1

i¨¢jL¡ : Bjl¡ Cwl¡S£ S¡¢ee¡ HC Lb¡V¡ hm¡l -fR-e HLV¡C L¡le b¡-L -pV¡ qm "" iu ''
AbÑ¡v Bjl¡ Cwl¡S£ ¢nM-a iu f¡C z¢L¿¹¥ h¡Ù¹-h Cwl¡S£ i¡o¡ qm Bj¡-cl j¡a«i¡o¡ h¡wm¡l
-b-LJ pqS Hhw -pC L¡l-eC p¡l¡ fª¢bh£-a Cwl¡S£ i¡o¡ i£oe i¡-h Se¢fËu z Bj¡-cl
S£he ü-fÀl HC ¢jn-el E-ŸnÉ qm i¡lah-oÑl fË-aÉL¢V j¡e¤o k¡-a Cwl¡S£ ¢nM-a f¡-l Hhw
hÉ¡LlZ Na i¡-h öÜ Cwl¡S£ ¢mM-a f¡-l z Bjl¡ Bn¡ l¡¢M -k Bj¡-cl HC ¢jne AhnÉC
p¡d¡le j¡e¤-ol Cwl¡S£ -nM¡l üfÀ f§le Ll-a f¡l-h z

Cwl¡S£ Arl :

hs -R¡V EµQ¡le hs -R¡V EµQ¡le hs -R¡V EµQ¡le

q¡-al q¡-al q¡-al q¡-al q¡-al q¡-al

A a H K k -L U u CE
B b ¢h L l Hm V v ¢i

C c ¢p M m Hj W w X¢hÔE

D d ¢X N n He X x H„

E e C O o J Y y Ju¡C

F f Hg P p ¢f Z z -SX

G g ¢S Q q ¢LE
H h HCQ R r Bl
I i BC S s Hp
J j -S T t ¢V

Ef-l¡š² Arl …-m¡l j-dÉ A ; E ; I ; O Hhw U -L Vowel h¡ ül hZÑ hm¡ qu Hhw

h¡¢L Arl …-m¡-L Consonants h¡ hÉ”e hZÑ hm¡ qu z

hZÑ ¢hi¡N :

Cw-lS£ hZÑj¡m¡ c¤C i¡-N ¢hiš² ; Vowel i¡J-um (ülhZÑ) Hhw Consonant LeÚ-p¡eÉ¡¾V (
hÉ”ehZÑ ) z Cwl¡S£ Arl …-m¡l j-dÉ A,E,I,O Hhw U -L Vowel hm¡ qu , Cwl¡S£ hZÑj¡m¡l
-j¡V 26 ¢V Ar-ll j-dÉ Ef-ll 5 ¢V Arl h¡c ¢c-u h¡L£ 21 ¢V Arl-L Consonant hm¡ qu
zCwl¡S£ -a hs q¡-al Arl …-m¡-L Capital letter Hhw -R¡V q¡-al Arl …-m¡-L Small
letter hm¡ qu z

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Cwl¡S£ pwMÉ¡ :
Cwl¡S£ h¡wm¡ EµQ¡lZ
1 1 Ju¡e
2 2 V¥
3 3 ¢bË
4 4 -g¡l
5 5 g¡Ci
6 6 ¢p„
7 7 -p-ie
8 8 HCV
9 9 e¡Ce
10 10 -Ve

Capital Letter Hl hÉhq¡l fËZ¡m£ :

1z -L¡-e¡J h¡LÉ h¡ sentence öl¦ Ll-a q-m , fËbj n-ël fËbj hZÑ phpju Capital h¡ hs
q¡-al ¢c-a qu z -kje : He is a good boy.

2zL¢ha¡l -r-œ fË¢a Ql-el fËbj hZÑ Capital ¢c-a qu, -kje :
The boy stood on the burning deck.
Whence all but he had fled.

3z -L¡-e¡J ¢h¢nø hÉ¢š²l E¢š² EÜ«a Ll-a q-m, a¡l fËbj hZÑ Capital ¢c-u öl¦ Ll-a q-h z
-kje : "" Netaji said, Give me blood, I will give you freedom. ''
4z -L¡-e¡J hÉ¡¢š² , ÙÛ¡e , ec-ec£, fhÑa CaÉ¡¢cl e¡-jl BcÉ hZÑ Capital q-h ; -kje: Shyam,
India, Ganges, Himalayas, Bh¡l HC ph në -b-L Evfæ ¢h-noZ n-ël fËbj Arl
AhnÉ C Capital qu ; -kje : Indian, Gangetic, Himalayan.

5z j¡p, ¢ce, Ga¥, Evph fËi«¢al e¡-jl fËbj Arl AhnÉC Capital ¢c-u öl¦ q-h ; -kje :
January, Sunday, Spring , Durgapuja.
6zEf¡¢d CaÉ¡¢cl fËbj Arl Capital qu ; -kje: Mr. Mukherjee. William the
conqueror.

7z hC, pwh¡c fœ, djÑ NË¿Û J L¢ha¡l e¡-jl BcÉ hZÑ Capital qu ; -kje: Veda,
Basumati, Anandabazar, Raguvansa.

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8z iNh¡-el e¡j h¡ avÙÛ-m hÉhq©a phÑe¡-jl BcÉ Arl ph pju Capital qu; -kje : My
Child, He who is above will help you.
9z phÑe¡j I ( B¢j ) phÑc¡ Capital qu ; -kje: I will do my level best to solve the
problem.

n-ël ¢hi¡Se ( Part of Speech) :

Cwl¡S£ -a ka fËL¡l në B-R, a¡-cl -L p¡a i¡-N i¡N Ll¡ k¡u z HC HL HLV¡ i¡N-L f¡VÑ Ah
Øf£Q ( Part of Speech ) hm¡ quz kb¡- 1z Noun ( e¡Ee )z 2z Pronoun ( -fË¡e¡Ee ) z
3z Adjective ( BÉX-SL¢Vi )z 4z Verb ( i¡hÑ )z 5z Adverb ( BÉXi¡hÑ )z 6z
Preposition ( ¢fË-f¡¢Sne )z 7z Conjunction ( LeÚS¡wne )z

Noun : -k në à¡l¡ -L¡-e¡J hÉ¢š² , S¿¹¥ , ÙÛ¡e h¡ hÙ¹¥l e¡j -h¡T¡u , a¡-L Noun hm¡
qu h¡wm¡u ¢h-noÉ hm¡ qu ; -kje : Shyam nÉ¡j , Horse -O¡s¡, Kolkata LmL¡a¡,
Book hC CaÉ¡¢cz Noun -L fy¡Q i¡-N i¡N Ll¡ k¡u; kb¡ - 1z Proper Noun
-L¡-e¡J hÉ¢š², ÙÛ¡e Abh¡ fc¡-bÑl e¡j -h¡T¡u; -kje - Ram, Kolkata , Kohinoor
CaÉ¡¢c z
2z Common Noun HLS¡a£u fc¡-bÑl fË-aÉL V¡-L -h¡T¡u ; -kje: Boy (h¡mL), River
(ec£), Horse (-O¡s¡) CaÉ¡¢cz 3z Material Noun -k pjÙ¹ fc¡bÑ-L fªbL Ll¡ k¡ue¡; -kje -
Water ( Sm ), Gold ( -p¡e¡ ) CaÉ¡¢cz
4z Collective Noun -k pjÙ¹ në à¡l¡ HL¢V cm , f¡m , h¡¢qe£ , …µR h¡ f¤” -h¡T¡u ; -kje-
Flock ( f¡m ), Army ( -pe¡ h¡¢qe£ ), Fleet ( HL …µR S¡q¡S ) CaÉ¡¢cz
5z Abstract Noun -k pjÙ¹ në à¡l¡ -L¡-e¡J hÙ¹¥l -c¡o h¡ …Z h¡ AhÙÛ¡ -h¡T¡u ; -kje :
Sweetness ( ¢jøa¡ ), Modesty ( ¢heu ), Kindness ( cu¡m¤a¡ ) CaÉ¡¢cz

The Pronoun: Noun Hl f¢lh-aÑ -k fc h-p a¡-L Pronoun hm¡ qu z -kje :

Ram is a good boy, he loves his brothers and sisters . H-r-œ Ram
Hl f¢lh-aÑ h-p-R h-m He nëV¡ qm Pronoun. Pronoun -L Bh¡l fy¡Q i¡-N i¡N
Ll¡ k¡u z -kje : 1) Personal Pronoun hÉ¢š² h¡QL phÑe¡j; -kje- I B¢j , We
Bjl¡ , You a¥¢j CaÉ¡¢cz 2) Demonstrative Pronoun f¤l¦o Hhw Ù»£ l f¢lh-aÑ
hÉhq¡l qu; -kje: He Hhw She. 3) Indefinite Pronoun ¢eÕQu L-l -L¡-e¡J
hÉ¢š²-L -h¡T¡u e¡; -kje: One Hhw They. 4) Relative Pronoun f§hÑhaÑ£ Noun
Hl f¢lh-aÑ -k Pronoun hÉhq©a quz -kje : The boy who stands there Abh¡
The table which I have brought HC c¤¢V h¡-LÉ boy Hhw table Hl f¢lh-aÑ
kb¡œ²-j who Hhw which h-p-R a¡C Hl¡ qm Relative Pronoun. 5)
Interrogative Pronoun à¡l¡ ¢S‘¡p¡ Ll¡ -h¡T¡uz -kje : What, Which CaÉ¡¢cz

