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NAME: DEEPAN A/L MAILVAGANAM

NOTES:

 Meaning
 Sentences
 Past tense
 Present tense
o Future Tense

1. Commission
 a payment to someone who sells homes, products, investments, etc., which is directly
related to the amount they sell, or the practice of receiving these payments
 His monthly salary, which is based on commissions, has dropped from about $7,000
to $1,000.
 Commissioned- They commissioned me to write a series of articles on language.
 Commission - The salesmen work on commission only
o Will commission - Travel agents will charge 1 per cent commission on sterling
cheques.

2. Constitute
 Give legal form to establish by law
 The long-term unemployed now constitute a sort of underclass.
 In order to get the money we had to be properly constituted.
 Female workers constitute the majority of the labour force
o The increase in racial tension will constitute a threat to our society.

3. Circumstances
 the existing conditions or state of affairs surrounding and affecting an agent.
 Circumstances permitting, we sail on Monday.
 He adapted himself to circumstances.
 Every circumstance now conspired to effect his fall.
o I wish we could have met under better circumstances.

4. Render
 Submit or present for inspection or consideration.
 He witnessed a car accident and stopped to render aid.
 The sight of her rendered him speechless.
 Depression can render a person helpless.
o He would render income tax returns at the end of the year.

5. Insist
 to say firmly or demand forcefully, especially when others disagree with or oppose
what you say
 The police insist that they are not relaxing their campaign against drugs.
 Lisa insisted, still hoping to get a different answer.
 I would insist the father be nothing but a sperm donor.
o I insist that you hire someone to help.
6. Convince
 to persuade someone or make someone certain.
 He managed to convince the jury of his innocence.
 I just convinced myself we were going to make it right
 My goal is not to convince people that the world will be perfect in the future.
o Yes, I will convince her to accept me.

7. Inspire
 Animate someone with (a feeling).
 he inspired his students with a vision of freedom.
 The man who inspired Plato deserves that name.
 These passages inspire a hope, but do not sustain a certainty.
o I will inspire myself by following teacher’s advice.

8. Reflect
 to show, express, or be a sign of something.
 The statistics reflect a change in people's spending habits.
 His eyes reflected interest, so she continued.
 They don't reflect the sunlight and give away our position.
o The government will reflect the different values these groups have.

9.Justify
 Show or prove to be right or reasonable.
 The person appointed has fully justified our confidence.
 The boy's talents justified the ambitious hopes which his parents entertained of his
future.
 I know there's nothing I can say to justify my actions.
o They will justify the case by research.

10. Notwithstanding
 notwithstanding the evidence, the consensus is that the jury will not reach a verdict.
 This small contretemps notwithstanding, they both had a good time.

11. Partial
 influenced by the fact that you personally prefer or approve of something, so that you
do not judge fairly
 The reporting in the papers is entirely partial and makes no attempt to be objective.

12. Provoke
 stimulate or give rise to (a reaction or emotion, typically a strong or unwelcome one)
in someone
 The pictures of the victim’s body are sure to provoke feelings of anger within the jury.
 The prime minister's speech provoked an angry response from the shadow cabinet.
o Her own account of her escape is, as usual, so florid that it provokes the question
whether she was really in any danger.
o When the host asked the celebrity about his divorce, he hoped to provoke a heated
response.

13. Derived (Derive)


 obtain something from (a specified source ;
 She derived great satisfaction from helping other people.
o He derives an enormous amount of satisfaction from restoring
old houses.
 Many people derive their self-worth from their work

14. Suspended
 to stop something from being active, either temporarily orpermanently
 Flights were suspended pending an investigation of the crash.
o The company was forced to suspend operations.

15. Proceeding (Proceed)


 begin or continue a course of action
 Preparations for the festival are now proceeding smoothly.
 He proceeded to thank God for the food and company.
o The proceeds of today's festival will go to several local charities.
 Should you decide to proceed with the treatment you will be contacted by
the hospital.

16. Extravagant
 spending too much money, or using too much of something:
 The extravagant lifestyle of a movie star
 It was very extravagant of you to buy strawberries out of season.
 He rarely used taxis, which he regarded as extravagant.
o The extravagant use of packaging on many products

17. Humiliate
 to make someone feel ashamed or lose respect for himself or herself
 How could you humiliate me by questioning my judgment in front of everyone like
that?
 I've never felt so humiliated in my life.
 Why are you always trying to humiliate me?

