Wireless and Mobile Network

Architecture

Chapter 10: Heterogeneous PCS

Prof. Yuh-Shyan Chen

Department of Computer Science and
Information Engineering
National Taipei University
Dec. 2006

1
Outline
„ Introduction
„ Three types of PCS integration
„ Tier handoff mechanism
„ Registration mechanism
„ Cell delivery mechanism
„ User identities
„ Summary

2
Introduction
„ Heterogeneous PCS
„ Integration of different PCS system
„ Multi-tier system
„ Different radio technology, different network
technology
„ Multi-service
„ Different radio technology, same network
technology

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 Why HPCS

„ Service areas do not overlap

„ Extend the coverage service areas
„ Service areas do overlap
„ Increase the capacity
„ Number of circuits
„ A basic requirement
„ Downward-compatibility
„ Three types of HPCS (Table 20.1)
„ Depending on the network and radio technologies
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 Table 20.1 Integration of Cellular and
Low-Tier PCS Technologies
TECHNOLOGY ADVANTAGES EXAMPLES

Cellular/Cellular Increasing capacity PCS 1900/GSM-900

(Overlapping)

Increasing capacity DECT/GSM-900

Cellular/Low-tier PCS
Improving circuit quality PACS/AMPS,
Low-tier PCS/Low-tier PCS
(Overlapping) Increasing the user mobility unlicensed PHS,
licensed PACS

Extending Coverage All examples listed

Cellular/Cellular
Above and
Cellular/Low-tier PCS
IS-136/AMPS
Low-tier PCS/Low-tier PCS
IS-95/AMPS
(Non-overlapping)
IS-95/AMPS,
unlicensed PHS, and
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licensed PACS
Three types of PCS integration
„ Similar Radio technologies, Same Network
technologies (SRSN)
„ GSM900/GSM1800
„ Different Radio technologies, Same Network
technologies (DRSN)
„ IS-95/AMPS
„ Different Radio technologies, Different
Network technologies (DRDN)
„ GSM/PHS

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Similar radio technologies, same
network technologies (SRSN)
„ The individual system use the same
„ Network management technology
„ Roaming, call control
„ Radio technology
„ SRSN with different power levels
„ Macrocells
„ Microcells
„ SRSN with different frequency bands
„ Multi-band system

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Different radio technologies, same
network technologies (DRSN)
„ DRSN
„ IS-136/AMPS
„ IS-136 based on TDMA
„ AMPS based on FDMA
„ IS-95/AMPS
„ IS-95 based on CDMA
„ AMPS based on FDMA
„ All share the same network protocol
„ IS-41

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Different radio technologies, Different
network technologies (DRDN)

„ Integrates cellular systems (high-tier) with

low-tier PCS
„ High-tier PCS
„ High mobility
„ Low-tier PCS
„ Lower call delivery cost
„ Better circuit quality
„ GSM - PHS

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Tier handoff mechanism
„ Tier handoff is a issues for HPCS
„ Hard handoff
„ FDMA, TDMA
„ Soft handoff
„ CDMA
„ For SRSN, tier handoff is the same as the
normal handoff

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Cont.
„ For DRSN, it needs modify the tier-handoff to
compatible
„ Soft handoff (IS-95)/hard handoff (AMPS)
„ MAHO/TDMA (IS-136)/MCHO/FDMA (AMPS)
„ For DRDN, tier handoff is almost impossible
„ Different handoff approach
„ Significantly modified
„ Different implementation
„ Automatically redial, reconnect

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Registration mechanism
„ For SRSN
„ The heterogeneous BSs can be controlled by the
same VLR (Visitor Location Register)
„ For DRSN
„ The HLRs can be merged into one HLR, and VLRs
form different system talk to the single HLR

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DRDN registration mechanism
„ For DRDN
„ Modify all protocol
„ Different system
„ Different registration
„ Different authentication
„ Different information stored

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Multi-tier HLR
„ To minimize the cost of DRDN
„ To merge the HLRs of DRDN into a single
HLR is difficult
„ Formats
„ Operations
„ To build a tier manger that communicates
with the different HLRs (Fig. 20.1)
„ Single registration
„ Multiple registration