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Adjective : -k në Noun Hl B-N h-p a¡l -c¡o , …Z , pwMÉ¡ , f¢lj¡e CaÉ¡¢c

fËL¡n L-l a¡-L Adjective hm¡ qu z -kje : Good boy, Bad man, Ten
oranges CaÉ¡¢c zAdjective -L fy¡Q i¡-N i¡N Ll¡ k¡u : 1z Pronominal
Adjective ( fË-e¡¢je¡m )z-k pjÙ¹ Pronoun , Adjective Hl j-a¡e hÉhq¡l Ll¡ qu
a¡-cl Pronominal Adjective hm¡ quz -kje: This, That, Which, What,
Mine, Yours, Those, The CaÉ¡¢cz 2z Adjective of quantity f¢lj¡e -h¡T¡u
z -kje: Much, Little, Large, Small, Great, Enough CaÉ¡¢cz 3z
Numeral Adjective qm pwMÉ¡h¡QL ¢h-noZ z -kje: One, Two, First,
Second, Third, Several, Few, Most CaÉ¡¢cz 4z Distributive Adjective
qm -kje : Each, Either, Neither, Other CaÉ¡¢cz 5z Adjective Of
Quality HC Adjective phÑc¡ Noun Hl -c¡o h¡ …Z fËL¡n L-lz kb¡ : Cruel
boy, Notorious robber, Famous physician CaÉ¡¢cz
 ¢h-no âøhÉ : LMeJ LMeJ Noun Hhw a¡l flhaÑ£ Preposition HLœ pj-u pj-u
Adjective Hl AbÑ fËL¡n L-l Hhw H-cl-L Adjective Phrase hm¡ qu , -kje :
A man of war ( HLV¡ k¤ÜS¡q¡S ) , A warrant for arrest ( HL¢V -NËga¡¢l
f-l¡u¡e¡) CaÉ¡¢cz
Adjective Hl l©f¡¿¹l : a¥me¡ Ll-a -N-m Adjective Hl l©f¡¿¹l qu ; HC l©f¡¿¹l-L
Comparision ( LÇfÉ¡¢lSe) h-mzHC l©f¡¿¹l ¢ae fËL¡l kb¡: 1) The Positive (
f¢S¢ViÚ ), 2) The Comparative ( LjÚfÉ¡-l¢ViÚ ) c¤¢V hÙ¹¥l j-dÉ a¥me¡ Ll-a q-m
Comparative Degree hÉhq©a quz -kje : l¡j nÉ¡-jl -b-L mð¡ ( Ram is taller
than Shyam ) .Hhw 3) The Superlative ( p¤¤f¡l-m¢ViÚ ) A-eL…-m¡ hÙ¹¥l j-dÉ
HL¢V ph-b-L i¡-m¡ h¡ j¾c HL¢V hÙ¹¥-L -h¡T¡-a q-m Superlative Degree hÉhq¡l
Ll¡ quz-kje: l¡j ph¡l -b-L mð¡ ( Ram is the tallest of all ). e£-Ql -V¢h-ml
p¡q¡-kÉ Positive, Comparative Hhw Superlative Degree Hl fË¡uC hÉhq¡l
-k¡NÉ në…µR -cJu¡ qmz
Positive Comparative Superlative
Good Better Best
Far Farther Farthest
Much,Many More Most
Near Nearer Nearest
Old Older,Elder Oldest,Eldest
Late Later,Latter Latest,Last
Bad Worse Worst
Little Less Least
Strong Stronger Strongest
Fore Former Foremost
Big Bigger Bigest

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 ¢h-no âøhÉ :
1)¢LR¥ ¢LR¥ n-ël adjective Hl -L¡-e¡J Comparative h¡ Superlative degree que¡z
-kje: Perfect, Universal, Chief, Extreme, Round, Square, Three, Four
CaÉ¡¢c z
2) c¤¢V Noun fl fl hp-m fËbj Noun ¢V Adjective quz kb¡ : Gold Ring, Flower
Garden , Corn Field ; HM¡-e Gold, Flower Hhw Corn qm Adjective.

Verb : -k pLm në à¡l¡ "Ll¡' h¡ "qJu¡' AbÑ fËL¡n f¡u, a¡-cl -L Verb ( ¢œ²u¡ ) hm¡
qu z -kje : I do, He goes , You sleep. H-r-œ Do, Go Hhw Sleep qm
Verb.
Verb c¤ fËL¡-ll qu- 1) Transitive ( pLjÑL ) Hhw 2) Intransitive ( ALjÑL )z
-kje : Ram loves his brother HM¡-e Loves qm pLjÑL h¡ Transitive; L¡le
brother qm Hl LjÑ h¡ Object. Bh¡l He goes H-r-œ goes qm Intransitive L¡le
goes Hl -L¡-e¡J LjÑ h¡ Object -eCz
-L¡-e¡J -L¡-e¡J Transitive Verb Hl c¤¢V Object b¡-L , H-cl HLV¡-L Direct
Object ( j§MÉ LjÑ ) Hhw AeÉ¢V-L Indirect Object ( -N±Z LjÑ ) hm¡ qu z -kje: Ram
gave me a pen H-r-œ pen Hhw me kb¡œ²-j Direct Hhw Indirect Object.

 ¢h-no âøhÉ : Ef-l¡š² ¢hi¡N R¡s¡J Verb -L B-l¡J ¢h¢iæ i¡-h ¢hiš² Ll¡ k¡u Hhw
¢h¢iæ i¡-h hÉhq¡l Ll¡ k¡uz Tense Hl pð-å B-m¡Qe¡l pju , Verb Hl B-l¡J
hÉhq¡l ¢e-u ¢hnc i¡-h hZÑe¡ Ll¡ q-hz

Adverb : -k pjÙ¹ në Verb AbÑ¡v ¢œ²u¡l Hhw Pronoun h¡ ¢h-no-Zl -c¡o h¡ …Z

fËL¡n L-l b¡-L a¡-L Adverb h¡ ¢œ²u¡l ¢h-noZ hm¡ quz -kje: Ram speaks
slowly ( l¡j B-Ù¹ B-Ù¹ Lb¡ Lu z ); HM¡-e slowly fc¢V Speak HC verb h¡
¢œ²u¡l Q¢lœ fËL¡n L-l h-m H¢V-L adverb hm¡ quz
Adverb ¢h¢iæ fËL¡-ll qu kb¡: Ago, Early, Never, Now, Soon, Prsently,
Today, Tomorrow, Daily, Hourly, Immediately, Often, Firstly, Secondly,
Thirdly, Too, Very, Why, Accordingly, Yes, No, Certainly , Here, There ,
Upward, Downward, Hence, Far, Next, Quiet, Little, All, Possible,
Perhaps CaÉ¡¢cz
Preposition : -k pjÙ¹ në Subject Hhw Object Hl pðå ¢e-cÑn L-l a¡-L
Preposition hm¡ quz -kje: The book is on the table ( hC¢V -V¢h-ml Efl
B-R ), HM¡-e On në ¢V qm Preposition; L¡le -V¢h-ml p¡-b hC Hl -k ÙÛ¡e pðå
haÑj¡e , AbÑ¡v hC¢V -V¢h-ml -L¡b¡u B-R On në¢V a¡ ¢e-cÑn Ll-R z p¡d¡le i¡-h hÉhqÊÊa
Preposition Hl a¡¢mL¡ :

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About(pð-å): B¢j OVe¡V¡ pð-å hm-a Q¡C - I want to tell about the incident.

Above(Ff-l): DnÄl ph¡l Ef-l - God is above all.

Across(Jf¡-l): ec£l Jf¡-l HL¢V NË¡j B-R - There is a village across the river.

After(-fR-e): f¤¢mn¢V -Q¡lV¡l -fR-e -c±sm- The Police man ran after the thief.

Against(¢hl©-Ü): B¢j phÑc¡ Apaa¡l ¢hl©-Ü - I am always against the

corruption.

Along(°cOÑÉ hl¡hl): -p ec£l f¡l ¢c-u Qm¢Rm - He walked along the sore of the
river.

Among(A-e-Ll j-dÉ): ph¡l j-dÉ A¢ja ¢Rm ph-Q-u mð¡ - Among all of them Amit
was the tallest.

Around(pjÙ¹): LÉ¡-ÃVe pjÙ¹ fª¢bh£ 80 ¢c-e ïjZ L-l¢Rm - Captain travelled around
the world in eighty days.

At( p¡d¡lea pju h¡ ÙÛ¡-el B-N at h-p):B¢j f¢ÕQj h¡wm¡l LmL¡a¡u h¡p L¢l - I live in
West Bengal at Kolkata.

Before(p¡j-e): Bj-cl iNh¡-el p¡j-e j¡b¡ e£Q¥ Ll¡ E¢Qv - We should bow down
our head before God.

Behind(¢fR-e): Bj¡l ¢fR-e H-p¡e¡ - Do not come behind me.

Below(e£-Q): h¡¢s¢Vl e£-Q HLSe j¡e¤o c¡¢sy-u B-R - A man stands below the
house.

Beside(f¡-n): ¢hf-cl pju hå¥l f¡-n c¡ys¡-e¡ E¢Qv - We should stand beside our
friend at emergency.

Besides(HR¡s¡J): JC OVe¡V¡ R¡s¡J - Besides that incident.

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Between(j-dÉ): c¤-V¡ h¡s£l j-dÉ Bj¡-cl A¢gp - Our office is situated between
these two houses.

Beyond(¢fR-e): JC hs h¡s£V¡l ¢fR-e HLV¡ -c¡L¡e B-R - There is a shop beyond

that big house.

By(à¡l¡): L¥L¥l¢V h¡mL¢Vl à¡l¡ fËq©a qm - The dog was beaten by the boy.

Down(e£-Q): cu¡ L-l e£-Q -e-j H-p¡ - Please come down.

During(d-l): -R-m¢V pjÙ¹ ¢j¢Vw d-l Q¥f L-l h-p lCm - During the entire meeting ,
the boy was speechless.

For( S-eÉ): HC Efq¡lV¡ Bj¡l S-eÉ Be¡ q-u-R - This gift has been brought for
me.

From(-b-L / q-a): Bj¡l h¡s£l -b-L Je¡l h¡s£ fË¡u ¢ae ¢L-m¡¢jV¡l c§-l - The distance
from my house to his house is near about three Kilometre.

In(¢ia-l): Bj¡l¡ ph¡C °pL-al h¡s£l j-dÉ h-p l-u¢R - We all are in the house of
Saikat.

Into(h¡C-l -b-L ¢ia-l fË-hn): Hh¡l Bjl¡ üf-el h¡s£l j-dÉ fË-hn Llh - Now , we shall
enter into the house of Swapan.

Instead of(f¢lh-aÑ): Hh¡l -b-L -fVÊ-ml c¡j 47 V¡L¡l f¢lh-aÑ 51 V¡L¡ fË¢a ¢mV¡-l ¢c-a q-h
- From now, we have to pay Rs.51 instead of Rs.47 for a litre of petrol.

