Implementation of Infrastructure Projects: 1.1 River Ravi

Implementation of Infrastructure Projects
1. Introduction
The commissioning of Ranjit Sagar Dam is a part of the overall Plan for optimal
utilization of waters of three eastern rivers namely the Satluj, the Beas and the Ravi,
whose exclusive water rights have been given to India as per Indus Water Treaty
signed between India and Pakistan in 1960 under the aegis of World Bank. Ranjit
Sagar Dam Project (RSDP) is one the largest multipurpose Project completed on river
Ravi about 24 km upstream of Madhopur Headworks in district Gurdaspur of Punjab
State. It is located near village Thein (approximate latitude: 32° -26’-30” N and
longitude: 75°-43’-30” E). The Government headed by Sardar Prakash, the then
Chief Minister of Punjab, signed inter-state agreements between Punjab and Jammu-
Kashmir and between and Himachal Pradesh in 1979. Ranjit Sagar Dam comprises of
160m high earthen dam, massive concrete spillway and 600MW (4 units of 150MW
each) Power Plants.
This is the only Project in the country, which has been executed departmentally, in
recent times, on the pattern of Bhakra and Beas Projects. All the civil works
including power plant building have been executed by Punjab Irrigation Department
and Punjab State Electricity Board (PSEB) has erected the mechanical/ electrical
installations of Power Plant.
The site of Thein Dam came under consideration in 1912 for the first time. A
committee headed by Mr. Willey in 1926-27 inspected it. Up to 1954 nothing
substantial was done except site inspections by geologists. In 1957, a project report
was formulated by Irrigation branch of PWD, Punjab. Another DPR envisaging a
multipurpose scheme was prepared in 1964. It was eventually decided in October
1977 to start construction work on project. Finally Govt. of India approved project in
1982 execution of this Project commenced in right earnest in November 1985 and the
Project was included in the Seventh Five Year Plan with provision of Rs 500 crore.
The estimated cost of project according June 2000 price index is 3800 crore.
Generation of power from Ranjit Sagar Dam Power Plant commenced in August
2000.
1.1 River Ravi

River Ravi is one of the five major Rivers of Indus basinand it originates from the
Dhaula Dhar ranges in Himachal Pradesh. Its circuitous route of about 730 km falls
in HP and Punjab. After reaching plains of Punjab, it crossed international boundary
into Pakistan about 26km downstream of Amritsar district. The monsoon run-off of
Ravi is flashy and could not be utilized in the absence of a storage dam on its course.
The run-off flows down to the river Ravi and goes waste besides creating havoc and
damages to the land through flooding and erosion in the districts of Gurdaspur and
Amritsar. Therefore an immediate necessity for construction of storage dam on river
Ravi was felt to utilize Hydroelectric and irrigation potential contained in it.
Henceforth with the completion of RSDP about 2500 million cubic meters of water,
which was earlier being wasted, every year to Pakistan below Madhopur headworks
would now be utilized in the service of the people.
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Ranjeet Sagar Dam Project
1.2 Need for tunnels

As per schematic program, construction of diversion tunnels was mandatory in order
divert the flow of water and to allow the construction of main dam. 4 No. Reinforced
concrete tunnels each of 12m finished dia. and about 1 km in length have been
constructed. These underground works have been executed through departmental
forces under difficult and fragile rock conditions. Alternative bands of sandstone and
clay-silt stone belonging to the lower Shivalik formation comprise the geology of the
area. Besides 9 no.deep vertical shafts for intake structures, emergency gates and
hoist gates have also been constructed. Intake structure allows the ingress of stored
water into the tunnels for their further regulation for power generation and irrigation
purpose through the gated shafts. The excavation of 4 no.Diversion was almost
completed during the year/period 1985-88.
1.3 Flood Damages

However during last week of September 1988, devastating and unprecedented floods
were experienced in this area due to wide-spread and incessant rains. These floods
caused heavy damage to the excavated tunnels and the loss thereof was colossal. The
tunnels were filled with muck, boulders, logs, dead animals etc.; and some of the
costly equipment also got rolled down in the floods and got entrapped and buried
under the muck in riverbed. The condition became so adverse and worse that the
abandoning of this project was also thought of. However, the workers and engineers
of the project did not loss their heart and put in concerted effort to restore the works
by desilting of the tunnels under severe constraints and bottlenecks. Floods damage
caused serious setback of 3 years to the construction schedule of the project. The
flood losses / damages were assessed to be about Rs1460 million and cost for the
restoration of the works at Rs.1577 million.
1.4 Dam
Earth core-cum-gravel shell dam 160m high above deepest foundation level has been
constructed across river Ravi. This is the highest dam of this type in the country and
its special feature is its foundation gallery has been provided for monitoring its
behavior and dewatering of seepage waters. This feature has been provided for the
first time in Asia. About 256 instruments have been installed in the body of the dam
its health and behavior during construction of the dam as well as during operation of
the reservoir.
There has been 15.2-million cu.m fill placement in the body of the dam. The
reservoir area of Ranjit Sagar Dam Lake is 87.00 sq.km and the catchment area is
6086 sq.km. The gross storage capacity of dam is 3280 million cum and live storage
capacity is 2344 million cum.
A massive RCC structure has been provided on the left embankment of the dam for
passing floodwaters. The spillway has multiple energy dissipation arrangement in the
form of stilling basin and solid roller bucket. 7 No. Radial gates of size
15.57mX17.2m have been provided for regulating the flow of floodwaters. These
gates have been designed, fabricated and erected exclusively by irrigation engineers.
A quantum of 26 million cum of rock excavation and 1 million cum of concrete is
involved for accomplishment of this structure.
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1.5Power Plant
The power plant is reinforced concrete structure of 11.0m x 43.05m x 59.60m
involving 71504 cum of concrete. 4 No. Units of 150MW each capacity shall
generate power to the tune of 2100 million units every year. The power plant
concreting has been done through revolving crane and bucket arrangement procured
from Beas Dam/ Bhakra Dam.
The units of BHEL make have been assembled, erected and commissioned at this
project departmentally. Auto Sequencer System is commissioned for the first time in
this region by PSEB successfully. Further for evacuation of power, 220KV
Switchyard consisting of 12No. 220 KV bays and 13 No.Single phase 66.67 MVA
capacity each Generator transformers have been erected and commissioned
simultaneously. The power from the switchyard will be fed into the main grid at
Sarna.
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2. Hydrology and Reservoir