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Fig. 20.1 Multi-tier HLR
To PSTN

Multi-tier HLR (MHLR)

Tier Manager

HLR for HLR for

System 1 System 2

To VLRs of System 1 To VLRs of System 2

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Single registration
„ The MS is allowed to register with MHLR on
only one tier at any time
„ Figure 20.2 shows how SR works

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 Figure 20.2 SR protocol
MHLR MHLR
p1 H1 p1 L1
(b) Step 2
(a) Step 1 2. cancellation 1. registration
H1 H1
L1 L2 L1 L2

MHLR MHLR
p1 H1 p1 L2
2. cancellation 1. registration 2. cancellation 1. registration
H1 H1
L1 L2 L1 L2

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(c) Step 3 (d) Step 4
Multiple registration
„ The MS is allowed to register with MHLR on
multiple tiers at any time
„ Figure 20.3 shows how MR works

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 Figure 20.3 MR protocol
MHLR MHLR
p1 H1 p1 H1
p1 p1
p1 L1 p1 L1
(a) Step 1 (b) Step 2

H1 H1
L1 L2 L1 L2

MHLR MHLR
p1 H1 p1 H1
p1 p1
p1 L1 p1 L2
2. cancellation 1. registration
H1 H1
L1 L2 L1 L2

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(c) Step 3 (d) Step 4
Cell delivery mechanism
„ The SR call delivery procedure follows a
standard, IS-41 (Figure 20.4)
Step1. Query the MHLR to find the location of p1
Step2. VLR returns the routable address of the MSC
Step3. Sets up the trunk to the MSC
„ The MR call delivery procedure is complex

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 Figure 20.4 SR procedure

MHLR
Step1 Step1 VLR
p1 L1
L1
Step2 Step2

EO MSC1
Step3
Originating switch
(EO: End office)
VLR

H1

MSC2 21
MR call delivery procedure
„ MHLR does not know the current tier where
p1 reside
„ Try and error
„ Figure 20.5 and Figure 20.6
„ To reduce penalty
„ Use Paging approach (Figure 20.7)

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 Figure 20.5 MR call delivery
procedure (part 1)
MHLR

Step1 p1 H1 Step1
p1 VLR
p1 L1
L1
Step2 Step2

EO MSC1
Step3
Originating switch
(EO: End office)
VLR

H1

MSC2 23
 Figure 20.6 MR call delivery
procedure (part 2)
MHLR

Step5 p1 H1
p1 VLR
p1 L1
L1
Step6 Step5
EO MSC1
Step4
Step6
Originating switch
(EO: End office)
VLR
Step7
H1

MSC2 24
 Figure 20.7 MR call delivery procedure
(paging before returning the
routable address)
MHLR

Step1 p1 H1 Step1
p1 VLR
p1 L1
Step2 L1
Step4
EO Step3 MSC1
Step4
Originating switch
(EO: End office)
VLR
Step5
H1

MSC2 25
User Identities
„ HPCS user may have a single or multiple
identities
„ SRSN only one
„ DRSN and DRDN may carry multimode MS
„ Typically, select the tier by user
„ Or Intelligent select by MS
„ In SR (Figure 20.8)
„ In MR (Figure 20.9)

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Figure 20.8 SR mobile station
Turn
on

no

1. Is the low tier yes 2. Enter a yes 3. Perform a low-tier

available? new RA registration

no

4. Is the high tier yes yes

5. Enter a 6. Perform high-tier
available?
new RA registration

no no 27
Figure 20.9 MR mobile station
Turn
on

1. Is the low tier yes 2. Enter a yes 3. Perform a low-tier

available? new RA registration

no no

4. Is the high tier yes yes

5. Enter a 6. Perform high-tier
available?
new RA registration

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no no
Summary
„ HPCS development has been motivated by
business needs
„ One of the most important technical issues
„ To minimize the extra signaling traffic
„ Performance modeling of HPCS is at early
stage
„ No conclusion regarding billing platform

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