Near(L¡R¡L¡¢R): HLV¡ L¥L¥l Bj¡l h¡s£l L¡R¡L¡¢R X¡L¢Rm - A dog was barking near
my house.

Of(l / Hl): l¡-jl hCV¡ M¤h f¤-l¡-e¡ - The book of Ram is too old.

Off(¢h¢µRæ): -m¡L¢V -O¡s¡ -b-L e¡jm (¢h¢µRæ) - The man gets off the horse.

On(Ef-l): hCV¡ -V¢h-ml Ef-l ¢Rm - The book was on the table.

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Over(A-eL Ef-l): -p f¡q¡-sl j¡b¡u E-W f-s-R - He is over the top of the
mountain.

Since (-b-L): B¢j -a¡j¡l SeÉ -hm¡ 8 V¡ -b-L A-fr¡ Ll¢R - I have been waiting for
you since 8 A.M.

To(-a/fË¢a): l¡j g¥Vhm -Mm-a i¡mh¡-p - Ram likes to play football.

Under(e£-Q): L¥L¥l¢V -V¢h-ml e£-Q h-p¢Rm - The dog was under the table.

With(p¡-b): B¢j phpju -a¡j¡-cl p¡-b B¢R - I am always with you.

Within(j-dÉ): -p¡jh¡-ll j-dÉ L¡S¢V -no Ll-a q-h - The work must be finished
within Monday.

Without(R¡s¡): -a¡j¡-L R¡s¡J Bjl¡ L¡S¢V -no Ll-a f¡lh - We can do this work
without you.

Conjunction : -k në à¡l¡ c¤C h¡ a¡l -hn£ në ¢Lwh¡ h¡LÉ pw-k¡¢Sa qu, a¡-L
Conjunction hm¡ quz -kje: Ram and Gopal went there. Ram sat
down but Gopal ran away. CaÉ¡¢cz

Conjunction ¢ae fËL¡l-

1) Copulative Conjunction(pw-k¡SL AhÉu):
and, also, as well as, not only, but also ,now, well, likewiseCaÉ¡¢cz
2) AdversativeConjunction(¢h-u¡SLAhÉu):
but, yet, still, only, nevertheless, however CaÉ¡¢cz
3) IllativeConjunction(-qaÆbÑ-h¡dLAhÉu):
Therefore, wherefore, hence, consequently, accordingly, so that, so
then CaÉ¡¢cz

 ¢h-no âøhÉ :- Interjection -L Part of Speech h-m dl¡ qu e¡ z H-cl à¡l¡ OªZ¡ ,
iu, Be¾c, c¤xM fËi«¢a j-el i¡h fËL¡¢na qu ; kb¡ :- Ah ! Alas ! Oh ! Hallo !
Hurrah ! CaÉ¡¢c z

Number (hQe) : k¡l à¡l¡ pwMÉ¡ h¡ f¢lj¡Z S¡e¡ k¡u , Cwl¡¢S-a a¡-L Number h¡
hQe hm¡ qu z Number c¤ fËL¡-ll qu , -kje :1) Singular Number ( HLhQe),

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2) Plural Number ( hý hQe)z p¡d¡lea Cwl¡¢S-a HLhQe h¡ Singular Number

-b-L Plural Number H fËL¡n Ll-a q-m n-ël -n-o HLV¡ s k¤š² Ll-a qu ; -kje :
Book ( HLV¡ hC) singular ¢L¿¹¥ Books ( A-eL…-m¡ hC) AbÑ¡v plural h¡ hýhQe
za-h pjÙ¹ -r-œ HC ¢euj fË-k¡SÉ que¡ z e£-Ql -V¢h-ml p¡q¡-kÉ ¢LR¥ n-ël Singular
-b-L Plural Hl f¢lh¢aÑa l©f hZÑe¡ Ll¡ qmz

Singular Plural
Man Men
Child Children
Ox Oxen
Cow Kine
Foot Feet
Tooth Teeth
Goose Geese
Mouse Mice
Pass Passes
Fox Foxes
Bunch Bunches
Stomach Stomachs
Thief Thieves
Life Lives
Baby Babies

¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma Noun …-m¡ phÑc¡C Plural l©-f hÉhq©a qu :

Assets( pÇf¢š ), Ashes( R¡C ), Premises( Ol h¡¢s ), Scissors ( Ly¡¢Q ),

Spectacles ( Qnj¡), Thanks ( deÉh¡c ), Wages ( -hae ), Trousers ( f¡S¡j¡ )
CaÉ¡¢c z

Gender ( ¢m‰ ) :

h¡wm¡u -kje ¢ae¢V ¢m‰ B-R, Cwl¡¢S-aJ -aj¢e ¢ae¢V ¢m‰ h¡ Gender B-R z -kje :-
f¤w ¢m‰ h¡ Masculine Gender ( Man-j¡e¤o,King-l¡S¡, Horse--O¡s¡, Boy -
h¡mL CaÉ¡¢c ); Ù»£ ¢m‰ h¡ Feminine Gender (Woman-Ù»£ -m¡L, Queen- l¡¢e,
Mare- -O¡V¢L, Girl- h¡¢mL¡ CaÉ¡¢c) Hhw LÓ£h ¢m‰ h¡ Neuter Gender ( Fish -
jvpÉ, Water - Sm, Pen - Lmj CaÉ¡¢c )z

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 10

¢LR¥¢LR¥ Noun Hl à¡l¡ Ù»£ Hhw f¤l¦o Eiu-LC -h¡T¡u ; a¡-cl-L Common Gender hm¡ qu
; -kje :- Parent ( ¢fa¡ ¢Lwh¡ j¡a¡ ), Child ( ¢nö ), Person (hÉ¢š² ) CaÉ¡¢c z

 e£-Ql -V¢h-ml p¡q¡-kÉ ¢LR¥ n-ël Masculine -b-L Feminine H f¢lhaÑe -cM¡-e¡ qm
Masculine ( f¤w ¢m‰ ) Feminine ( Ù»£ ¢m‰ )
Bachelor (A¢hh¡¢qa f¤l¦o) Maid or Spinster
Bride Groom ( hl ) Bride
Brother ( i¡C ) Sister
Bull ( oy¡s ) Cow
Cock ( -j¡lN ) Hen
Dog ( L¥L¥l ) Bitch
Father ( ¢fa¡ ) Mother
Gentleman ( iâ -m¡L ) Lady
Horse ( -O¡s¡ ) Mare
Husband ( ü¡j£ ) Wife
King ( l¡S¡ ) Queen
Nephew ( i¡C-f¡ ) Niece
Uncle ( L¡L¡ ) Aunt
Widower ( ¢hfaÀ£L ) Widow
Actor ( A¢i-ea¡ ) Actress
Lad ( h¡mL ) Lass
Hero (h£l ) Heroine
He-goat ( R¡N ) She-goat
Man-servant ( Q¡Ll ) Maid-servant

Person ( f¤l¦o ) :- AeÉ¡eÉ i¡o¡l j-a¡e Cwl¡¢S-aJ ¢ae¢V f¤l¦o -- First Person (
Ešj f¤l¦o ) I, We -- B¢j , Bjl¡ z Second Person ( jdÉj f¤l¦o ) Thou,
You --- a¥¢j , -a¡jl¡ z Third Person ( fËbj f¤l¦o ) He , She, It --- -p , Cq¡
CaÉ¡¢c z

Case ( L¡lL ) :- Cwl¡¢S-a ¢ae¢V -Lp B-R , kb¡ - Nominative Case ( LaÑ«L¡lL
) ; Objective Case ( LjÑL¡lL ); Possessive Case ( pðåL¡lL)z
e£-Ql Ec¡qle à¡l¡ pjÙ¹ ¢hou ¢V pð-å AhNa qJu¡ k¡-h :-
-kje : - Gopal lost the book AbÑ¡v -N¡f¡m hC ¢V q¡¢l-u -g-m¢Rm z H-r-œ
Gopal qm LaÑ¡ AbÑ¡v Nominative case Hhw Book qm LjÑ h¡ Object a¡C
H¢V qm Objective case. Bh¡l Possess në¢Vl AbÑ qm A¢dL¡l a¡C H-r-œ ""

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l¡-jl -O¡s¡ '' AbÑ¡v -O¡s¡¢V l¡-jl A¢dL¡-l l-u-R Hl Cwl¡¢S q-h Ram's horse , H¢V
Possessive case Hl Ec¡qle I
Article ( ¢h-noÉ¢eZÑ¡uL fc ) :- k¡l à¡l¡ Noun ( ¢h-noÉ ) -L ¢h-nol©-f ¢eZÑu Ll¡ k¡u
, a¡-L Article h-m z Article c¤ fËL¡-ll qu :- 1) Definite h¡ ¢e¢cÑø ; kb¡- The
Hhw 2) Indefinite h¡ A¢e¢cÑø ; kb¡ - A Hhw An z

