Pedal Powered Water Purifier

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

Submitted By:

Name Roll No
Name Roll No
Name Roll No
Name Roll No

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UNITED COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

SUBMITTED TO: …………………………

 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project synopsis entitled “Pedal Powered

Water Purifier” submitted is our original work and the report has not
formed the basis for the award of any degree, associate ship, fellowship
or any other similar title.
Signature:

Name:

Enrollment no:

Date:
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the practical report entitled “Pedal Powered Water
Purifier” is the bonafide work carried out by students of UIT,
ALLAHABAD during the year 2018 in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the Degree of B. Tech. The report has not
formed the basis for the award previously of any degree, diploma,
associate ship, fellowship or any other similar title.

Signature of the guide:

Date:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me great pleasure to express my gratitude and heart full thanks

to all those who are helping me in complete this project.

I want to thank to “PROJECT GUIDE NAME” , who has always

encouraged and help me in making this project. In addition to this, I am
grateful to other faculties too who made me in right direction and gave
me their precious time and expert guidance whenever necessary
through which I could achieve this extent.

At last but not the least I am feeling glad to say about my family
whose wishes are always with me, without which it was not possible for
me to reach this extent.

I hope my work is praised and my efforts render fruitful result.

THANK YOU
 Abstract

The main aim of project is to design and develop a pedal operated

water purifier for cleaning water without using electricity or any other
energy sources. This project consist a bicycle which is used to generate
the power to drive the dynamo in order to heat the water that water
vapor condense and gives pure water which is drinkable.
 Introduction

Pedal Powered Water Pump along with water purification (PPWPWP) is

an ecofriendly system.

The PPWPWP works only on mechanical energy without electricity.

PPWPWP provides drinking water and irrigation in remote areas where
electricity is still a major problem along with providing ecofriendly
environment.

It also helps to regulate a good health while pedaling PPWP is not only
free from pollution but also provide healthy exercise.

We propose a pedal based water purification system that uses pedal

power to purify water and make it available for drinking.
 Literature Review

Project Background
An abundant supply of clean, safe drinking water is essential for human
and animal health. Water from municipal or public water systems is
treated and monitored to ensure that it is safe for human consumption.
Many India residents, especially in rural areas, rely on private water
systems for human and livestock consumption. Most private water
systems are supplied by wells.

Water from wells in India is generally safe for consumption without

treatment. Some waters, however, may contain disease-causing
organisms that make them unsafe to drink. Well waters may also contain
large amounts of minerals, making them too “hard” for uses such as
laundering, bathing or cooking. Some contaminants may cause human
health hazards and others can stain clothing and fixtures, cause
objectionable tastes and odors, or corrode pipes and other system
components.

Surface water sources, such as springs and cisterns, are seldom used for
drinking water. They are almost always contaminated with pathogenic
microorganisms; therefore, surface water should always be treated
before being consumed.
The quality of drinking water from private sources is the responsibility of
the homeowner. State laws do not require testing of private domestic
water supplies, and regulatory agencies do not regularly monitor the
quality of water from private supplies. Therefore, the only way
homeowners can be certain that their water is safe to drink is to have it
tested periodically.

Things to Consider when Selecting a Water Purification

Solution:

Two important terms related to water treatment:

There is some confusion about the meaning of water purification and

water disinfection.

Water Purification - "The act of cleaning by getting rid of

impurities." For water treatment, this term refers to the process of
removing specified contaminants from a water source. All effective
water treatment methods will provide some amount of purification,
however, only some methods will disinfect the water.

Water Disinfection - "Killing or removal of microorganisms outside

the body by direct exposure to chemical or physical agents or processes."
For water treatment, this term refers specifically to a purification process
that kills or removes biological contaminants (cysts, bacteria, viruses,
protozoans, etc.) from a water source. Water that has been disinfected
(by UV treatment, boiling, chlorination, micro-filtration, ozone, etc.) may
still be polluted with other contaminants that are not affected by the
disinfection treatment. In some cases, additional contaminants may
actually be added to the water by the disinfection process. For instance,
the process of chlorination nearly always adds chlorine and frequently
some disinfection byproducts (trihalomethanes, like chloroform).
Boiling water too long will concentrate inorganic contaminants.
Sterilization refers to the process of killing or removing all
microorganisms.