2.1 River Ravi
River Ravi originates from Bara Bhangal, the snow covered peaks of Himalayan
range of heights varying from 3050m to 5800m above mean sea level. The river and
all its tributaries are snow fed and discharge varies considerably during different
months of the year.
2.2 Catchment Area

The catchment area of river Ravi is sandwiched between rivers Beas on the east and
Chenab on the west. The upper region has no vegetation while the lower valley is
green and populated. The total catchment of the Ravi up to Thein Dam is about
6086km2. On the left side are the Dhaula Dhar ranges, which separate it from river
Beas, and on the right side are the high hills, which separate it from river Chenab.
The catchment on left is very narrow while on right side is wider and fan-shaped. No
major tributary joins from left side and major contribution towards discharge is from
right side.
2.3 Rainfall
The average annual rainfall in the catchment is about 1388mm out of which major
portion occurs during the monsoon season. This data is collected from 12 different
rain gauge stations located in the catchment area of river Ravi and places in the
vicinity of Thein Dam.
2.4 Flood observations

Discharges on river Ravi are taken at Madhopur headworks, Mukesar and Thein dam
site. Out of these Madhopur site being a permanent structure is considered most
reliable. Hourly gauges/levels are observed at Madhopur during peak floods from
which discharges are calculated. The statement of peak values of annual floods,
observed at Madhopur headworks from 1918 to 1978 is attached as annexure 2.4
2.5 Flood Estimation

2.5.1 General
For flood estimation, a number of methods have been prepared from time to time.
The following three methods are generally used depending upon the extent of
observed discharge data availability:
i) Empirical Formulae method
ii) Probability and frequency analysis methods
iii) Hydro meteorological approach.
While planning there may be some projects where there is hardly any observed
discharge data available. In such circumstances, for preliminary studies, the peak
flood value may be estimated by empirical formulae. The empirical formula is
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generally used in Central & Northern India is the Dicken’s formulae: Q= CA.75 ,
where A is the catchment area and C is a constant. Value of C varies from 200-400
for plains to 1000-2000 for mountains regions.
But the above mentioned have their own limitations and would give only the design
peak flood discharge value and not the complete design flood hydrograph, the Central
Water Commission is of the view that these methods may be used provisionally but
every effort should be made to collect the required hydrological data at site and
derive design flood by a rational method (unit hydrograph method) before the project
designs are finalized.
2.5.2 Methods used in present proposal

As hydrological data for more than 5 decades is available for the project so there is
no meaning of using empirical formulae. Flood forecasting has been based on the
following two methods:
i) Frequency analysis of annual peak flood discharges
ii) Hydro meteorological approach to develop probable maximum
flood.
Three widely used methods for flood forecasting by Frequency

analysis are:
a) Extreme Value Distribution:
i) Gumble Method using frequency factors
ii) Gumble Method by least square method
b) Log Normal Distribution

i) Log normal method.
2.5.2.1The Gumbel method using frequency factors

This method employs extreme value probability and the plotting position of
individual flood is found by the formula
T= N+1/M,
Where, T is the return period, M the order of magnitude of a given flood and N the
number of years. Flood peak value in cusecs, is found by the formula
Q = x + kδ where Q = flood for a particular return period;
x = mean value of flood;

δ = Standard deviation of the flood data.
Results have been attached in annexure 2.5.2.1
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2.5.2.2 Gumbel Method by Least Squares

The arrangement of peak flood values and the method for calculating mean value (x)
as well as standard deviation (δ) are same as method using frequency factors.
The following formula is used for discharge estimation:

Q = a + b*x
x = log log (T/T-1)
Where a and b are constants and are calculated from the flood data. The various
values of Q are determined using different return periods (T).
2.5.2.3 Log Normal method

Mean value of the discharge (x) and standard deviation (δ) has already been
calculated in 2.5.2.1. In addition, coefficient of variation (Cv) and coefficient of skew
(Cs) are calculated by the following formula:
Cv = δ/x
Cs = 3Cv + Cv3
Plotting position is found out by the formula:
P = M/N+1
2.5.3 Adopted Frequency Curve

The extreme value distribution (Gumbel Method) plots, do not fit with the observed
annual peak flood discharge data. The log normal distribution plot fits closely with the
observed data and has been adopted for further calculations. The peak flood flow thus
has been taken as 13.07-lac cusec (37009 cumec) with probability of flood flow as
0.01%
2.6 Reservoir
The reservoir for the Thein Dam would extend about 22km along the river. The land
will be acquired up to reservoir level of 530.96m corresponding to standard projected
flood of 8.34 lac cusec (23616 cumec). The normal reservoir level of 527.91m will
provide a gross storage of 3280 million m3 out of which 2344 million m3 is live
storage. The dead storage has been kept at 487.68 m for normal operation with it may
be lowered to 483.40 m in the event of a dry year or for the inspection and
maintenance of intake structures. Finally dead storage of 487.68 m was fixed for the
reservoir.
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2.7 Sedimentation
Average percentage of clay, sand and silt in the sediment is as given below:
Coarse silt (over 0.2mm) = 11%