THE Hl hÉhq¡l :
 -L¡-e¡J ¢e¢cÑø hÉ¢š² h¡ hÙ¹¥-L E-õM Ll-m h¡ -h¡T¡-m a¡l B-N The h-p z -kje : -
Shut the door.( clS¡ hå Ll ) H-rœ clS¡ -L ¢e¢cÑø Ll¡ q-u-R z
 phÑ-nËù -h¡T¡-mJ The fË-u¡N Ll¡ qu -kje :- He is the poet of his age. ¢a¢e
a¡l k¤-Nl (phÑ -nËù )L¢h z
 -L¡-e¡J -nËZ£-L -h¡T¡-m a¡l B-N the hp¡-e¡ qu ; -kje :- The cow is useful ( Nl¦
j¡œ C EfL¡l£ ) H-r-œ cow në¢V HLhQe h¡ singular -q¡u¡ ü-šJ p¡j-e the hp¡u
pjNË Nl¦ -nËZ£ -L -h¡T¡u z
 S¡¢al B-NJ the h-p ¢L¿¹¥ k¢c the e¡ b¡-L a¡q-m S¡¢a e¡ q-u i¡o¡ q-u k¡u z -kje :-
The French ( gl¡¢p S¡¢a ) ¢L¿¹¥ French ( gl¡¢p i¡o¡ ) HL C i¡-h The
English ( Cw-lS S¡¢a ) ¢L¿¹¥ English ( Cwl¡¢S i¡o¡ )z
 ¢c-el e¡j, j¡-pl e¡j, n¡Ù» J i¡o¡l e¡-jl f§-hÑ the h-p e¡z
 -cn, fË-cn, nql fËi«¢al e¡-jl f§-hÑ the h-pe¡ ; kb¡ : India , Bengal, Calcutta,
-c-nl e¡j hýhQe¡¿¹ q-m the h-p ; kb¡:- The Netherlands;The Panjab.
 -k pLm Noun -Lhm HLV¡ j¡œ fË¢pÜ hÉ¢š²-L h¡ hÙ¹¥-L -h¡T¡u a¡-cl f§-hÑ The hp¡-a
qu ; -kje :- The Sun (p§kÑÉ), The Moon (Q¾cÊ)z
 ec£ , fhÑa -nËZ£ , p¡Nl , fËZ¡m£ , pÇfËc¡u fËi«¢al f§-hÑ the ¢c-a qu ; -kje :- The
Ganges ( N‰¡ ec£ ) ; The Himalayas ( ¢qj¡mu fhÑa -nËZ£); k¢c HLV¡ fhÑa
-h¡T¡u a¡q-m a¡l B-N The h-pe¡ z
 Duke (¢XEL) , Earl (Blm) , Maharaja ( jq¡l¡S¡ ) fËi«¢a Ef¡¢d-h¡dL n-ë kMe
hÉ¢š² ¢h-no-L -h¡T¡u , aMe a¡-cl f§-hÑ the ¢c-a qu ; -kje :- The Duke of
Wellington ; The Maharaja of Patiala.
 Adjective Hl Superlative Degree Hl B-N phÑc¡ The h-p z-kje:- He is
the best boy of the class; Please come at the earliest CaÉ¡¢c z
A Hhw AN Hl hÉhq¡l :
 A Hhw An Hl -L¡-e¡J f¡bÑLÉ -eC Ei-ulC j¡-e qm HL¢V ¢L¿¹¥ hÉhq¡l-ic B-R z
Singular Noun (HLhQe) Hl fËbj Arl Consonant (hÉ”e hZÑ) q-m a¡l f§-hÑ A
h-p z -kje :- A boy - HL¢V h¡mL z A cow - HL¢V Nl¦ CaÉ¡¢c z Afl¢c-L
Singular Noun Hl fËbj Arl Vowel (ülhZÑ) b¡L-m a¡l f§-hÑ An h-p ; -kje :-
An ant - HL¢V ¢fyf-s z An ox - HL¢V oy¡s ; An egg - HL¢V ¢Xj CaÉ¡¢c z

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hÉ¢aœ²j :
1) k¢c -L¡-e¡J në Singular number Hhw fËbj Arl Vowel qJu¡ ü-šJ k¢c I
Vowel Hl EµQ¡le ¢V "CE' h¡ "Ju¡' ¢c-u öl¦ qu a¡q-m a¡l f§-hÑ A h-p z-kje :- A
European ( CE - -l¡¢fu¡e) ; A One eyed (Ju¡ - e BCX)deer ; A university (
CE - ¢ei¡¢p¢ÑV) ; A unit ( CE - ¢eV ) CaÉ¡¢c z
2) Singular number Hl fËbj Arl k¢c H qu Hhw -pC H Hl k¢c EµQ¡lZ e¡ qu , a-h
a¡l f§-hÑ An h-p ; -kje :- An hour ( BJu¡lÚ ) z
3) -k Consonant EµQ¡lZ Ll-a -N-m -N¡s¡u Vowel Hl j-a¡ EµQ¡lZ qu , a¡l B-N an
h-p , -kje :- An M.A ( Hj H) L¡le H-r-œ M EµQ¡lZ Ll-a -N¡s¡u "H' AbÑ¡v Vowel Hl
j-a¡e EµQ¡lZ q-µR z

Hh¡l Bjl¡ Ae¤h¡c ¢nM-h¡ , AbÑ¡v ¢Li¡-h h¡wm¡ -b-L Cwl¡S£-a -L¡-e¡J h¡LÉ-L Ae¤h¡c h¡
Translate Ll¡ k¡u -pC fË¢œ²u¡ ¢nM-h¡ z Translation h¡ Ae¤h¡c -nM¡l B-N Cwl¡S£-a "L¡m'
h¡ Tense La fËL¡-ll qu -pV¡ S¡e¡l fË-u¡Se B-R z Tense h¡ L¡m p¡d¡lea: ¢ae fËL¡-ll
qu ; 1) Present Tense ( haÑj¡e L¡m ), 2) Past Tense ( Aa£a L¡m ) Hhw 3)
Future Tense ( i¢hoÉv L¡m )z

¢h-no âøhÉ :- h¡wm¡ -b-L Cwl¡S£-a Ae¤h¡c Ll-a -N-m Bjl¡ k¢c ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma ¢euj …-m¡ Ae¤ple
L¢l a¡q-m M¤h pq-SC Ae¤h¡c h¡ Translation Ll-a prj qh z
1) fËb-jC Verb h¡ ¢œ²u¡fc ¢V-L -c-M ¢WL L-l ¢e-a q-h -k H¢V -L¡e L¡-ml h¡ Tense Hl
A¿¹iѨš² z

2) Hlfl Verb h¡ ¢œ²u¡fc¢V-L kb¡œ²-j "-L' Hhw "¢L' ¢c-u fËnÀ L-l S¡e-a q-h -k h¡LÉ¢Vl j-dÉ
Subject Hhw Object -L¡e¢V z

3) Hlfl -cM-a q-h -k h¡LÉ¢V Affirmative(qyÉ¡ -h¡dL) , Intterogative ( fËnÀ -h¡dL) h¡

Negative (e¡ -h¡dL) Sentense.-kje :- l¡j g¥Vhm -M-m ( Affirmative / qyÉ¡ -h¡dL) z
l¡j ¢L g¥Vhm -M-m (Intterogative / fËnÀ -h¡dL) ? l¡j g¥Vhm -M-m e¡ (Negative / e¡
-h¡dL)z

4) Hlfl ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma ¢euj j-a¡e p¡¢S-u ¢e-mC h¡wm¡ -b-L Cwl¡S£-a Ae¤h¡c pÇfæ q-u k¡-h z

 Present Tense(haÑj¡e L¡m) :- Present Tense Hl Bh¡l Q¡l¢V i¡N

B-R kb¡ :- i) Present Indefinite h¡ Simple Present . ii ) Present
Continuous . iii) Present Perfect. iv) Present Perfect
Continuous.
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Present Indefinite h¡ Simple Present :-

M¤h p¡d¡le h¡LÉ Simple Present Tense Hl j-dÉ f-s , -kje :- B¢j hC f¢s z l¡j g¥Vhm
-M-m z Bjl¡ f¤L¥-l py¡a¡l L¡¢V CaÉ¡¢c z dl¡ k¡L ""B¢j hC f¢s ''HC h¡LÉ¢V-L Cwl¡S£-a Ae¤h¡c
Ll-a q-h ; a¡q-m H-Lh¡-l Aw-Ll j-a¡e ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma ¢LR¥ ¢euj -L Ae¤ple Ll-a q-h :
1) fËb-j Verb h¡ ¢œ²u¡¢V-L fËnÀ Ll-a q-h " -L ' à¡l¡ , H-r-œ Verb h¡ ¢œ²u¡ qm -L¡-e¡J L¡S
AbÑ¡v ""fs¡'' ; p¤¤al¡w fËnÀ¢V q-h "" -L f-s ? '' Ešl q-h ""B¢j'' AbÑ¡v H-r-œ B¢j - I q-h
LaÑ¡ h¡ Subject .
2) Hlfl Bh¡l Verb h¡ ¢œ²u¡¢V-L " ¢L ' à¡l¡ fËnÀ Ll-a q-h ; p¤¤al¡w fËnÀ¢V q-h ""¢L f-s''
Ešl q-h ""hC'' AbÑ¡v H-r-œ hC - books q-h LjÑ h¡ Object.
3) Hlfl Ae¤h¡c Ll-a -N-m -Lhm j¡œ ¢e-Ql j-a¡e p¡¢S-u -gm-a q-h :

Subject (B¢j / I) + Verb(f¢s / read) + Object(hC / books)

AbÑ¡v h¡LÉ¢V q-h: I read books.

4) j-e l¡M-a q-h -k k¢c Subject V¡ Third Person Hhw Singular Number qu
a¡q-m Verb Hl -n-o s Abh¡ es h-p z-kje :- l¡j g¥Vhm -M-m - Ram plays football.
-p k¡u - He goes CaÉ¡¢c z HC c¤¢V -r-œ "l¡j' Hhw "-p' third person Hhw singular
number h-m verb Hl -n-o kb¡œ²-j s Hhw es h-p-R z

Hh¡l dl¡ k¡L "B¢j hC f¢s' h¡ "l¡j g¥Vhm -M-m' HC c¤¢V h¡LÉ k¢c fËnÀ-h¡dL h¡ Interogative
qa, a¡q-m h¡LÉ c¤¢V qa kb¡œ²-j "B¢j ¢L hC f¢s?' Hhw "l¡j ¢L g¥Vhm -M-m?'z H-r-œ e£-Ql
p§œ h¡ gjѨm¡ hÉhq¡l Ll-a q-h :

Do h¡ Does + Subject + Verb + Object

AbÑ¡v h¡LÉ¢V q-h Do I read books ? Abh¡ Does Ram play football ? (-kýa¥ "l¡j'
third person singular number -pýa¥ Do Hl -n-o HLV¡ es hp-h )z

Hh¡l dl¡ k¡L "B¢j hC f¢s' h¡ "l¡j g¥Vhm -M-m' HC c¤¢V h¡LÉ k¢c e¡ -h¡dL h¡ Negative
qa, a¡q-m h¡LÉ c¤¢V qa kb¡œ²-j "B¢j hC f¢s e¡z' Hhw "l¡j g¥Vhm -M-m e¡'z H-r-œ e£-Ql p§œ
h¡ gjѨm¡ hÉhq¡l Ll-a q-h :

Subject + Do Not h¡ Does Not + Verb + Object

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AbÑ¡v h¡LÉ¢V q-h ; I do not read books . Abh¡ Ram does not play football .
(-kýa¥ "l¡j' third person singular number -pýa¥ Do Hl -n-o HLV¡ es hp-h )z

Hh¡l Bjl¡ HLV¥ -R¡V L-l Present Indefinite Tense Hl pð-å B-m¡Qe¡ L-l -e-h¡:
haÑj¡e L¡-m M¤h p¡d¡le h¡LÉ; -kje : M¡C , k¡C , f¢s , -M-m , -M¢m CaÉ¡¢c qm Present
Indefinite Tense.