In order to determine which of the solutions is best for your needs you
might want to consider the following:

How much purified water you would like to use per day for drinking
and cooking (a family of four will probably use 4 to 8 gallons per day).

Which contaminants are actually in your water (and which ones

might occasionally show up). The only way to know this for sure is to
request a report from your water supplier or have your water tested.

Which contaminants you are interested in removing (the

information on the other pages of this site should help). The plan I
adopted was to go with a solution that would provide the best protection
from most of the potential contaminants (for the lowest cost and least
maintenance) - even though most of the contaminants are not currently
present in my tap water.

The cost of the solution you decide upon, both the initial cost
(which may be high for some filtration systems, ion exchange units,
distillers, etc.) and the ongoing costs (which might be high for distillers,
bottled water, etc.). Look at the total amount you will spend over the
next 10 to 40 years based on the amount of pure water you would like
to be able to use for drinking, cooking, washing foods, etc.

The value of the product. Is the product certified to perform as

advertised (or in the case of bottled water, is it certified to be free of
contaminants). Does the product provide you with safe, good tasting
water at a reasonable cost. Is there minimal maintenance required.

13 Types Of Water Purification And Filtration Systems:

1. Boiling

Is the most commonly used method to purify water. Water that is to be boiled
should always be clear. It is easier with a kettle as it whistles once it is ready to
be turned off. Otherwise if using other types of simple container, once boiling,
you should continue for about 2 to 3 more minutes before removing the heat.

Pros
o Kills almost every living thing and vaporizes most chemicals.
Cons
o Metals become more concentrated.
2. Slow Sand Filter

Also referred to as biosand or biological sand filter. A slow sand filter is

comprised of a bed of graded sand which is supported by a layer of gravel. This
filter media is confined in a box with openings at both ends allowing water to
flow in and out, while operating on a top-down, gravity basis.

Pros
o Solids and water muddiness is naturally filtered.
Cons
o Some bacteria still remains.
3. Fiber Filter

These filters contain cellulose, rayon or some other material spun into a mesh
with small pores. It is just like pouring water containing sand through a piece
of cloth. Unlike slow sand filter, pressure is applied to force water through
tightly wrapped fibers. There are many kinds of fiber filters in the market that
comes in a variety of shapes and sizes from fine to coarse meshes. Go for fiber
filters with micron ratings lower than 1 to efficiently trap particles.

Pros
o Sediment and muddiness is removed.
o Small organic particles that causes bad odors and taste may also be
removed.
Cons
o The lower the micron ratings, the more often the filter must be changed.
o Anything that is dissolved in water like chlorine, lead and mercury is not
removed.
4. Ceramic Filter

Almost exactly like fiber filters which will provide only mechanical filtration.
Again, go for pore sizes that are less than 1 micron. 0.5 micron if possible.

Pros
o Reduces asbestos fibers that may come from the degradation or breakdown
of human-made products such as insulation, pipes, etc.
 o Works against certain bacteria.
Cons
o Chlorine, lead, mercury and other organic compounds stays in the water.