Medium Silt (0.02-0.2mm) = 55%
Fine Silt (less than 0.02mm) = 34%
Total sediment inflow from 1965 - 81 is 361.04 million tonnes giving an annual
average of 21.24 million tonnes. Considering contribution of sediment by bed load as
15% of suspended silt load, average annual silt flow works out to be 24.24 million
tonnes. The detailed silt distribution has been carried out with density = 1201.4 kg/m3
Number Of Years
Percentage 25 50 75 100
filled =>
Live storage 65 110 147 212
Dead storage 20 56 90 125
Chamera dam is being constructed upstream of Thein dam. The life of the reservoir
would improve, as most of the silt will be retained on the Chamera reservoir.
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3. GEOLOGY
3.1 Historical background
In the year 1927, two alternative sites were recommended for the location of storage
dam. One was designated as ‘Thein Dam Upper’ and other as ‘Thein Dam Lower’.
Former was later designated as Axis I and in 1957 a 140.3 m high RCC Ambursen type
dam was proposed on this site. Spread foundation was recommended to distribute the
load over a greater area. 1963 again a study was conducted and the area being
seismically active and had poorer foundation conditions, an earth core-grave-shell dam
was recommended. The investigations at this site revealed that there were rocks with
slump cracks and open joints, so geologically this site was considered inferior and
investigations were done at other site 500m downstream of Axis I and this was
designated as Axis II. After detailed investigations Axis II was finally chosen as the
final dam site.
3.2 Regional Geology
The rocks in the area belong to Shivalik group, which have been thrown into a major
fold called ‘Mastgarh Anticline’. The axis of this anticline has been observed to be
faulted at a number of places but at the Thein Dam site faulting appears to have occurred
little downstream of the fold axis. In the river section, the rocks exposed are Upper
Shivalik unconsolidated to semi-consolidated boulder beds, Middle Shivalik sand rocks
and clays hales. In the reservoir area the rocks have been traversed by a number of faults
and thrusts resulting in overlapping and abutting of the formations against each other.
The Thein Dam area falls in a highly seismic zone located in the crescent shaped
embayment of Tertiary sedimentary rocks, bounded by the Pre-tertiary formations of
Sub-Himalayas.
3.3 Dam site Geology
The river flowing at the axis in a SSE direction forms a deep gorge. Alternating bands of
sandstone and clay shale – siltstone belonging to the Lower Shivalik formations
comprise the geology of the area. The sandstones are hard and tough with compressive
strength varying from 250kg/cm2-600kg/ cm2. The beds have a general strike of N 60°-
S60°E with dips varying from 50°and 70° towards SW direction. The prominent cracks
are i) parallel to bedding and ii) N40°-E-S40°W, 80°-85°NW. Few thin plastic and shear
seams are also present which too are mostly parallel to the bedding planes. The seams
along bedding planes have a steep dip and would not affect the stability of dam and
other structures.
Results of tests conducted
Water percolation test: permeability of sand stone varies from 10-7-10-4cm/s and
that of clay/siltstone from almost 0 to 10-4 cm/s. The value of permeability along
contact planes ranges from 0-10-3 cm/s.
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Rock modulus test: The average values of deformation modulus

areas follows:
Horizontal jacking test Vertical jacking test

Sand rock 2.068x10^4 kg/cm2 2.074x10^4 kg/cm2
Clay Shale 3.96x10^3 kg/cm2 2.84x10^3 kg/cm2
3.4 Geology of Reservoir and its competency
Ranjit Sagar Dam will spread over deposits of silt, clays, sand and boulders, upper
and middle Shivalik conglomerates of sand rock and clay shale, and lower Shivalik
comprising alternate bands of clay shale/ sand stone. The rock in general has steep
dips.
To assess the competency of the reservoir to hold the impounded water, a few
traverses were taken in the reservoir area both on the right and left bank of the river
Ravi. These traverses indicated the presence of a number of drainages discharging
into the reservoir. However it was found that left rim was more prone to permit
leakage in view of presence of Chakki-Khad on the southern side, the level of which
is mostly below the maximum reservoir level. Thus it was considered likely that in
an adverse sub-surface geo-hydrological condition the impounded water may leak
through the beds of highly pervious upper Shivalik boulders, gravels, inter bedded
horizons of conglomerates etc. to chakki side.
3.5 Spillway Geology

The geology of spillway and the approach channel consists of alternating bands of
sandstones and clay shale siltstone of lower Shivalik formations. A set of steep
dipping faults that are met within the inlet tunnel portal area are encountered in the
approach channel of the spillway as well. The strata are found to be weathered and
fractured along fault zones. A terrace deposit consisting of boulders, pebbles, sand,
silt is present in the northern extremity of approach area.
3.6 Power plant Geology

The geology of power plant consists of alternating bands of sandstone and clay
shale/ siltstone of varying thickness.Generally the strike of rock bands is N60°W-
S60°E and dip varying from 58°-65° towards 30°W. The water percolation tests
indicated that the permeability value in sandstone varies from 10-7-10-4 cm/s and
those in clay stone/siltstone varies from 10-7-10-4 cm/s.
3.7 Tunnels and Intake Area

All the tunnels pierce through alternate bands of sandstone and clay shale of varying
thickness from about 2-64m. General strike of rock units varies between N50°W-
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S50°E and N65°W-S65°E and amount of dip varies from 50°and 70° in South-West
direction.
Faulting has thickening, thinning and at places total omission of some beds. Due to
fault, some litho logicalunits are seen to abut against other units. Fracturing and
pulverization of rocks, presence gouge and secondary fillings and developments of
slick sides are the features associated with them.
In order to locate permanent plugs in sound rock, for the purpose of safety of
permanent works downstream of intake shaft, it was considered desirable to identify
locations of the faults at tunnel grade. For this purpose two bore holes were drilled
on the centre line of each tunnel. The holes were drilled to a depth beyond the
tunnel grade. The location of the intake structures has been fixed in such a way that
the permanent plugs, located just upstream of the junction of intake shaft and the
tunnel, mains clear of the faults.
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4. Design Seismic Coefficient for Dam Embankment