B¢j hC f¢s : I read books.

B¢j ¢L hC f¢s ? : Do I read books ?
B¢j hC f¢s e¡ z : I do not read books.

l¡j g¥Vhm -M-m : Ram plays football. (H-r-œ "l¡j' third person singular
number h-m Verb h¡ ¢œ²u¡l f-l HL¢V s h-p-R)z
l¡j ¢L g¥Vhm -M-m ? : Does Ram play football ?
l¡j g¥Vhm -M-m e¡ : Ram does not play football .

Syntax : HL¢V h¡LÉ h¡ Sentence Hl c¤¢V i¡N b¡-L; kb¡œ²-j :- Subject Hhw
Predicate. -L¡-e¡J h¡-LÉ k¡ pð-å hm¡ qu; a¡-L Subject h-m Hhw k¡l à¡l¡ ¢LR¥ hm¡ qu
a¡-L Predicate hm¡ qu z -kje: Ram is sick HC h¡L¡¢V-a Ram pð-å hm¡ q-µR a¡C H¢V
qm Subject Hhw is sick H¢V qm Predicate. Sentence p¡d¡lea ¢ae fËL¡-ll qu ;
1) Simple Sentence. 2) Complex Sentence. 3) Compound Sentence.

-k Sentence -H -Lhm HL¢V Subject Hhw HL¢V Predicate b¡-L, a¡-L Simple
Sentence h-m ; kb¡ : The sun shines; Ram mends his pen.
-k Sentence H HL¢V fËd¡e (Principal) Subject J HL¢V fËd¡e (Principal)
Predicate b¡-L Hhw HL, c¤C h¡ a¡l -Q-u -hn£ Finite Verb b¡-L , a¡-L Complex
Sentence h-m ; -kje: I dreamt that I stood on a hill ( B¢j üfÀ -c-M¢Rm¡j -k B¢j
f¡q¡-sl Efl cy¡¢s-u ¢Rm¡j )zH-r-œ I dreamt qm fËd¡e h¡LÉ Hhw that I stood on a hill
qm AfËd¡e h¡LÉ z
c¤C h¡ a¡l -Q-u -hn£ Simple Sentence HLœ q-m, ¢Lð¡ c¤C h¡ a¡l -Q-u -hn£
Complex Sentence ¢j¢ma q-m , Abh¡ HL h¡ a¡l -Q-u -hn£ Simple Sentence HL
h¡ a¡l -Q-u -hn£ Complex Sentence Hl p¡-b ¢j¢ma q-m Compound Sentence
°al£ qu ; kb¡ - The person who oppresses the poor, insults the God; but
who respects Him ,definitely shows mercy to the poors.

Present Continuous Tense:-

-k L¡S q-µR a¡ Present Continuous Tense Hl j-dÉ f-s , -kje :- B¢j hC fs¢Rz
l¡j g¥Vhm -Mm-R z Bjl¡ f¤L¥-l py¡a¡l L¡V¢R CaÉ¡¢c z dl¡ k¡L ""B¢j hC fs¢R '' h¡LÉ¢V-L
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Cwl¡S£-a Ae¤h¡c Ll-a q-h ; a¡q-m H-Lh¡-l Aw-Ll j-a¡e ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma ¢LR¥ ¢euj -L Ae¤ple Ll-a
q-h :

1) fËbj Present Continuous Tense -L ¢Qe-a q-h ; ¢Li¡-h ¢Qe-h Verb h¡ ¢œ²u¡l
-n-o k¢c "¢R' h¡ "-R' b¡-L a¡q-m -pV¡ Present Continuous Tense quz -kje
Ef-ll h¡LÉ …-m¡l -r-œ -Mm (-R) h¡ fs(¢R)z

2) Hlfl Ae¤h¡c Ll-a -N-m -Lhm j¡œ ¢e-Ql j-a¡e p¡¢S-u -gm-a q-h :

Subject (B¢j/I)+ is / am / are + Verb(f¢s/read) + ing + Object(hC/books)

AbÑ¡v h¡LÉ¢V q-h : I am reading books. HLC i¡-h l¡j g¥Vhm -Mm-R : Ram is
playing football.

j-e l¡M-a q-h : I Hl p¡-b am h-pz You Hl p¡-b are h-p z HR¡s¡ -k-L¡-e¡J Singular
number Hl p¡-b is Hhw Plural number Hl p¡-b are h-p z

k¢c e¡ -h¡dL h¡ Negative h¡LÉ qu , -kje : B¢j hC fs¢Re¡ Abh¡ l¡j g¥Vhm -Mm-R e¡za¡q-m
e£-Ql j-a¡e p¡S¡-a q-hz

Subject + is / am / are + not + Verb + ing + Object.

AbÑ¡v h¡LÉ¢V q-h : I am not reading books. h¡ Ram is not playing football.

Hh¡l dl¡ k¡L , HC c¤¢V h¡LÉ k¢c fËnÀ-h¡dL h¡ Interogative qa, a¡q-m h¡LÉ c¤¢V qa kb¡œ²-j
"B¢j ¢L hC fs¢R?' Hhw "l¡j ¢L g¥Vhm -Mm-R?'z H-r-œ e£-Ql p§œ h¡ gjѨm¡ hÉhq¡l Ll-a q-h :

Is / Am / Are + Subject + Verb+ ing + Object

AbÑ¡v h¡LÉ¢V q-h Am I reading books ? Abh¡ Is Ram playing football ?

Present Perfect Tense:-

-k L¡S q-µR a¡ Present Perfect Tense Hl j-dÉ f-s , -kje :- B¢j hC f-s¢Rz l¡j
g¥Vhm -M-m-R z Bjl¡ f¤L¥-l py¡a¡l -L-V¢R CaÉ¡¢c z dl¡ k¡L ""B¢j hC f-s¢R'' h¡LÉ¢V-L
Cwl¡S£-a Ae¤h¡c Ll-a q-h ; a¡q-m H-Lh¡-l Aw-Ll j-a¡e ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma ¢LR¥ ¢euj -L Ae¤ple Ll-a
q-h :

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1) fËbj Present Perfect Tense -L ¢Qe-a q-h ; ¢Li¡-h ¢Qe-h Verb h¡ ¢œ²u¡l -n-o k¢c
"H¢R' h¡ "H-R' b¡-L a¡q-m -pV¡ Present Perfect Tense quz -kje Ef-ll h¡LÉ …-m¡l
-r-œ -Mm (H-R) h¡ fs(H¢R)z
3) Hlfl Ae¤h¡c Ll-a -N-m -Lhm j¡œ ¢e-Ql j-a¡e p¡¢S-u -gm-a q-h :
Subject (B¢j/I)+ have / has + Verb Hl Past Participle Form (f¢s/read) +
Object(hC/books)

AbÑ¡v h¡LÉ¢V q-h : I have read books. HLC i¡-h l¡j g¥Vhm -Mm-R : Ram has
played football.
j-e l¡M-a q-h : I Hl p¡-b have h-pz You Hl p¡-b have h-p z HR¡s¡ -k-L¡-e¡J
Singular number Hl p¡-b has Hhw Plural number Hl p¡-b have h-p z
e£-Q ¢LR¥ Present , Past Hhw Past Participle Tense Hl Ec¡qle -cJu¡ qmz

Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle

Go ( k¡Ju¡ ) Went Gone
Read ( fs¡ ) Read Read
Arise ( EW¡ ) Arose Arisen
Break ( i¡P¡ ) Broke Broken
Make ( Ll¡ ) Made Made
Bring ( Be¡ ) Brought Brought
Drink ( f¡e Ll¡ ) Drank Drunk
Play ( -Mm¡ Ll¡ ) Played Played
Catch ( dl¡ ) Caught Caught
Tell ( hm¡ ) Told Told
Eat ( M¡Ju¡ ) Ate Eaten
Give ( -cJu¡ ) Gave Given
Take ( -eJu¡ ) Took Taken
Speak ( Lb¡ hm¡ ) Spoke Spoken
Sell ( ¢h¢œ² Ll¡ ) Sold Sold
See ( -cM¡ ) Saw Seen
Swim ( p¡ya¡l L¡V¡ ) Swam Swum
Sleep ( O¤-j¡-e¡ ) Slept Slept
Teach ( -nM¡-e¡ ) Taught Taught
Drive ( N¡¢s Q¡m¡-e¡ ) Drove Driven

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k¢c e¡ -h¡dL h¡ Negative h¡LÉ qu , -kje : B¢j hC f¢s¢e Abh¡ l¡j g¥Vhm -M-m¢e z a¡q-m
e£-Ql j-a¡e p¡S¡-a q-hz

Subject + have / has + not + Verb Hl Past Participle Form + Object.

AbÑ¡v h¡LÉ¢V q-h : I have not read books. h¡ Ram has not played football.

Hh¡l dl¡ k¡L , HC c¤¢V h¡LÉ k¢c fËnÀ-h¡dL h¡ Interogative qa, a¡q-m h¡LÉ c¤¢V qa kb¡œ²-j
"B¢j ¢L hC f-s-R ?' Hhw "l¡j ¢L g¥Vhm -M-m-R ?'z H-r-œ e£-Ql p§œ h¡ gjѨm¡ hÉhq¡l Ll-a
q-h :

Have / Has + Subject + Verb Hl Past Participle Form + Object

AbÑ¡v h¡LÉ¢V q-h Have I read books ? Abh¡ Has Ram played football ?

Present Perfect Continuous Tense : A-eL ¢ce d-l -L¡-e¡J L¡S haÑj¡e L¡-m q-a
b¡L-m a-L Present Perfect Continuous Tense hm¡ qu z-kje : B¢j HL pç¡q d-l
SÆ-l i¥N¢R , l¡j Na 10 hRl d-l Q¡L¢l Ll-R CaÉ¡¢c z H-r-œ e£-Ql gjѨm¡ hÉhq¡l Ll-a q-h :

Subject + have / has + been + Verb + ing + Object.