Activated Carbon / Charcoal Filter

Charcoal is carbon. Activated charcoal is charcoal that has been treated with
oxygen to open up millions of tiny pores between the carbon atoms. The use of
special manufacturing techniques results in highly porous charcoals that have
surface areas of 300-2,000 square meters/gram. These activated charcoals are
then used to adsorb substances from liquids. Adsorb basically means attaching
by chemical reaction. Activated charcoal with a fairly wide surface area has
countless potential for bonding chemicals to the surface. Activated charcoal is
good at trapping other carbon-based impurities, as well as things like chlorine.
Many other chemicals like sodium and nitrate are not attracted to carbon at all
so they pass right through. This means that an activated charcoal filter will
remove certain impurities while ignoring others. It also means that, once all of
the bonding sites are filled, an activated charcoal filter stops working. At that
point you must replace the filter.
5. Granular Activated Charcoal / Carbon Filter

Although activated charcoal granules are loose, they are an effective and
valuable water treatment device. As long as a uniform flow rate is maintained
and the filter is changed according to the manufacturer’s specifications, optimal
performance is achieved.

Pros

o Reduces chlorine, particles and improves the taste and odor of water.
o Water flow is reasonably maintained and is suitable for use as a whole house
filter.
o Typical filter cartridge changes are done annually.
o Zero electricity is used.
o Zero water is wasted.
o Beneficial minerals such as calcium, magnesium and potassium that are
dissolved in the water, stays in the water.
Cons
o Water can flow around the granules without being treated as water flows
where there is less resistance.
o Water can carve a channel where it may flow freely with little resistance,
avoiding contact with the filtration medium.
 o Pockets of contaminants can form around the granules that will result in a
collapse, which contaminates the filtered flow of water, as the pressure
changes.
o General pitcher filters containing active carbon granules have fairly large
effective pore sizes of more than 20 microns.
o May potentially become breeding grounds for trapped bacteria when water
flow is at a stop.
6. Solid Block Activated Carbon / Charcoal Filter

Unlike granular activated charcoal, the carbon has been specially treated,
compressed and bonded to form a uniform matrix. This combination of features
provides the potential for greater adsorption of many different chemicals and
greater particulate filtration than other types of purification methods. Effective
pore sizes are usually below 1 micron. Just like any other filter cartridges, it
will eventually become plugged and has to be changed according to
manufacturer’s specifications.

Pros
o Certain filters are designed to better reduce specific contaminants like
arsenic, lead, mercury, etc.
o Much more effective and complete than granular activated carbon filters
as surface area is larger and contact time is longer.
 o Pore sizes of 0.5 micron and below is small enough to prevent trapped
bacteria from multiplying.
o Totally independent of electricity and water pressure.
o Nutrient from minerals like calcium, magnesium and potassium remain
in the water.
Cons
o Soluble salt like nitrate and fluoride is not naturally reduced.
o Potentially harmful minerals like cadmium is not naturally reduced.
7. Reverse Osmosis

Reverse osmosis is a separation process that uses pressure to force water

through a membrane with really tiny microscopic holes that retains
contaminants on one side and allows pure liquid to pass to the other side.
Purified water is collected from the ‘clean’ side of the membrane, and water
containing the concentrated contaminants is flushed down the drain from the
‘contaminated’ side.

Pros
o Salt and inorganic matter is greatly reduced. If a carbon filter is used for
post filtering, the quality will almost be as good as distilled water.
o Parasites and viruses are completely removed in properly functioning units.
o More treated water is produced compared to distillation.
o No electricity is used. Money saved.
o A proper reverse osmosis membrane lasts you at least 3 years. Money saved.
Cons
o The speed of water produced may not be enough for other uses other than
drinking like cooking, washing, cleaning, etc.
 o About 3 drops of water is wasted for every 1 drop of filtered water produced.
o Organic chemicals may still linger in reverse osmosis treated water.
o The membrane’s efficiency becomes unpredictable to factors like
contaminant concentration, chemical properties of the contaminants,
membrane type and quality, water acidity levels, temperature and water
pressure.
o In situations where high water pressure is not present to force water through
the membrane, it will not work.
o The pre and post filters that come with most reverse osmosis systems
require changing periodically according to manufacturer’s
recommendation.
o The storage tank requires regular cleaning to ensure the high quality of
water stored.
o Damaged membranes are hard to notice, thus it is not easy to tell if the
system is still functioning properly.
8. Distillation

Distilled water is pure water that is obtained in a process that captures the pure
steam from boiling water, which turns to liquid form again through
condensation. A vapor trap, carbon filter, or other device should be used along
with a distiller to ensure a more complete removal of contaminants.

