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NOTES:
Meaning
Sentences
Past tense
Present tense
o Future Tense
1. Commission
a payment to someone who sells homes, products, investments, etc., which is directly
related to the amount they sell, or the practice of receiving these payments
His monthly salary, which is based on commissions, has dropped from about $7,000
to $1,000.
Commissioned- They commissioned me to write a series of articles on language.
Commission - The salesmen work on commission only
o Will commission - Travel agents will charge 1 per cent commission on sterling
cheques.
2. Constitute
Give legal form to establish by law
The long-term unemployed now constitute a sort of underclass.
In order to get the money we had to be properly constituted.
Female workers constitute the majority of the labour force
o The increase in racial tension will constitute a threat to our society.
3. Circumstances
the existing conditions or state of affairs surrounding and affecting an agent.
Circumstances permitting, we sail on Monday.
He adapted himself to circumstances.
Every circumstance now conspired to effect his fall.
o I wish we could have met under better circumstances.
4. Render
Submit or present for inspection or consideration.
He witnessed a car accident and stopped to render aid.
The sight of her rendered him speechless.
Depression can render a person helpless.
o He would render income tax returns at the end of the year.
5. Insist
to say firmly or demand forcefully, especially when others disagree with or oppose
what you say
The police insist that they are not relaxing their campaign against drugs.
Lisa insisted, still hoping to get a different answer.
I would insist the father be nothing but a sperm donor.
o I insist that you hire someone to help.
6. Convince
to persuade someone or make someone certain.
He managed to convince the jury of his innocence.
I just convinced myself we were going to make it right
My goal is not to convince people that the world will be perfect in the future.
o Yes, I will convince her to accept me.
7. Inspire
Animate someone with (a feeling).
he inspired his students with a vision of freedom.
The man who inspired Plato deserves that name.
These passages inspire a hope, but do not sustain a certainty.
o I will inspire myself by following teacher’s advice.
8. Reflect
to show, express, or be a sign of something.
The statistics reflect a change in people's spending habits.
His eyes reflected interest, so she continued.
They don't reflect the sunlight and give away our position.
o The government will reflect the different values these groups have.
9.Justify
Show or prove to be right or reasonable.
The person appointed has fully justified our confidence.
The boy's talents justified the ambitious hopes which his parents entertained of his
future.
I know there's nothing I can say to justify my actions.
o They will justify the case by research.
10. Notwithstanding
notwithstanding the evidence, the consensus is that the jury will not reach a verdict.
This small contretemps notwithstanding, they both had a good time.
11. Partial
influenced by the fact that you personally prefer or approve of something, so that you
do not judge fairly
The reporting in the papers is entirely partial and makes no attempt to be objective.
12. Provoke
stimulate or give rise to (a reaction or emotion, typically a strong or unwelcome one)
in someone
The pictures of the victim’s body are sure to provoke feelings of anger within the jury.
The prime minister's speech provoked an angry response from the shadow cabinet.
o Her own account of her escape is, as usual, so florid that it provokes the question
whether she was really in any danger.
o When the host asked the celebrity about his divorce, he hoped to provoke a heated
response.
14. Suspended
to stop something from being active, either temporarily orpermanently
Flights were suspended pending an investigation of the crash.
o The company was forced to suspend operations.
16. Extravagant
spending too much money, or using too much of something:
The extravagant lifestyle of a movie star
It was very extravagant of you to buy strawberries out of season.
He rarely used taxis, which he regarded as extravagant.
o The extravagant use of packaging on many products
17. Humiliate
to make someone feel ashamed or lose respect for himself or herself
How could you humiliate me by questioning my judgment in front of everyone like
that?
I've never felt so humiliated in my life.
Why are you always trying to humiliate me?
19. Dispatch
to send something, especially goods or a message, somewhere for aparticular purpose
In her latest dispatch, Clare
Duggan, our war correspondent, reported an increase in fighting.
Two loads of cloth were dispatched to the factory on 12 December.
o Sergeant Havers was mentioned in dispatches for his courage.
Our handsome hero manages to dispatch another five villains.
20. Undertakings
The formal pledge or promise to do something.
The construction of the tunnel is a large and complex undertaking.
She undertook not to publish the names of the people involved.
o The bill requires owners to undertake remedial work on dilapidated buildings.
21. Imposing
having an appearance that looks important or causes admiration
He was an imposing figure on stage.
The council has imposed a ban on alcohol in the city parks.
o The actual finiteness of A imposes a limit upon the separating or resolving power of
an optical instrument.
He wants the government to impose strict controls on dog ownership.
22. Comprehensive
complete and including everything that is necessary
We offer you a comprehensive training in all aspects of the business.
At the same time he thoroughly comprehended that for a government to be strong it
must be in harmony with the wishes of the majority of the people.
o I don't think he fully comprehends that she won't be here to help him.
He doesn't seem to comprehend the scale of the problem.
23. Recovering
to become successful or normal again after being damaged or having problems
She went into a coma and died without recovering consciousness.
He looked surprised but soon recovered his self-possession.
o Recovers from the primary shock of the operation, the disease may reappear in the
stump, and lead to a fatal result.
The initial outlay of setting up a company is considerable and it takes a while to
recover those costs.
24. Deference
respect and politeness:
He treats her with such deference.
In deference to her wishes we spent two weeks on the coast
25. Enduring
continuing or long-lasting.
I shall be left with many enduring memories of the time I spent in India.
The family said they had endured years of torment and abuse at the hands of
the neighbours.
As long as the battle of the philosophies endures, theism can hardly be unified.
o During the war many couples had to endure long periods of separation.
26. Nominal
You use nominal to indicate that someone or something is supposed to have a
particular identity or status, but in reality does not have it.
She was still not allowed to run a company, his wife became its nominal head.
I am prepared to sell my shares at a nominal price.
All the ferries carry bicycles free or for a nominal charge.
o Nominally she is the king's prisoner.
27. Classify
a calculation or guess about the future based on information that you have:
The company has failed to achieve last year's sales projections by 30 percent.
30. Fortitude
people who are expected to buy something, employ someone, become parents, etc.:
We've had three sets of prospective buyers looking at the house.
32. Affect