AbÑ¡v Ef-l¡š² h¡LÉ …-m¡ h¡wm¡ -b-L Cwl¡S£-a Ae¤h¡c Ll-m q-h, kb¡œ²-j : I have been
suffering with fever from a week. Hhw Ram has been doing a job since
last ten years.

HLC i¡-h Past Hhw Future Tense HlJ Present Tense Hl j-a¡e Q¡l-V L-l ¢hi¡N
B-R , -k…-m¡ kb¡œ²-j e£-Q heÑe¡ Ll¡ qm :

 Past Tense ( Aa£a L¡m ) :- Past Tense Hl Bh¡l Q¡l¢V i¡N B-R kb¡ :- i)
Past Indefinite h¡ Simple Past . ii ) Past Continuous . iii) Past
Perfect. iv) Past Perfect Continuous.

Past Indefinite h¡ Simple Past :-

M¤h p¡d¡le h¡LÉ Simple Past Tense Hl j-dÉ f-s , -kje :- B¢j hC fsa¡j z l¡j g¥Vhm
-Mma z Bjl¡ f¤L¥-l py¡a¡l L¡Va¡j CaÉ¡¢c z dl¡ k¡L ""B¢j hC fsa¡j ''HC h¡LÉ¢V-L Cwl¡S£-a
Ae¤h¡c Ll-a q-h ; a¡q-m H-Lh¡-l Aw-Ll j-a¡e ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma ¢LR¥ ¢euj -L Ae¤ple Ll-a q-h :

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1) fËbj Past Indefinite Tense -L ¢Qe-a q-h ; ¢Li¡-h ¢Qe-h Verb h¡ ¢œ²u¡l -n-o k¢c
"m',"a',"a¡j' h¡ "m¡j' b¡-L a¡q-m -pV¡ Past Indefinite Tense quz -kje Ef-ll h¡LÉ
…-m¡l -r-œ -Mm (a) h¡ fs(a¡j)z

1) Hlfl Ae¤h¡c Ll-a -N-m -Lhm j¡œ ¢e-Ql j-a¡e p¡¢S-u -gm-a q-h :

Subject (B¢j/I)+ Verb Hl Past Form (fsa¡j / read )+ Object(hC / books )

AbÑ¡v h¡LÉ¢V q-h : I read books. HLC i¡-h l¡j g¥Vhm -Mma : Ram played
football. CaÉ¡¢cz

Hh¡l dl¡ k¡L "B¢j hC fsa¡j' h¡ "l¡j g¥Vhm -Mma' HC c¤¢V h¡LÉ k¢c fËnÀ-h¡dL h¡
Interogative qa, a¡q-m h¡LÉ c¤¢V qa kb¡œ²-j "B¢j ¢L hC fsa¡j?' Hhw "l¡j ¢L g¥Vhm
-Mma?'z H-r-œ e£-Ql p§œ h¡ gjѨm¡ hÉhq¡l Ll-a q-h :

Did + Subject + Verb + Object

AbÑ¡v h¡LÉ¢V q-h Did I read books ? Abh¡ Did Ram play football ?

Hh¡l dl¡ k¡L "B¢j hC fsa¡j' h¡ "l¡j g¥Vhm -Mma' HC c¤¢V h¡LÉ k¢c e¡ -h¡dL h¡ Negative
qa, a¡q-m h¡LÉ c¤¢V qa kb¡œ²-j "B¢j hC fsa¡j e¡z' Hhw "l¡j g¥Vhm -Mma e¡'z H-r-œ e£-Ql
p§œ h¡ gjѨm¡ hÉhq¡l Ll-a q-h :

Subject + did not + Verb + Object

AbÑ¡v h¡LÉ¢V q-h ; I did not read books . Abh¡ Ram did not play football .

Past Continuous Tense:-

-k L¡S Ll¡ q¢µRm a¡ Past Continuous Tense Hl j-dÉ f-s , -kje :- B¢j hC
fs¢Rm¡jz l¡j g¥Vhm -Mm¢Rm z Bjl¡ f¤L¥-l py¡a¡l L¡V¢Rm¡j CaÉ¡¢c z dl¡ k¡L ""B¢j hC
fs¢Rm¡j '' h¡LÉ¢V-L Cwl¡S£-a Ae¤h¡c Ll-a q-h ; a¡q-m H-Lh¡-l Aw-Ll j-a¡e ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma ¢L z
¢euj -L Ae¤ple Ll-a q-h :
1) fËbj Past Continuous Tense -L ¢Qe-a q-h ; ¢Li¡-h ¢Qe-h Verb h¡ ¢œ²u¡l -n-o k¢c
"¢Rm' h¡ "¢Rm¡j' b¡-L a¡q-m -pV¡ Past Continuous Tense quz -kje Ef-ll h¡LÉ …-m¡l
-r-œ -Mm (¢Rm) h¡ fs(¢Rm¡j)z
2) Hlfl Ae¤h¡c Ll-a -N-m -Lhm j¡œ ¢e-Ql j-a¡e p¡¢S-u -gm-a q-h :

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Subject (B¢j/I)+ was / were + Verb(f¢s/read) + ing + Object(hC/books)

AbÑ¡v h¡LÉ¢V q-h : I was reading books. HLC i¡-h l¡j g¥Vhm -Mm-R : Ram was
playing football.
j-e l¡M-a q-h : I Hl p¡-b was h-pz You Hl p¡-b were h-p z HR¡s¡ -k-L¡-e¡J Singular
number Hl p¡-b was Hhw Plural number Hl p¡-b were h-p z

k¢c e¡ -h¡dL h¡ Negative h¡LÉ qu , -kje : B¢j hC fs¢Rm¡j e¡ Abh¡ l¡j g¥Vhm -Mm¢Rm
e¡za¡q-m e£-Ql j-a¡e p¡S¡-a q-hz

Subject + was / were + not + Verb + ing + Object.

AbÑ¡v h¡LÉ¢V q-h : I was not reading books. h¡ Ram was not playing
football.

Hh¡l dl¡ k¡L , HC c¤¢V h¡LÉ k¢c fËnÀ-h¡dL h¡ Interogative qa, a¡q-m h¡LÉ c¤¢V qa kb¡œ²-j
"B¢j ¢L hC fs¢Rm¡j?' Hhw "l¡j ¢L g¥Vhm -Mm¢Rm ?'z H-r-œ e£-Ql p§œ h¡ gjѨm¡ hÉhq¡l Ll-a
q-h :

Was / Were + Subject + Verb+ ing + Object

AbÑ¡v h¡LÉ¢V q-h Was I reading books ? Abh¡ Was Ram playing football ?

Past Perfect Tense:-

j-e l¡M-a q-h -k Past Perfect Tense HL¡ HL¡ pwO¢Va que¡ z HL¢V h¡-LÉl j-dÉ c¤-V¡
Past Tense b¡L-m -k L¡S¢V B-N O-V-R a¡ Past Perfect Tense Hl j-dÉ f-s Hhw -k
L¡S¢V f-l pwO¢Va q-u-R -p¢V Past Indefinite Tense Hl j-dÉ f-s, -kje :- ""Bjl¡
-ØVn-e -f±yRh¡l f§-hÑC -VÊe¢V fÔÉ¡VgjÑ -R-s Q-m -Nm''z HC h¡LÉ¢V-L Cwl¡S£-a Ae¤h¡c Ll-a q-h ;
a¡q-m ""-VÊe¢V fÔÉ¡VgjÑ -R-s Q-m -Nm'' HC h¡LÉ¡wn¢V Past Perfect Tense Hl p¡q¡-kÉ
EfÙÛ¡¢fa Ll-a q-h L¡le HC OVe¡¢V B-N O-V-R z Hlfl, ""Bjl¡ -ØVn-e -f±yRh¡l f§-hÑC''HC
h¡LÉ¢V-L Past Indefinite Tense à¡l¡ EfÙÛ¡¢fa Ll-a q-h L¡le HC OVe¡V¡ f-l O-V-R z
Past Perfect Tense Hl gjѨm¡ qm e£-Ql j-a¡e :

Subject + had + Verb Hl Past Participle Form + Object.

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AbÑ¡v h¡LÉ¢V q-h : The train had left the platform before we reached the
station. m¡m Arl à¡l¡ ¢Q¢q²a h¡LÉ¢V qm Past Perfect Tense Hl fËL«a Ec¡qlez
Past Perfect Continuous Tense : A-eL ¢ce d-l -L¡-e¡J L¡S Aa£a L¡-m q-a b¡L-m
a-L Past Perfect Continuous Tense hm¡ qu z-kje : B¢j HL pç¡q d-l SÆ-l
i¥N¢Rm¡j , l¡j Na 10 hRl d-l Q¡L¢l Ll¢Rm CaÉ¡¢c z H-r-œ e£-Ql gjѨm¡ hÉhq¡l Ll-a q-h :

Subject + had + been + Verb + ing + Object.

AbÑ¡v Ef-l¡š² h¡LÉ …-m¡ h¡wm¡ -b-L Cwl¡S£-a Ae¤h¡c Ll-m q-h, kb¡œ²j: I had been
suffering with fever from a week. Hhw Ram had been doing a job since
last ten years.

 Future Tense ( i¢hoÉv L¡m ) :- Future Tense Hl Bh¡l ¢LR¥ i¡N B-R kb¡ :-
i) Future Indefinite h¡ Simple Future . ii ) Future Continuous . iii)
Future Perfect.