Pros
o Very pure water is captured.
o Removes salt, minerals, metals, chloride and others that carbon fails to
discard.
o Bacteria, viruses and protozoa is killed or left behind when water
evaporates.
o Regardless of the quality of the entering water, the end result will always
be high quality treated water.
o Unlike filters, there is nothing to replace.
Cons
o Long hours are required to attain a substantial amount of water. For
example, it may take half an hour or longer to get 1 cup’s worth (250ml /
8.5oz) of distilled water.
o A lot of electricity is used. For example, it may cost around 0.35 cents worth
of electricity to produce 1 gallon / 4 liters of water, which adds up to about
$21 per month for 2 gallons per day.
o Water cannot be distilled in the absence of electricity, making it completely
unattainable should an emergency arise.

9. Chlorine Bleach
Chlorination is the process of adding the element chlorine to water as a method
of water purification to make it fit for human consumption as drinking water.
Water which has been treated with chlorine is effective in preventing the spread
of waterborne disease.

Pros
o Cheap.
o Commonly available in supermarket, pharmacies and convenient stores.
o Effective against bacteria and viruses.
Cons
o Initial chemical contamination in the water is not affected.
o Increases cholesterol formations.
o Carcinogenic in large amounts.
o May cause heart diseases because in the blood, chlorine reacts with
calcium which causes it to become toxic and non soluble. Then it
becomes plaque (breeding ground for bacteria) that eventually builds up
in the body.
10. Iodine

The most common chemical purification method used by campers. With the
proper iodine concentration and a 30-minute contact time in moderately turbid
water that is maintained at 20C / 70F or higher, all harmful bacteria and most
viruses will be destroyed.
Pros
o Effectively kills viruses, bacteria and protozoa.
o Lightweight and convenient.
Cons
o Does not effect the cryptosporidium protozoa that can cause
gastrointestinal illness with diarrhea.
o The colder the water, the more the time is needed for proper
disinfection.
o Does not change the clarity of water but changes the taste.
o Iodine is only practical for short term use.

11. Ozone / O3
O3 is an unstable molecule which readily gives up one atom of oxygen
providing a powerful oxidizing agent which is toxic to most waterborne
organisms. Ozone is made by passing oxygen through ultraviolet light or a
‘cold’ electrical discharge. To use ozone as a disinfectant, it must be created
on-site and added to the water by bubble contact.

Pros
o Inactivates harmful protozoa that form cysts.
o Effective against most bacteria, virus and microorganism.
o Produces less dangerous byproducts than chlorine.
Cons
o Produces trace amounts of a type of carcinogen called bromate.
o No disinfectant residual is left in the water.

12. Ultraviolet / UV
Water passes through a clear chamber where it is exposed to Ultraviolet light.
UV light effectively destroys bacteria and viruses. However, how well the UV
system works depends on the energy dose that the organism absorbs. If the
energy dose is not high enough, the organism’s genetic material may only be
damaged rather than disrupted.

Pros
o Very effective at inactivating cysts.
o Zero toxic byproducts.
o In fact, taste will improve as organic contaminants are destroyed.
o Beneficial minerals are not affected.
Cons
o UV light’s disinfection effectiveness decreases as the water gets
muddier, a result of the absorption, scattering, and shadowing caused
by the suspended solids.
o Anything that is not ‘alive’, like lead, asbestos and chlorine, are not
affected by ultraviolet light.
o Will not operate without the presence of electricity.
13. Solar Water Distiller
 A clear plastic barrier like a plastic bag, ground cloth, or a plastic grocery sack
is placed over the water source. The sun passes through the barrier and heats
the source which then vaporizes, rises and then condenses on the underside of
the plastic barrier. The moisture collected is drinking water.