The design seismic coefficient to be adopted for the pseudo-static analysis of earth
dam has been arrived at utilizing the approved spectrum and provisions contained in
IS: 1893-1975. The following design seismic coefficients are proposed to be adopted
for the Thein Dam:
Dam embankment: 0.15g horizontal and 0075g vertical.
The design coefficients leading to the design seismic coefficients for the dam
embankment are given as follows:
Time period of the structure (T) can be computed by the following formula:
T= 2.9H√(ρ/G)
Where H is height of Dam, √(G/ρ) is shear wave velocity of the material of dam, ρ is
Density of material and G is Modulus of rigidity.
Assuming shear wave velocity as 400m/s and height of dam as 135m the time period
comes around to be 0.98s. Assuming damping of 10% which is normal for Earth
dam, the spectral acceleration works out to be 0.23g
For operating out the pseudo-static analysis for Thein Dam under Operating Basis
Earthquake (OBE) condition the dam can be permitted to perform slightly without
loss of functions of dam, the spectral acceleration obtained above is to be multiplied
by 0.4. Thus the spectral acceleration comes out to be 0.092g.
Now equivalent uniform coefficient is calculated as
follows:
αh = (4.0-2.4 Y/H)xα0
α0 is design seismic coefficient obtained from spectrum
H is height of dam
Y is depth below top of dam of the lowest point of
rupture surface
H=Y as the rupture is assumed to be at the base
∴αh = (4-2.4) α0
 αh= 1.6α0 =1.6x0.092g = 1.6x0.092g = 0.15g.

Half of the value i.e. 0.075g is taken as the final
seismic coefficient.
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5. Dam Embankment
5.1 General
An earth core gravel shell dam is proposed for Thein Dam. The dam would be 135m
high above the riverbed and 160m high above the deepest foundation. The top level
of the dam is El: 540.00m and embankment would be 565m long at top and would
have with of 14m. The overall base width at the deepest riverbed would be 692m.
5.2 Type of Dam

In the initial stages of gravity masonry dam was proposed but it was abandoned on
account of proportion of and distribution of shale beds in the foundation. A rock fill
dam was also proposed but the proposal was also rejected because of the difficulty of
bypassing the floods during construction. Then a concrete dam with spread
foundation thought off but it was also rejected due to high seismicity and poor
foundations.
At last a thick a thick core gravel shell dam was finalized for the project and the
decision was based on the mature foundation, geology of the area, seismicity of the
region and availability of materials. This type of structure would permit deformation
without rupture and would provide flexibility against un-equal settlements in the
foundation.
5.3 Embankment section and Zoning

The essential constituents in the zoning arrangements of the section of an earth core
gravel shell dam are as follows:
1. Core
2. Filter
3. Shell
4. Rip-Rap
Core is the main impervious barrier in the section of the dam, which checks
leakage of water from the reservoir to the downstream. Filters are provided to
prevent piping of core materials under high hydrostatic head. Shell imparts
stability to the dam and rip-rap is required in the upstream slope to guard against
wave action.The proposed section has upstream and downstream slopes of 2.6
horizontal to 1.0 vertical and 2.2 horizontal to 1.0 vertical respectively. The core
has width 0.5 times the head of water. The section has an impervious core
slanting upstream having slopes of 0.6 horizontal to 1.0 vertical and 0.1
horizontal to 1.0 vertical. This provides for core to have thickness equal to half of
water head. The core has been flared at bottom to provide contact width of 0.8H
with the foundation in order to increase the path of percolation at the contact. The
core shall be taken up to sound rock. The riverbed would be stripped to remove
the overburden up to a depth till the materials of same characteristics as the shell
zone of the embankment. Filter of 6m width is provided both on upstream and
downstream. The upstream of dam is suitably protected against wave action by
providing 1.5m thick rip-rap.
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5.4 Instrumentation
The following instruments are proposed to be installed in the embankment and
foundation to observe their behavior during construction and during reservoir
operation:
5.4.1 Peizometer installation

Peizometer installations are designed to measure pore pressures developed by
consolidation seepage during construction of dam, and seepage pressure through
the embankment and foundation during the operation of reservoir. These will be
installed at 2 planes in the riverbed portion embankment.
5.4.2 Settlement Installations

Settlement installations provide a means for measuring consolidation within the
embankment, lateral displacement and settlement of the foundations. Six
combined vertical and horizontal movement measuring units will be provided in
two planes adjacent to Peizometer planes.
5.4.3 Surface settlement Measuring Points

Surface settlement measuring points would record cumulative settlement of the
surface of the embankment and horizontal deflection normal to the axis of the
dam. These are proposed to be provided on the embankment slopes in three
longitudinal planes at 120m spacing on the upstream face and in four longitudinal
planes at 60m spacing on the downstream face.
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6 Spillway
6.1 Introduction
In the present proposal a chute spillway on the left abutment is proposed is
proposed and has been so far designed for an outflow of 6.35 lac cusec
corresponding to inflow design flood of 10.61 lac cusec and it is capable to
handle outflow of 7.73 lac cusec corresponding to probable maximum flood of
13.27 lac cusec. Waters are led to the crest through a 450m long curved approach
channel varying in width from about 500m at its upstream end to 133.0m near the
crest. Flow over the concrete gravity crest structure is to be controlled by seven
16m wide and 16m high radial gates operated by electrically driven mechanical
hoists. Suitable alternative arrangements are also to be provided for the operation
of gates in case of failure of electric power. The discharge carrier is a 332m long
chute, rectangular in section. The energy dissipation arrangements proposed is
slotted roller bucket, followed by flexible protection apron.
6.2 Layout
Site conditions dictate that the spillway should be located on the left abutment.
For this purpose a high ridge has to be excavated. It is proposed to provide
spillway with its right wall at 50m from the centerline of diversion tunnel to
provide a minimum rock cover to hoist shaft of irrigation outlets and to avoid
structural interference of right training wall of spillway with left training wall of
tunnel energy dissipator.
6.3 Economic Design Consideration