Future Indefinite h¡ Simple Future :-

i¢hoÉv L¡-m pwO¢Va M¤h p¡d¡le h¡LÉ Simple Future Tense Hl j-dÉ f-s , -kje :- B¢j
hC fshz l¡j g¥Vhm -Mm-h z Bjl¡ f¤L¥-l py¡a¡l L¡Vh CaÉ¡¢c z dl¡ k¡L ""B¢j hC fsh ''HC
h¡LÉ¢V-L Cwl¡S£-a Ae¤h¡c Ll-a q-h ; a¡q-m H-Lh¡-l Aw-Ll j-a¡e ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma ¢LR¥ ¢euj -L
Ae¤ple Ll-a q-h :
1) fËbj Future Indefinite Tense -L ¢Qe-a q-h ; ¢Li¡-h ¢Qe-h Verb h¡ ¢œ²u¡l -n-o k¢c
"h' h¡ "-h' b¡-L a¡q-m -pV¡ Future Indefinite Tense quz -kje Ef-ll h¡LÉ …-m¡l
-r-œ -Mm (-h) h¡ fs(h)z

2) Hlfl Ae¤h¡c Ll-a -N-m -Lhm j¡œ ¢e-Ql j-a¡e p¡¢S-u -gm-a q-h :

Subject (B¢j/I)+ shall / will + Verb (fsh /read) + Object(hC/books)

AbÑ¡v h¡LÉ¢V q-h : I shall read books. HLC i¡-h l¡j g¥Vhm -Mm-h : Ram will play
football. CaÉ¡¢cz
j-e l¡M-a q-h : I Hhw We Hl p¡-b shall h-p Hhw You Hhw h¡L£ pjÙ¹ n-ël p¡-b will
h-p z

Hh¡l dl¡ k¡L "B¢j hC fsh' h¡ "l¡j g¥Vhm -Mm-h' HC c¤¢V h¡LÉ k¢c fËnÀ-h¡dL h¡
Interogative qa, a¡q-m h¡LÉ c¤¢V qa kb¡œ²-j "B¢j ¢L hC fsh ?' Hhw "l¡j ¢L g¥Vhm
-Mm-h ?'z H-r-œ e£-Ql p§œ h¡ gjѨm¡ hÉhq¡l Ll-a q-h :

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Shall / Will + Subject + Verb + Object

AbÑ¡v h¡LÉ¢V q-h Shall I read books ? Abh¡ Will Ram play football ?

Hh¡l dl¡ k¡L "B¢j hC fsh' h¡ "l¡j g¥Vhm -Mm-h' HC c¤¢V h¡LÉ k¢c e¡ -h¡dL h¡ Negative
qa, a¡q-m h¡LÉ c¤¢V qa kb¡œ²-j "B¢j hC fsh e¡z' Hhw "l¡j g¥Vhm -Mm-h e¡'z H-r-œ e£-Ql
p§œ h¡ gjѨm¡ hÉhq¡l Ll-a q-h :

Subject + shall / will + not + Verb + Object

AbÑ¡v h¡LÉ¢V q-h ; I shall not read books . Abh¡ Ram will not play football .

Future Continuous Tense:-

-k L¡S Ll-a q-h a¡ Future Continuous Tense Hl j-dÉ f-s , -kje :- B¢j hC
fs-a b¡Lhz l¡j g¥Vhm -Mm-a b¡L-hz Bjl¡ f¤L¥-l py¡a¡l L¡V-a b¡Lh CaÉ¡¢c z dl¡ k¡L ""B¢j
hC fs-a b¡Lh'' h¡LÉ¢V-L Cwl¡S£-a Ae¤h¡c Ll-a q-h ; a¡q-m H-Lh¡-l Aw-Ll j-a¡e ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma
¢euj -L Ae¤ple Ll-a q-h :
1) fËbj Future Continuous Tense -L ¢Qe-a q-h ; ¢Li¡-h ¢Qe-h Verb h¡ ¢œ²u¡l
-n-o k¢c "-a b¡Lh' h¡ "¢-a b¡L-h' b¡-L a¡q-m -pV¡ Future Continuous Tense quz
-kje Ef-ll h¡LÉ …-m¡l -r-œ -Mm (-a b¡L-h) h¡ fs(-a b¡Lh)z
2) Hlfl Ae¤h¡c Ll-a -N-m -Lhm j¡œ ¢e-Ql j-a¡e p¡¢S-u -gm-a q-h :

Subject (B¢j/I)+shall / will+be+ Verb(f¢s/read) + ing + Object(hC/books) .

AbÑ¡v h¡LÉ¢V q-h : I shall be reading books. HLC i¡-h l¡j g¥Vhm -Mm-a b¡L-h : Ram
will be playing football.

k¢c e¡ -h¡dL h¡ Negative h¡LÉ qu , -kje : B¢j hC fs-a b¡Lh e¡ Abh¡ l¡j g¥Vhm -Mm-a
b¡L-h e¡za¡q-m e£-Ql j-a¡e p¡S¡-a q-hz

Subject + shall / will + not + be+Verb + ing + Object.

AbÑ¡v h¡LÉ¢V q-h : I shall not be reading books. h¡ Ram will not be playing
football.

Hh¡l dl¡ k¡L , HC c¤¢V h¡LÉ k¢c fËnÀ-h¡dL h¡ Interogative qa, a¡q-m h¡LÉ c¤¢V qa kb¡œ²-j
"B¢j ¢L hC fs-a b¡Lh ?' Hhw "l¡j ¢L g¥Vhm -Mm-a b¡L-h ?'z H-r-œ e£-Ql p§œ h¡ gjѨm¡
hÉhq¡l Ll-a q-h :
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Shall / Will + Subject + be+Verb+ ing + Object

AbÑ¡v h¡LÉ¢V q-h Shall I be reading books ? Abh¡ Will Ram be playing
football ?

Future Perfect Tense:-

HC Tense Hl Ec¡qle ül¦f c¤¢V h¡LÉ -eJu¡ -k-a f¡-l, -kje: ""l¡j JC L¡S¢V L-l b¡L-hz''
Abh¡ ""Bjl¡ j¢¾c-l ¢N-u b¡L-h¡z''

1) fËbj Future Perfect Tense -L ¢Qe-a q-h ; ¢Li¡-h ¢Qe-h Verb h¡ ¢œ²u¡l -n-o k¢c
"L-l b¡L-h' h¡ "¢N-u b¡L-h¡' b¡-L a¡q-m -pV¡ Future Perfect Tense quz -kje Ef-ll
h¡LÉ …-m¡l -r-œ L-l (b¡L-h) h¡ ¢N-u(b¡L-h¡)z

2) Hlfl Ae¤h¡c Ll-a -N-m -Lhm j¡œ ¢e-Ql j-a¡e p¡¢S-u -gm-a q-h :

Subject + shall / will + have+Verb Hl Past Participle Form + Object.

AbÑ¡v h¡LÉ¢V q-h : Ram shall have done that work. HLC i¡-h Bjl¡ j¢¾c-l ¢N-u
b¡L-h ¡: We will have gone to the temple. CaÉ¡¢cz

Auxiliary Verb Hl hÉhq¡l :

f-l¡š² Tense R¡s¡J B-l¡J ¢LR¥ h¡LÉ B-R -kje : "l¡j L¡S¢V Ll-a f¡-l z ' "B¢j py¡a¡l
L¡V-a f¡¢l z' "B¢j ¢L -ia-l Bp-a f¡¢l ?' CaÉ¡¢c z HM¡-e "f¡-l' h¡ "f¡¢l' qm HLfËL¡-ll
p¡q¡kÉL¡l£ Verb h¡ Auxiliary Verb. HC dl-el h¡LÉ NW-el -r-œ e£-Ql ¢euj j-a¡e p¡¢S-u
-gm-a q-h :

Subject + can / may + verb + object.

AbÑ¡v "l¡j L¡S¢V Ll-a f¡-l' HC h¡LÉ¢V Ae¤h¡c Ll-m q-h : Ram can do this work Abh¡
Ram may do this work. ( May hp-h aMeC kMe A¢eÕQua¡ b¡L-h , AbÑ¡v l¡j L¡S¢V
Ll-aJ f¡-l Bh¡l e¡J Ll-a f¡-l )z ¢L¿¹¥ "B¢j py¡a¡l L¡V-a f¡¢lz' H¢V q-h I can swim
L¡le H-r-œ A¢eÕQua¡ -eC z
Bh¡l "B¢j ¢L -ia-l Bp-a f¡¢l ?' H¢V fËnÀ-h¡dL h¡LÉ h¡ Interogative Sentense h-m ,
H-r-œ h¡-LÉl B-N auxiliary verb ¢V hp-h , -kje:

Can / May + Subject +verb+object.

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AbÑ¡v Ae¤h¡c¢V q-h , May I come inside ? -kýa¥ LaÑ¡ Ae¤j¢a ¢e-µR -pýa¥ can e¡ h-p
may hp-hz
Bh¡l h¡LÉ¢V e¡--h¡dL h¡ Negative Sentense q-m, -kje : "B¢j py¡a¡l L¡V-a f¡¢le¡z' HC
dl-el h¡LÉ-L e£-Ql j-a¡e p¡¢S-u -gm-a q-h :
Subject + can / may + not + verb + object.

AbÑ¡v h¡LÉ¢V q-h : I can not swim .

Passive Voice h¡ LjÑh¡QÉ : -

Hare Bjl¡ Active Voice h¡ La«h¡QÉ ¢e-u B-m¡Qe¡ L-l¢R Hh¡l Bjl¡ Passive Voice
h¡ LjÑh¡QÉ ¢e-u B-m¡Qe¡ Llh z Active Voice -b-L Passive Voice H f¢lhaÑe Ll-a
-N-m Subject Hl S¡uN¡u Object Hhw Object Hl S¡uN¡u Subject V¡ hp¡-a qu , Hl
p¡-b phÑc¡ Principal Verb h¡ j§MÉ ¢œ²u¡ fc¢Vl Past Pariticiple Form V¡ hp¡-a qu z
e£-Q fË-aÉL¢V Tense Hl Active -b-L Passive Voice H f¢lhaÑe -cM¡-e¡ qm z
Passive Voice H Verb Hl -n-o "qu' , "q-µR', "q-u-R', "q-u¢Rm', "q-h', "q-a f¡-l' ,
"q-a b¡L-h' , "q-u b¡L-h' CaÉ¡¢c b¡-L k¡ -c-M Passive Voice -L -Qe¡ k¡u z :

Present Tense :

1) Indefinite :

Active : Ram beats the dog. ( l¡j L¥L¥l¢V-L j¡-lz)

Passive : The dog is beaten by Ram. ( L¥L¥l¢V l¡-jl à¡l¡ fËq©a quz)

2) Continuous :

Active : Ram is beating the dog. ( l¡j L¥L¥l¢V-L j¡l-R z)