Pros
o Capable of distilling almost any tainted water including seawater.
o Drinkable water can be condensed from anything that has moisture.
o Easy to make and has low impact on the environment. All that is needed
is a container to catch water and a large sheet of clear plastic.
Cons
o Source materials that give off toxins like radiator fluids or fuels are not
distillable.
o The distilling process is extremely slow and only small amounts can be
collected daily.
o Wild salmonella reproduces quickly when stored in the dark, requiring
10 parts per million of hydrogen peroxide to solve the issue.

Project Scopes:
We all know how nature filters our water. It evaporates dirty or sea
water and later condenses it in the form of rain which is pure drinking
water. Pedal powered water purifier works on the same concept. In this
project we pedal our bicycle to transform water into vapor and later
condense it to get clean water.
METHODOLOGY

The design and fabrication of pedal powered water purifier includes

sprocket chain system with power generator dynamo along with
supporting frame, copper piping interfaced with filters, container with
integrated heating element and supporting circuit to achieve this
system development.

The system uses a pedal fixed sprocket with chain attached to supply
circular force to the dynamo to be driven. The power generated by
dynamo is then used to power the heating system which heats up the
water in a container to boiling point.

The water before getting heated is passed through filters to remove

large particles and basic filtering.

The filtered water is boiled to get steam which is then passed through
copper pipes in order to drive maximum steam through low
temperature copper pipes which provide water on the other end of the
pipes.

The container on the other end is used to draw pure water from it using
a tap. Thus we achieve a pedal powered water purification system as a
renewable water purifier.
Block Diagram:

Part description:

 Container
  Filters

 Heating System

 Supporting Circuitry

 copper pipes

 Dynamo

 supporting frame

Dynamo:
Dynamo - a device that makes direct current electric power using
electromagnetism. It is also known as a generator, however the term
generator normally refers to an "alternator" which creates alternating
current power.

Generator - normally this term is used to describe an alternator which

creates AC power using electromagnetism.

Generators, Dynamos, and Batteries are the three tools necessary to

create/store substantial amounts of electricity for human use.

Inverter:
A power inverter, or inverter, is an electronic device or circuitry that
changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC).
The input voltage, output voltage and frequency, and
overall power handling depend on the design of the specific device or
circuitry. The inverter does not produce any power; the power is
provided by the DC source.
A power inverter can be entirely electronic or may be a combination of
mechanical effects (such as a rotary apparatus) and electronic
circuitry. Static inverters do not use moving parts in the conversion
process.

Circuit design:

Copper tubes:

When making distilling condensers it is important to get as much surface

area of tubing into as little as possible space so as to improve the
efficiency of the condenser as well as to save on costs. This requires the
copper to be spiraled in as small as possible diameters.

This short article explain how to bend copper tubing into really tight coils.
The following abbreviations are used:
d = Diameter of copper tube
D = coil diameter into which the copper tube is to be rolled or
spiraled.

Copper tubing (or pipe) is normally bought in two conditions:

1. Soft annealed copper. These are always sold in rolls and this bends
the easiest “straight from the coil”. This is the copper to use when
making spiraled condensers.
2. Cold drawn copper: These are always sold in straight lengths and
is much harder than annealed copper because it work-hardened
during the drawing process. It needs to be annealed (see later how
to anneal copper) before bending otherwise it bends very difficult
and tends to collapse or crack easily. Not recommended for
spiraled condensers in distilling equipment without being annealed
first.

For large diameter coils: (D > 6 x d):

It is quite easy to bend copper tubing when the diameter around which
the copper tube is to be bent is more than 6 times the diameter of the
copper tubing.

Just roll the copper tubing around a pipe with suitable diameter by hand.
It is easy and the coils will not collapse.
Advantage:
 This system can work whole year whether it is day or night.

 There is no need of electricity.

 Low maintenance cost and easy to design.

 This model is very portable we can easily move from one place

to other.