The techno-economic studies indicate that layout with minimum crest width with
corresponding lowered crest levels will be the most economical at this particular
site.
6.4 Flood Routing Studies

6.4.1 Data and Assumptions
i) Normal operating reservoir level is 527.91m
ii) The initial reservoir level prior impingement of the spillway design flood has
been taken as the normal operating reservoir level.
iii) One gate has been assumed as inoperative as safety against mechanical and
other gate failures.
iv) The coefficient of discharge remains fairly constant for sharp crested weir
where its height above approach channel floor is not less than about one-fifth the
head producing flow over it.
v) The reservoir level corresponding to standard projected flood shall be
restricted to 530.96m
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vi) The outflow from power plant and irrigation outlet tunnels has been neglected,
being small.
6.4.2 Spillway Width and Crest Elevation

With the constraint of height of gates as 16m below the normal reservoir
operating level of 527.91m the crest level has been fixed at 512.00m. The width
of the spillway has been fixed for routing of standard project flood hydrograph
with a view to restrict the reservoir to level 530.96m. The requisite waterway,
with one gate inoperative, is 96.0m. Based on assumption iii) the total waterway
works out to be 112m (i.e. 6+1 effective bays of 16m each.
6.4.3 Coefficient of Discharge

The value of coefficient of discharge used in the formulae Q=2/3√(2g) CLH3/2
has been assumed to be 0.68, which can however be modified if necessary after
hydraulic model studies.
6.5 Hydraulic Design of Spillway

6.5.1 Approach Channel
The layout of the approach channel has been proposed, such that curvilinear flow
in a horizontal plane is gradual so that excessive differential in the water surface
elevation due to control acceleration are avoided. The approach channel is
trapezoidal in section with 1:1 slopes. To ensure uniform approach conditions and
to avoid eddies and cross-waves, upstream of the crest, have vertical sides in
continuation of the chute section. The side slopes are joined through a suitable
transition. The maximum design average velocity in the approach channel is
5.82m/s at the section where the width is 133m and the walls are vertical
6.5.2 Control Structure

The control structure consists of 7 bays of 16m widths each, separated by 3.5m
piers and controlled by 16m wide by 16m high radial gates. The crest structure
has a 1:1 slope on its upstream side. The crest shape has been provided to
conform to lower nappe of the free falling jet issuing from a horizontal surface for
the design head of 20.73m.
6.5.3 Chute
The chute is rectangular in section with its width as 133m. The height of the
training wall is such that there is adequate freeboard over the water profile
throughout. The flow is supercritical throughout the chute. The Froude Number
varies from 4.70 to 7.63.
Although slopes have been determined from the considerations of topography,
these have been checked against critical slopes to ensure that that accelerating
flow is maintained throughout the chute. For conservative design the frictional
loss should be maximized for evaluating the depth of flow on the chute and
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minimized to evaluate the energy content of the flow for energy dissipation. The
spillway being concrete lined, a value of ‘n’ = 0.018 in Manning’s formula has
been assumed for determining depths of flow on chute in order to account for air
swell, eddies, cross wave action etc. For determining specific energies of flow
needed for designing the energy dissipation arrangement, a value of ‘n’ =0.008
has been assumed. The velocity in the chute is 22.76m/s to 45.45m/s. The water
profile has been computed by the usual method of conservation of energy.
6.6 Types of Energy Dissipator

When surplus floodwaters have to be routed through spillway from high reservoir
levels to downstream low river tail water levels, considerable static head is
converted to kinetic energy resulting in high exit velocities. If adequate means are
not provided to dissipate excessive energy, exit velocities will scour the
downstream riverbed thereby endangering the structural stability of the spillway
and hill faces of the river valley downstream.
6.7 Selection of Energy Dissipator

The following types of energy dissipaters can be considered on Thein Dam where
natural tail-water curve is below sequent depth curve for the complete range of
outflow discharges through the spillway:
a) Stilling basin with horizontal apron
b) Stilling basin with sloping apron
c) Flip Bucket
d) Roller Bucket
6.7.1 Stilling basin with horizontal apron

It is used on high concrete dams and earth dam spillways. The Froude number
attained at entrance to the stilling basin with a velocity of 45m/s and a depth of
3.0m is 8.33. Subsequent depth required for formation of hydraulic jump works
out to be 33.0m for spillway outflow discharge of 17991 cumec. The apron is set
at such a level as to provide full subsequent depth plus an added factor of safety.
The level of stilling basin works out to be 384.55m. Keeping a margin of 1.55m,
the level may be kept at 383m. The length of stilling basin against Froude
number of 8.33 is 142m. This alternative is not favored because the river valley
is very narrow and there is paucity of space. To accommodate the required length
of stilling basin either a deep cut in the main left abutment or considerable
excavation of the opposite hill face has to be made. In either alternative, cost will
be exorbitant.
6.7.2 Stilling basin with slopping apron

It is preferred when the tail-water depth is too deep as compared to the sequent
depth. The natural tail-water depth at Thein Dam is too shallow as compared to
corresponding sequent depths. Deep excavations to satisfy criterion for formation
1 CED 310
6
of Hydraulic jump can increase tail-water depth artificially. In order to provide

required length, the slopping apron has to be taken quite deep making this
alternative a very costlier proposition. Thus it is also not adopted.
6.7.3 Flip Bucket

