x x x x My−y
eph = :Physical eccentricity
Nk
L L*

Asst. Prof. Dr. Erol Sadoglu

SPREAD FOOTING: 
Asymmetric Spread Footings:

*Bearing
g capacity
p y check:

N k + Wt
= q t ≤ q safe .............(1)
()
A

Asst. Prof. Dr. Erol Sadoglu

SPREAD FOOTING: 
Asymmetric Spread Footings:
My-y

d
*One way
y shear and bending
g checks:
y

x x
O

Critical cross section

y
B

Nk
My-y

+
(T)
-

Asst. Prof. Dr. Erol Sadoglu + +

(M)
Earthquake Tie Beams:
SPREAD FOOTING: 
1. These beams provide the footing to behave as a whole during
1
earthquake.
They can carry tensile and compressive forces but not bending moments.

2. They are designed according to siesmic activity and soil class, More
precisely, with respect to (4-12%) of biggest column load considered as
t
tensile
il fforce.

3. The beams are not based on ground surface.

Asst. Prof. Dr. Erol Sadoglu