Passive : The dog is being beaten by Ram. ( L¥L¥l¢V l¡-jl à¡l¡ fq©a q-µRz)

3) Perfect :

Active : Ram has beaten the dog. ( l¡j L¥L¥l¢V-L -j-l-Rz)

Passive : The dog has been beaten by Ram. ( L¥L¥l¢V l¡-jl à¡l¡ fËq©a q-u-Rz)

Past Tense:

1) Indefinite:

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Active : Ram drove the car. (l¡j N¡¢s¢V Q¡¢m-u¢Rmz)

Passive: The car was driven by Ram. ( N¡¢s¢V l¡-jl à¡l¡ Q¡¢ma q-u¢Rmz)

2) Continuous:

Active: Ram was driving the car. (l¡j N¡¢s¢V Q¡m¡¢µRmz)

Passive: The car was being driven by Ram. (N¡¢s¢V l¡-jl à¡l¡ Q¡¢ma q¢µRmz)

Future Tense :

1) Indefinite :

Active : Ram will beat the dog.(l¡j L¥L¥l¢V-L j¡l-hz)

Passive: The dog will be beaten by Ram. ( L¥L¥l¢V l¡-jl à¡l¡ fËq©a q-hz)

gjѨm¡ L-l p¡S¡-m , e£-Ql j-a¡e q-h:

qu : is / am / are + Verb Hl Past Participle.

q-µR : is / am/ are + being + Verb Hl Past Participle.
q-u-R : have / has + been + Verb Hl Past Participle.
q-u¢Rm : was / were + Verb Hl Past Participle.
q¢µRm : was / were + being + Verb Hl Past Participle.
q-h : shall / will + be + Verb Hl Past Participle.

Infinitive Hl hÉhq¡l :
Ll-a , -M-a , O¤-j¡-a , -Mm-a AbÑ¡v Verb h¡ ¢œ²u¡f-cl fl "-a' b¡L-m a¡-L Infinitive hm¡
qu z HC dl-el në-L p¡S¡-a Ae¤h¡c Ll-a -N-m , e£-Ql j-a¡e p¡¢S-u -gm-a q-h -kje :
to + Verb AbÑ¡v Ll-a : to do, -Mm-a : to play, O¤-j¡-a : to sleep, -M-a : to eat.
CaÉ¡¢c z a¡q-m "l¡j g¥Vhm -Mm-a k¡-h ' HC h¡LÉ¢V-L k¢c Ae¤h¡c Ll¡ qu a¡q-m q-h Ram
will go to play football. Bh¡l "lj¡ i¡a -M-a Q¡u' q-h Rama wants to eat rice.

Participle Hl hÉhq¡l :
Participle p¡d¡lea c¤ fËL¡l -cM¡ k¡u : "L-l',"O¤¢j-u',"-M-m',"-f-u' (p¡d¤i¡o¡u kb¡œ²-j : "L¢lu¡',
"O¤j¡Cu¡', "-M¢mu¡', "f¡Cu¡' CaÉ¡¢c z) Abh¡ "Ll-a Ll-a', "O¤-j¡-a O¤-j¡-a', "-Mm-a -Mm-a',
CaÉ¡¢cz fËbj Hhw ¢àa£u Eiu fËL¡-ll C SeÉ Verb + ing fË-u¡N Ll-m Participle ¢V pÇf¨eÑ
qu z e£-Ql h¡LÉ …-m¡ Ae¤ple Ll-m pjÙ¹ fË¢œ²u¡ -h¡T¡ pqS q-h , -kje : "HC L¡S¢V L-l l¡j
O¤-j¡-a k¡-h' : After doing this job Ram will go to sleep. HC hLÉ¢Vl -r-œ "L-l'

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Hhw "O¤-j¡-a' HC c¤¢V në kb¡œ²-j Participle Hhw Infinitive ¢qp¡-h hÉhq©a q-u-R z Bh¡l
"g¥Vhm -Mm-a -Mm-a l¡j Bqa qmz': While playing football Ram was injured.
HC h¡LÉ¢V-a "-Mm-a -Mm-a' HC në¢V Participle ¢qp¡-h hÉhq©a q-u-R z e£-Q B-l¡J ¢LR¥
Ec¡qle -cJu¡ qm :
1) O¤¢j-u O¤¢j-u üfÀ¡ HLV¡ üfÀ -cMmz: While sleeping Swapna saw a dream.
2) -k-a -k-a -j-u¢V HLV¡ Nl¦ -cMmz: While going the girl saw a cow.
3) Efq¡lV¡ -f-u -p M¤h Be¢¾ca q-u¢Rmz: Getting the gift he was very much
pleased.
4) M¤h i¡m -M-m pQ£e -p¾Q¥¢l Llmz: Playing very well Sachin did his century.

"Should have","Would have" , "Might have" Hhw "Could have" Hl hÉhq¡l :

-L¡-e¡J L¡S q-a f¡la ¢L¿¹¥ qu¢e HC dl-el h¡LÉl -r-œ Ef-l¡š² ¢œ²u¡ h¡ verb Hl fË-u¡N -cM¡
k¡u z -kje:

1. -a¡j¡l HC L¡SV¡ Ll¡ E¢Qv ¢Rm : You should have done this work.
2. qu-a¡ B¢j JM¡-e -k-a f¡la¡j : Perhaps I might have gone there.
3. nVÚV¡ -N¡m q-a f¡la : The shot could have been converted into a goal.
4.k¢c B¢j l¡S¡ qa¡j a¡q-m A-eL c¡e Lla¡j : If I were a King , I would have
donated a lot.

¢h-no âøhÉ : Ef-l¡š² p¡q¡kÉL¡l£ ¢œ²u¡ fc…-m¡l -r-œ fËd¡e ¢œ²u¡ fc¢V phpju Verb Hl Past
Participle form H hp-hz

Gerund : h¡wm¡u ¢LR¥ në B-R -kje, "p¿¹le' , "q¾Ve', "ïjZ',"irZ' CaÉ¡¢c z HC në…-m¡-L
Cwl¡¢S-a Gerund hm¡ qu z Verb + ing L-l HC në…-m¡ -L °al£ Ll¡ qu z -kje : p¿¹le
( py¡a¡l L¡V¡ ) ü¡-ÙÛl f-r i¡-m¡ - Swiming is good for health. q¾Ve (qy¡V¡) HLV¡
i¡-m¡ hÉu¡j - Walking is a good exercise. ïjZ j¡e¤o-L Be¾c -cu - Travelling
gives pleasure to the man. A¢a¢lš² ire ( M¡Ju¡ ) Ll¡ M¡l¡f - Over eating is
bad.

Group Verbs : ¢LR¥ ¢LR¥ Preposition Verb Hl -n-o h-p HLV¡ ¢e¢cÑø AbÑ fËL¡n L-l ,
HC pjÙ¹ Verb …-m¡-L Group Verbs hm¡ quz e£-Q fË¡u C hÉhqÊÊa qu Hje ¢LR¥ Group
Verb Hl Ec¡qle -cJu¡ qm :

Ask for --L¡-e¡J ¢LR¥ fË¡bÑe¡ Ll¡z

Bear with - pqÉ Ll¡ z
Break down - -i-‰ fs¡ z

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Bring up - fË¢af¡me Ll¡ z

Call up - ØjlZ Ll¡ z
Carry on - Q¡m¡-e¡ z
Carry out - ¢e-cÑn z
Come in - fË-hn Ll¡ z
Come on - ANËpl qJu¡ z
Die of - -L¡-e¡J -l¡-N jªaÉ¥ z
Die by - -L¡-e¡J ¢LR¥-a jªaÉ¥ z
Fall down - EQy¥ -b-L fs¡ z
Get back - ¢g-l Bp¡ h¡ f¡Ju¡ z
Get in - fË-hn Ll¡ z
Get off - AhalZ Ll¡ z
Get over - A¢aœ²j Ll¡ z
Get out - -h¢l-u k¡Ju¡ z
Get up - JW¡ h¡ B-l¡qZ Ll¡ z
Give away - c¡e Ll¡ z
Give up - f¢laÉ¡N Ll¡ z
Keep off - c¤-l b¡L¡ z
Keep to - -m-N b¡L¡ z
Keep up - lr¡ Ll¡ z
Look after - -cM¡ö-e¡ Ll¡ z
Look at - -Q-u -cM¡ z
Look for - Ae¤på¡e Ll¡ z
Look into - i¡-m¡ L-l -cM¡ z
Put by - Sj¡-e¡ z
Put in - c¡¢Mm Ll¡ z
Put on - -f¡n¡L fs¡ z
Put out - ¢e¢i-u -cJu¡ z
Stand by - f¡-n b¡L¡ z
Take off - M¤-m -gm¡ z
Take up - -a¡m¡ z

¢LR¥ Cwl¡S£ fËh¡c :

-kje LjÑ -aj¢e gm : As you sow so you reap.

-Q¡-l -Q¡-l j¡pa¥-a¡ i¡C : Birds of a feather flock together.
-am¡ j¡b¡u -am -cJu¡ : Carry coal to newcastle.

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cn ¢ce -Q¡-ll HL¢ce p¡d¤l : Every dog has its day.

i¡NÉ p¡qp£l p¡-b b¡-L : Fortune favours the brave.
nš² j¡¢V : Hard nut to crack.
h¡fL¡ -hV¡ , ¢pf¡q£ L¡ -O¡s¡ L¥Q -e¢q -a¡ -b¡s¡ -b¡s¡ : Like father, like son.
AÒf ¢hcÉ¡ iuˆl£ : A little learning is a dangerous thing.
-S¡l k¡l j¤m¤L a¡l : Might is right.
Lø e¡ Ll-m -Lø -j-me¡ : No pains no gains.
¢e-Sl QlL¡u -am c¡J : Oil your own machine.
hSÊ BVy¥¢e gú¡ -N-l¡ : Peny wise pound foolish.
Nl¦ -j-l S¥-a¡ c¡e : Rob Peter to pay Paul.
-eC j¡j¡l -Q-u L¡e¡ j¡j¡ i¡m : Something is better than nothing.
j¡e¤o j¡œC i¥m qu : To err is human.
A-eL pæÉ¡p£-a N¡Se eø : Too many cooks spoil the broth.
kare nġp aare Bn : Where there is life there is hope.

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