CHAPTER 3

CASE STUDY CROSS SHAPE CHURCH

MASONRY
 STRUCTURE GEOMETRY
BEARING STRUCTURE: CONFINED MASONRY
LOCATION: IAȘI
PLAN DIMENSIONS:
The original structure has walls of 60 cm and columns of 40x40 cm
The main arches are sustained by columns with cross-section of 60x60
The structure is designed in ARSA 2016 STUDENT VERSION and its
characteristics are presented below.

FIGURE 4 – Planar geometry and partition of the existing church

FIGURE 5 – top view of the model in RSA 2016

FIGURE 5 – front view of the model in RSA 2016

TABLE 8 – Structural axes
STRUCTURAL CHARTESIAN AXES DEFINITION
X - axes Y - axes Z - axes
1 0.00 m A 0.00 m BASE 0.00 m
2 2.00 m B 3.00 m STORY 1 5.00 m
3 3.50 m C 6.00 m STORY 2 8.50 m
4 5.00 m D 9.00 m STORY 3 11.50 m
5 7.00 m E 12.50 m STORY 4 18.50 m
6 9.00 m F 16.00 m - -
7 10.50 m G 18.00 m - -
8 12.00 m H 21.50 m - -
9 14.00 m - - - -

3D VIEW – COLOR MAPS BY THICKNESS AND SECTION

 From left to right:
Figure 6: 3D Perspective
Figure 7: Story 1 (3D) +5.00 m
Figure 8: Story 2 (3D) +8.50 m
Figure 9: Story 3 (3D) +11.50 m
Figure 10: Story 4 (3D) +18.50 m

Description of the structure:

- The masonry structure is relatively a slender structure because of its
height of 18.50 m. The planar dimensions are quite small having the
total lateral length of 21.50 m and the total transversal length of 14.00
m.
- The main building is divided in three parts, the entrance part (narthex),
the central part (nave) and the sanctuary. At the entrance part two
rectangular towers are placed.
- The building has 4 structural levels. Each level and its contents will be
described below. These stories are assumed in order to have a correct
estimation in the analysis program of the center of rigidity and the
center of mass.

Walls have a thickness of 60 cm with the specific weight of the material of 16

kN/m2 and have fixed supports. They are strengthened with reinforced concrete
columns and beams of 40x40 cm and 60x30 cm respectively. The columns are
placed at each intersection of walls and to sustain the main arches of the
building bigger cross-section of 60x60 cm is considered.
The arches appear at the endings of the concrete vaults of 10 cm thickness
having the purpose to restrain them. Also the walls which continue in the second
story having the same cross-section as at the first story limit the lateral
displacement of the arches.
In order to assure the stability and the stiffness of the building the core walls are
divided in two confined parts, first have the height of 5 m and second of 3.50 m.
Also the roof is modeled with Polonceau wood trusses (figure 10) and the cover
is considered having 5 cm thickness made of wood.

FIGURE 11 - POLONCEAU TRUSS SYSTEM

Material Features
For the linear elastic domain design, taking into account the behavior factor q, the design
strength of the masonry for the evaluation of the resistance to axial and shear forces, are taken
as follow:

Table 9 – Masonry material characteristics

Type Value Norms
Design strength to compression of the 𝑓𝑑 = 2.34 [𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 ] Cf. CR6-2006 4.1.1.1.1.1
masonry
Tensile strength of the masonry 𝑓𝑡𝑑 = 0.150 [𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 ] Cf. CR6-2006 4.1.1.3.1.
Initial shear strength 𝑓𝑣𝑘0 = 0.30 [𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 ] Cf. CR6-2006 4.1.1.2.1.
Longitudinal modulus of elasticity of the 𝐸𝑧 = 1543 [𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 ] Cf.tab.4.9 CR6-2006
masonry
 LOADS EVALUATION
PERMANENT LOADS:

The permanent loads were computed by the program for whole structure.

LIVE LOADS:
Snow load – variable load (CR 1-1-3-2012) –
Snow load will be computed with the relation 3.1:
S(k)=µi  ce  ct  s0,k
µi – shape coefficient for roofs
µi = 0.8, pt. α ≤ 30º
µ1= 0.8  (60- α)/30, for 30º< α < 60º
0, for α ≥ 60º
µ1= 0.8
0.8 for complete exposure
ce – exposure coefficient; c(e)= 1, 0 for partial exposure
ct – thermal coefficient 1,2 for reduced exposure

s0,k – the ground snow load presented in figure

S(k)=2 KN/m2
Accidental loads
For the seismic load is considered:
γI= 1.2 – importance factor (tab. 4.3, P100-1/2006)
ag= 0.20 g – ground acceleration (fig. 3.1, P100-1/2006)
Tc = 0.7 s – corner period (fig. 3.2, P100-1/2006)
q =1.5 – behavior factor (Annex D, P100-3/2008)
Seismic load (designed according P100-1-2013) :
Seismic action acts in all directions the horizontal ground motion have
much higher magnitude. The horizontal motion of the ground causes the most
significant effect on the structure inducing efforts in the walls through its
foundation. The mass of the building resists this motion by setting inertia forces
throughout the structure.
So the magnitude of the horizontal shear force depends on the mass of the
building ‘m’, the acceleration of the ground a, and the nature of the structure. If a
building and the foundation were rigid, it would have the same acceleration as the
ground as given by Newton’s second law of motion, i.e. F=ma. However, in
practice all buildings are flexible to some degree. For a structure that deforms
slightly, the force will be less that for a flexible one, because the more rigid one
absorbs some energy. So the force also depends on the type of the structure and
its dynamic response.
The base shear force corresponding to the appropriate fundamental mode, for each
considered principal horizontal direction for the computation of the building, is
determined with following relation – computed with the relation:
Fb = γI,e Sd (T1)mλ
The method use for determination of earthquake loading is the response
spectrum analysis. The spectrum taken in consideration is the design spectrum
according P100-1/2013 which represents the average of many earthquake that
occurred in Romania.
Case 6 : seism ox
Analysis type: Dynamics - Seismic