Flip bucket can be used to provide satisfactory energy dissipation by deflecting
the high velocity jet a considerable distance downstream. The energy is
dissipated by impact of the jet on the tail water depth and streambed. But flip
bucket is also not recommended because of the following reasons
a) The riverbed consists of sand rock and clay stone bands underlying 13-15m
of loose riverbed material. The rocks are pretty poor to withstand the impact
of water jet corresponding to head of more than 110m.
b) The water spray and mist accompanying the water jet is likely to saturate
valley faces of the hills at the exit.The power plant and irrigation outlets
being located on the upstream of spillway are likely to be affected in that
eventuality.
6.7.4 Roller Bucket
The following types of roller buckets are commonly adopted for energy
dissipator
i) Solid roller bucket

ii) Slotted roller bucket
6.7.4.1 Solid Roller bucket

In case of solid roller bucket, the ground roller, which is more pronounced,
picks up material from downstream bed and carries it to the lip and further
into the bucket. The material in the bucket is responsible for grinding and
erosion of bucket concrete during spillway operation.
Satisfactory energy dissipation is not expected in solid roller bucket because
the roller height (Hb) calculated for Thein Dam does not lie between 75%
and 90% of the spillway height (H2) as required. Thus this alternative is also
not recommended.
6.7.4.2 Slotted Roller Bucket
Slotted roller bucket is generally used when natural tail water depth is more
than the sequent depth required for the formation of hydraulic jump. This
condition can be met by deep excavation to create artificial deepening of tail
water. In spite of this grave disadvantage, the proposition is likely to be
workable and economical because of its short length requirements.
CED 310 1
7
6.8 Design parameters of slotted bucket
For the maximum spillway outflow of 17791 cumec the actual velocity of
flow entering the bucket works out to be 45m/s, the head causing the flow
being the difference of maximum reservoir level and the corresponding tail
race level.
Depth of water at entrance of the bucket is equal to 3.00m as calculated
using the relation:
d = q/v
Where,
d is depth of water entering the bucket;
q is discharge intensity per meter width;
v is actual velocity at bucket entrance
Froude number is calculated from

F = v/√(gd);
The sequent depth (d2) required for the formation of hydraulic jump is
calculated 33.0m by using the formula
d2/d = 0.5*[√(1+8*F2)-1];
The hydraulic testing has been undertaken for the slotted bucket with the
following salient features
Radius = 20m
Lip angle = 45°
Invert level = 375m
River bed level = 402m
Depth of invert level below river bed = 27m
6.9 Hydraulic design of Slotted Bucket Roller

Maximum spillway outflow = 17991 cumec
Maximum Reservoir level attained = 532.73m
Gross crest width of spillway = 133.0m
Crest level of spillway = 512.0m
Maximum tail water level = 417.55m
H: Maximum depth of water over spillway crest =

532.73-512 =20.73m
H3: Maximum reservoir level-Maximum TWL = 532.73-
417.55=115.18m
Vt= √(2g H3) = √(2x9.81x115.18) = 47.54m/s
To compensate for frictional losses actual velocity
(V) is assumed to be 95% of Vt (theoretical
velocity)
V = 0.95x47.54 = 45.16m/s
1 CED 310
8
q (discharge per meter width) = 17791/133 = 135.27

m3/s/m
h = q/V = 135.27/45.16 =3.0m
F = V/√(gh) = 45.16/√(9.81x3) = 8.33

h2 = 0.5xh[√(1+8*8.332)-1] = 33.0m
1. Bucket Radius
Rmin/(h + V2/2g) = 0.16 (from monograph given by
USBR against F=8.33)
Thus,
Rmin = 0.16[3 + 45.162/(2x9.81)] = 0.16(106.95) =
17.11m
Let us choose bucket radius (R) as 20m
R/(/(h + V2/2g) = 20/[3 + 45.162/(2x9.81)] =
20/106.95 = 0.19
2.Bucket Invert Level
Now with F = 8.33 and R/(/(h + V2/2g) = 0.19

Tmin/h = 12.7
Tmin is the minimum tail water for good performance
Tmin = 12.7x3 = 38.1m
Now again for F = 8.33 and R/(/(h + V2/2g) = 0.19

Tmax /h = 14.0
Tmax is the maximum tail water level for good
performance
Tmax = 14.0x3 = 42.0m
Keeping bucket invert level at 375m, actual depth

of tail water over bucket is
417.55-375 = 42.55m which just satisfies the
conditions for Tmax and Tmin. Thus invert bucket level
at 375.0m is all right
3. Tail Water Sweep Out Depth

With F = 8.33 and R/(/(h + V2/2g) = 0.19,
Ts/h = 10.85
 Ts = 10.85x3 = 32.55m
Sweep out depth (Ts) = 32.55m
Thus, the minimum tail water depth limit of 38m
provides 5.45m of margin against flow sweeping out
of bucket at maximum discharge.
CED 310 1
9
4. Tooth Parameters
Adopt tooth spacing = 0.05R = 0.05x20 = 1m
Spacing of 1.027m adopted is correct
Tooth width = 0.125R = 0.125x20 = 2.50m
5. Length of short apron = 0.5R = 0.5x20 = 10m
2 CED 310
0
7.Economics and Finance
The Thein Dam Project will generate 1890 MU annual energy corresponding to
dependable year on the basis of hydrological cycle of 1921-22 to 1977-78. The
planning commission has cleared the project for an annual energy generation of 1849
MU for dependable year on basis of hydrological series of 1921-22 to 1959-60. The
latter figure being on the conservative side.
The financial forecasts statement based on 1849 million kWh energy generated per
year has been cast in the standard format. For the purpose of calculating depreciation
charges, the life of the dam has been taken as 100years and the life of power
generating equipment has been assumed to be 35 years. Straight line method of
depreciation has been used. The operation and maintenance charges for Thein Dam
(Cost Portion chargeable to power @ 88.6% of total estimated cost of project minus
cost of electrical equipment), UBDC Hydel stage II civil works, the entire generating
equipment and transmission equipment, have been calculated @ 1% of their
respective costs. The grid rate of the power has been taken 48paise per kWh
including electricity duty. The financial return with above tariffs works out to be
8.19% in the first year of operation increasing successively in the subsequent years.
7.1 Statement of Depreciation, Operation and Maintenance

Charges of Thein Power Plant
7.1.1Depreciation Charges
1. Power Plant
Life of Works = 35 years
Thus Depreciation = 100/35 = 2.86%
Particulars Cost (in Lac Rs.)

