Ramberg–Osgood relationship 1

Ramberg–Osgood relationship
The Ramberg–Osgood equation was created to describe the non linear relationship between stress and strain—that
is, the stress–strain curve—in materials near their yield points. It is especially useful for metals that harden with
plastic deformation (see strain hardening), showing a smooth elastic-plastic transition.
In its original form, the equation for strain (deformation) is[1]

where
is strain,
is stress,
is Young's modulus, and
and are constants that depend on the material being considered.
The first term on the right side, , is equal to the elastic part of the strain, while the second term, ,
accounts for the plastic part, the parameters and describing the hardening behavior of the material.
Introducing the yield strength of the material, , and defining a new parameter, , related to as
, it is convenient to rewrite the term on the extreme right side as follows:

Replacing in the first expression, the Ramberg–Osgood equation can be written as

Hardening behavior and yield offset

In the last form of the Ramberg–Osgood model, the hardening behavior of the material depends on the material
constants and . Due to the power-law relationship between stress and plastic strain, the Ramberg–Osgood
model implies that plastic strain is present even for very low levels of stress. Nevertheless, for low applied stresses
and for the commonly used values of the material constants and , the plastic strain remains negligible
compared to the elastic strain. On the other hand, for stress levels higher than , plastic strain becomes
progressively larger than elastic strain.

The value can be seen as a yield offset, as shown in figure 1. This comes from the fact that

, when .
Accordingly (see Figure 1):
elastic strain at yield =
plastic strain at yield = = yield offset
Commonly used values for are ~5 or greater, although more precise values are usually obtained by fitting of
tensile (or compressive) experimental data. Values for can also be found by means of fitting to experimental data,
although for some materials, it can be fixed in order to have the yield offset equal to the accepted value of strain of
0.2%, which means:
Ramberg–Osgood relationship 2

Figure 1: Generic representation of the

Stress-Strain curve by means of the
Ramberg–Osgood equation. Strain corresponding
to the yield point is the sum of the elastic and
plastic components.

References
[1] Ramberg, W., & Osgood, W. R. (1943). Description of stress-strain curves by three parameters. Technical Note No. 902, National Advisory
Committee For Aeronautics, Washington DC. (http:/ / ntrs. nasa. gov/ archive/ nasa/ casi. ntrs. nasa. gov/ 19930081614_1993081614. pdf)
Article Sources and Contributors 3

Article Sources and Contributors

Ramberg–Osgood relationship  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=320429204  Contributors: AgentPeppermint, Alai, Dicklyon, Jzahr, Kotecky, Mausy5043, Mikkelmelters,
Sandycx, Zuejay, 7 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Image:Ramberg-osgood-2.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ramberg-osgood-2.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Jzahr, Sfan00 IMG

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