18. Indication (Indicate)


 to be a sign of; betoken; evidence; show:
 Please indicate which free gift you would like to receive
 Exploratory investigations have indicated large amounts of oil below the sea bed.
o His hesitation really indicates his doubt about the venture.
o Various studies indicate that some forms of alternative medicine are extremely
effective.

19. Dispatch
 to send something, especially goods or a message, somewhere for aparticular purpose
 In her latest dispatch, Clare
Duggan, our war correspondent, reported an increase in fighting.
 Two loads of cloth were dispatched to the factory on 12 December.
o Sergeant Havers was mentioned in dispatches for his courage.
 Our handsome hero manages to dispatch another five villains.

20. Undertakings
 The formal pledge or promise to do something.
 The construction of the tunnel is a large and complex undertaking.
 She undertook not to publish the names of the people involved.
o The bill requires owners to undertake remedial work on dilapidated buildings.

21. Imposing
 having an appearance that looks important or causes admiration
 He was an imposing figure on stage.
 The council has imposed a ban on alcohol in the city parks.
o The actual finiteness of A imposes a limit upon the separating or resolving power of
an optical instrument.
 He wants the government to impose strict controls on dog ownership.

22. Comprehensive
 complete and including everything that is necessary
 We offer you a comprehensive training in all aspects of the business.
 At the same time he thoroughly comprehended that for a government to be strong it
must be in harmony with the wishes of the majority of the people.
o I don't think he fully comprehends that she won't be here to help him.
 He doesn't seem to comprehend the scale of the problem.

23. Recovering
 to become successful or normal again after being damaged or having problems
 She went into a coma and died without recovering consciousness.
 He looked surprised but soon recovered his self-possession.
o Recovers from the primary shock of the operation, the disease may reappear in the
stump, and lead to a fatal result.
 The initial outlay of setting up a company is considerable and it takes a while to
recover those costs.

24. Deference
 respect and politeness:
 He treats her with such deference.
 In deference to her wishes we spent two weeks on the coast

25. Enduring
 continuing or long-lasting.
 I shall be left with many enduring memories of the time I spent in India.
 The family said they had endured years of torment and abuse at the hands of
the neighbours.
 As long as the battle of the philosophies endures, theism can hardly be unified.
o During the war many couples had to endure long periods of separation.

26. Nominal
 You use nominal to indicate that someone or something is supposed to have a
particular identity or status, but in reality does not have it.
 She was still not allowed to run a company, his wife became its nominal head.
 I am prepared to sell my shares at a nominal price.
 All the ferries carry bicycles free or for a nominal charge.
o Nominally she is the king's prisoner.
27. Classify

 to divide things into groups according to their type.


 Chee classify his company documents to do records regarding salary.
 The books in the library are classified by/according to subject.
 Biologists classify animals and plants into different groups.
o I will classify mathematics marks to see my mistakes.
28. Disconcert

 to make someone feel suddenly uncertain and worried.


 He feel disconcert when his best friend lies with him.
 The whole experience had disconcerted him.
 John would disconcert his parents by not coming home after school.
o After a month, he is sure that his suspension will disconcert his parents.
29. Projection

 a calculation or guess about the future based on information that you have:
 The company has failed to achieve last year's sales projections by 30 percent.
30. Fortitude

 courage over a long period.


 I thought she showed remarkable fortitude during that period
31. Prospective

 people who are expected to buy something, employ someone, become parents, etc.:
 We've had three sets of prospective buyers looking at the house.
32. Affect

 to have an influence on someone or something, or to cause a change in someone or


something.
 Researchers are looking at how a mother's health can affect the baby in the womb.
 Both buildings were badly affected by the fire.
 It's a disease that affects mainly older people.
o The new rates will affect all consumers including businesses.
33. Patronize

 to speak to or behave towards someone as if they are stupid or not important.


 Don’t patronize me!
 It's nice to work without being patronized.
 Just because you're older than me, it doesn't give you the right to patronize me.
o The agency will patronize their clients who don’t agree with its creative ideas.
34. Practitioner

 someone involved in a skilled job or activity.


 Elizabeth Quan is a London-based practitioner of traditional Chinese medicine.
 She was a medical practitioner (= a doctor) before she entered politics.
35. Consider

 to spend time thinking about a possibility or making a decision.


 I'd like some time to consider before I make a decision.
 I considered applying to university, but I eventually decided to go to the local poly.
 "Have you decided what to do?" "No, I'm still considering the various possibilities."
o Would you consider fostering a child?

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