Mass eccentricities ex = 0.050 (m) ey = 0.000 (m)

Excitation direction:
X = 1.000
 A c c e le r a t io n ( m / s ^
4 . 0

3 . 0

2 . 0

1 . 0

P e r io d ( s )
0 . 0
0 . 0 1 . 0 2 . 0 3 . 0

Figure 12 – Design spectrum seism Ox

Case 8 : seism oy
Analysis type: Dynamics - Seismic

Mass eccentricities ex = 0.000 (m) ey = 0.050 (m)

Excitation direction:
Y = 1.000

A c c e le r a t io n ( m / s ^
4 . 0

3 . 0

2 . 0

1 . 0

P e r io d ( s )
0 . 0
0 . 0 1 . 0 2 . 0 3 . 0

Figure 13 – Design spectrum seism Oy

Table 10 - Input data for Robot Structural Analysis STUDENT EDITION:

Clasa
ag TC T1 TB TD c
de 0 q I (T) Sd(Ti)
[m/s2] [s] [s] [s] [s] [%]
imp.

0.20 III 2.5 2.0 0.70 0.19 1.20 0.14 3.00 - 0.07 1.00 -

Table 11 - Loads combination

 No. Name Type Permanent Snow Sm x Sm y
1 Fundamental SLS 1.0 1.0 0 0
1
2 Fundamental SLU 1.35 1.5 0 0
2
3 SEISM Sx SLU 1 0.6 1 0
4 SEISM Sy SLU 1 0.6 0 1
5 Modal 1 0.4 0 0

Fundamental Time Period

For all buildings, the value T may be approximated from the following
formula:
T=C*t*(h)3/4 = 0.020*18.53/4 = 0.1784 s

Table 12 - Fundamental time periods of the structures

T / Structures Z40 Z50 Z60
T1 0.19 s 0.18 s 0.18 s
T 0.1784 s 0.1784 s 0.1784 s

ANALYSES TYPES

On masonry structures it is possible to carry out numerous analysis types. They

are
summarizable in three groups: linear analyses, non linear analyses and limit
analysis.

1. LINEAR ANALYSES

It is the simplest analysis type in which the material obeying to the Hooke’s law
is assumed. Therefore the elastic properties of the material and the maximum
allowable stresses are necessary. The obtainable results are the deformed shapes
and the stress distribution in the structure. In case of stress redistribution it is
possible to assume a reduced stiffness in correspondence of the cracked areas. A
linear analysis can help in the comprehension of the behaviour of a construction
with regard to service loads, when the material still shows an elastic behaviour.
On the other hand, it is not useful into the establishment of the collapse limits.
The linear model is particular effective into the identification of the global
behaviour tendency of the building and the individuation of the points where the
structure is subjected to tension stresses able to break the continuity of masonry
elements. In seismic areas, linear analyses are applicable also in the calculation of
structures in presence of seismic forces. More in particular, it is possible to carry
out two types of analyses: the linear static and the modal dynamic ones, as
described in the following.

1.1 LINEAR STATIC ANALYSES

The linear static analysis consists in the application of a force system distributed
along the height of the building assuming a linear distribution of the
displacements. In case of buildings made of a series of floors, these forces are
applied at each slab where it is assumed that forces can be concentrated. In case
of masonry monumental buildings, like churches (lacking slabs if not on the roof)
the problem is overcome in a different way. Whether the walls are modelled with
bi-dimensional elements, the horizontal forces, proportional to the weight, can be
introduced directly on the shells. In this way, every single geometric variation,
like the presence of openings or different thickness in the walls, will be taken into
account. This type of analyses has been carried out on three-dimensional models
of the
four study cases.

1.2 MODAL DYNAMIC ANALYSES

The modal analysis, associated with the design response spectrum, can be
performed on bi or three-dimensional structures in order to obtain the stresses
values in the elements. In this analysis, all the vibration modes with a participating
mass bigger than 5% should be considered summing up a number of modes so
that the total participating mass is larger than 85%. In order to calculate stresses
and displacements in the structure, SRSS or CQC combination rules may be used.
Also this type of analyses has been considered in the study of the four study cases.
 1.3 TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS

The seismic action is described by three artificial accelerograms

compatible with the design spectrum for Bucharest and one accelerogram,
recorded on INCERC-Bucharest site, corresponding to the N-S component of
the March 4, 1977 earthquake.

Fig. 14 The N-S component of the March 4, 1977 earthquake

g [cm/s^2]

Time [s]

Fig. 15 - The E-W component of the Mach 4, 1977 earthquake

g [cm/s^2]

Time [s]