Power Plant 1457
Penstock 3276
Sub total 4733
Add miscellaneous cost @10% 473.3
Total 5206.30
UBDC Hydel Stage IICivil Works 1671.00
Total 6877.30
Deduct salvage cost @ 10% 687.37
Balance Cost 6189.57
Depreciation @ 2.86% 177.02
CED 310 2
1
2. Generating Equipment
Life = 35 years
Depreciation = 2.86%
Elec. Works Thein Dam 14054.00
Elec. Works UBDC Hydel Stage II 2833.00
Total 16887.00
Deduct Salvage @ 10% 1688.70
Residual Cost 15198.30
3. Transmission Equipment
Life = 35 years
Rate of Depreciation = 2.86%
Transmission Equipment 1000
Deduct salvage @ 10% 100
Balance 900
4. Dam
Life = 100 years
Rate of Depreciation = 1%
Particulars Cost (in Lac. Rs.)
Thein Dam Civil Works 48327.00
Deduct power plant cost 5206.30
Balance 43120.00
Deduct cost of dam chargeable to 7111.50
irrigation i.e. 11.4% of 62383.00
Balance 36009.20
Depreciation @ 1% 360.10
Total depreciation =177.02+434.67+25.74+360.10 = 997.53 lac Rs

Thus lets take depreciation as Rs. 1000 lac
2 CED 310
2
7.1.2 Operation & Maintenance Charges

7.1.2.1 Thein Dam Power Portion
Particulars Cost (Lac Rs.)
Cost of Thein Dam chargeable to power 55270.40
portion; 88.6% of 62382
Less Elec. Equipment -14054.00
UBDC Hydel Stage II Civil Works 1671.00
Total 42887.40
O&M charges @ 1% 428.87
7.1.2.2 Generating Equipment
Particulars Cost (lac Rs.)

Cost of transmission Equipment 16887.00
O&M charges @ 1% 168.87
7.1.2.3 Transmission Equipment

Particulars Cost (lac Rs.)
Cost of transmission Equipment 1000
O&M @ 1% 10
Total O&M charges = 428.87+168.87+10 = Rs. 607.74 Lac

Lets take O&M charges as Rs. 610 Lac
7.2 Financial Forecasts (1981-2002)

Based on the above calculations of costs, depreciation, O&M charges and
revenue the financial forecast has been done. (refer annexure 7.2)
7.3 Benefit Cost Ratios

a) Proposed before beginning of project (as proposed in1980)
Costs
Cost I: Life = 35 years
Particulars Cost (in Crore Rs.)
Power plant 68.77
Generating Equipment 151.98
Transmission Equipment 10
Salvage value @10% 23.075
CED 310 2
3
Cost II: Life = 100 years

Dam 431.20
Salvage value @ 10% 43.20
Total estimated cost of project = 661.95 crores (as per1980 price index)
Cost III: Annual costs

O&M charges 6.1
Cash flow of Costs

i= 8%
Total cost (annuity) = 230.75(A/P, 100, 8%)[1 + (P/F, 35, 8%) + (P/F, 70, 8%)] +
431.20(A/P, 100, 8%) + 6.1 – 43.20(A/F, 100, 8%)
-23.075(A/P, 100, 8%)[(P/F, 35, 8%) + (P/F, 70, 8%)]
= 60.96 crore
Note: i= 8% has been taken as Average bank rate for the period from www.rbi.org.in
Benefits
Sale of Electricity

Revenue from sale of electricity 1830MU 87.84
@ 48p/unit
Irrigation benefits
2 CED 310
4
Total additional irrigation from project = 3.48 lac hectare

Gross Income for 3.48 lac hectare @ 203.76
Rs.5855.55/ha/annum
Estimated income from fodder from 1.58 13.49
lac hectare @ 854/ha
Total 217.25
Expenditure @ Rs.2708/ha for 3.48 lac 94.24
ha
Input for fodder @10% of benefit 1.35
Net income 121.66
Income for 3.48 lac ha before irrigation 72.77
@ Rs.2708/ha
From fodder without irrigation 0.4X13.49 = 5.40
Additional Benefits due to irrigation 43.49
Cash flow of benefits
Total annual benefits = 87.84 + 43.49 = 131.32 crores

Benefit/ Cost Ratio = 131.32/60.96 = 2.15
b). Benefit Cost Ratio (June 2000)
Cost I: Life = 35 years

Power Plant 64.75
Penstock 92.59
UBDC Hydel Stage II civil Works 139.62
Elec. Works 279.32
Transmission and Distribution 10
Total 586.28
Salvage @ 10% 58.63
Cost II: Life = 100 years

CED 310 2
5

Civil works except power plant, penstock 3165.02
Salvage @ 10% 316.50
Cost III: Annual costs

Total cost of dam 3741.30
O&M charges @ 1% 37.41
Cash flow of Costs

i= 8%
Total cost (annuity) = 586.28(A/P, 100, 8%)[1 + (P/F, 35, 8%) + (P/F, 70, 8%)] +
3165.02(A/P, 100, 8%) +37.41 – 316.5(A/F, 100, 8%)
-58.63(A/P, 100, 8%)[(P/F, 35, 8%) + (P/F, 70, 8%)]
= Rs. 342.35 crore
Benefits

Sale of Electricity (as per dam officials) 450
Irrigation benefits 43.49x2.5 = 108.725
Total benefits = 450 + 108.725 = 1.63
c). Actual Benefit Cost Ratio
2 CED 310
6
The proposed production of 1849 MU of electricity is based on the

assumption that out of 600 MW (150MW x 4 ) only 210 MW is being
produced as out of four turbines only 1 or 2 turbines work and rest remain
inoperative due to the less discharge.
Costs (same as 7.3.2) = Rs. 342.35 crore/yr

Benefits
Average unit cost in 2000 = 2.5 paisa
Total revenue = 2.00 x1830/10 = 366 + 108.725
474.72
B/C ratio = 474.73/342.35 = 1.38 >1
i. Actual Benefit Cost Ratio (taking into account indirect
benefits such as tourism, flood savings etc)
Anticipated indirect benefits = Rs. 550 crore/year

Total Benefits = 550 +474.47 = Rs.1024.47 crore
Costs = Rs. 342.35 crore
B/C ratio = 1024.47/342.35 = 3
CED 310 2
7
8 Statics of the Project (after completion)
8.1 Unique Features

• The Ranjit Sagar Dam is the highest earth core-cum-gravel shell dam
in India.
• The Power Plant has the second biggest Hydro-Turbine in India.
• The Project has the largest dia. Penstock in India.
• The foundation gallery under the Rock fill Dam has been provided for
the first time in India.
8.2 Salient Features Of The Project

Catchment area 6086 sq. km
Reservoir area 87.00 sq. km.
Gross Storage capacity 3280 million cum
Live storage capacity 2344 million cum
Dam Type Earth core-cum-gravel shell dam
Top level of the Dam EL 540.00 m
Maximum height of dam 160.00 m.
Length at Top of the dam 617.00 m.
Width at top of the dam 14.00 m
Maximum width at base of the dam 669.2 m
Normal reservoir level 527.91 m.
Clear water-way of spillway 109 m.
Crest level of spillway EL 511 .7 m.
Maximum outflow 24637 cumec
Spillway design flood 20678 cumec
No. of Penstock Headers 2
N0. of Penstock Branches 4
2 CED 310
8
Dia of each Penstock Header 8.5 m.
Dia of each Penstock Branches 5.17 m.
Type of turbines Vertical Shaft Francis
Maximum net head 121.9 m.
Minimum net head 76.0 m.
Average annual energy production 1849 MU
Additional Irrigation 3.48 lac ha
Benefit/Cost Ratio 1.38-3
Total cost /Annual Unit (2000 price Index) 20.55
Annual Power Prod. /Installed Cap. 0.35
8.3 Quantities of Principle Materials used
In Million Cum
Excavation
Fill Placement
Cement Concrete
Source: Annual Report RSDP- 2006 and

www.cwc.nic.in
CED 310 2
9
9 Comparison with other Hydel Projects in India
9.1 NHPC Projects (Public Sector)

9.1.1 North India
1. Chamera-III Project – 68m high Concrete Gravity Dam
Location Distt. Chamba in Himachal Pradesh.
Capacity 231 MW
Annual Generation 1104 MU
Rs.1405.63 Crores (2005 P.L.)

Project Cost
Rs. 1139 Crores (2000 P.L)
Year of Commissioning/Completion Schedule August 2010
Cost / Annual Unit Production 10.31
Annual Power Prod. / Installed Cap. 0.544
2. Chungar Chal Project – 78m high Concrete Gravity Dam
Location Near village Chal in District Pitthoragarh of Uttarakhand
Capacity 240 MW (2 x 120 MW).
Annual Generation 853.28 MU
Rs.725.53 Crores (2003 Price Level)

Project Cost
Rs. 631.38 Crores (2000 Price level)
Cost / Annual Unit

7.39
Production
Annual Power Prod. /

.405
Installed Cap.
3 CED 310
0
3.Garba Tawaghat – 93m high Concrete Gravity Dam
Location Village- Garba in Pithoragarh District of Uttarakhand
Capacity 630 MW (3 x 210 MW).
Rs. 1447.77 Crores (Jun ‘2003 Price Level)

Project Cost
Rs. 1259.91 Crore (Jun. 2000 P.L)
Cost / Annual Unit

5.07
Production

0.45
Installed Cap.
4.Kotli Bhel – 1A – 82.5 m high Concrete Gravity Dam
Village Muneth near Dev Prayag in Tehri Garhwal District of

Location
Uttarakhand.
Capacity 195 MW (3 X 65MW)
Rs.1138.02 Crores (2006 Price Level)

Project Cost
Rs. 890.72 Crores (2000 P.L)
Cost / Annual Unit

8.68
Production

0.60
Installed Cap.
CED 310 3
1
5. Kotli Bhel -1B – 90m high Concrete Gravity Dam
Village Pali near Dev Prayag in Pauri & Tehri Garhwal Districts
Location
of Uttarakhand.
Capacity 320 MW
Rs.1891.9 Crores (2005 P.L.)

Project Cost
Rs. 1480.78 Crores (2000 P.L)
Cost / Annual Unit

11.58
Production

0.46
Installed Cap.
6. Parbati -II – 85m high Concrete Gravity Dam
Location Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh
Capacity 200x4 = 800MW
Rs.3919.59 Crores (2005 P.L.)

Project Cost
Rs. 3755.46 Crores (2000 P.L)
3 CED 310
2
7. Parbati -III – 43m high Rock fill Dam
Location Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh
Capacity 130x4 = 520MW
Rs.2304 Crores (2005 P.L.)

Project Cost
Rs. 1867.2 Crores (2000 P.L)
9.1.2 North East States
1. Teesta-IV Project– 108.50m high Concrete Gravity Dam
Village Chandey near Mangan in North Sikkim District of

Location
Sikkim
Capacity 520 MW (4 x 130 MW)
Rs.4234.29 Crores (July 2009 Price Level)

Project Cost
Rs. 2830.13 Crores (2000 P.L)
Annual Power Prod. / Installed

0.51
Cap.
CED 310 3
3
Source: http://www.nhpcindia.com
9.2 Jaypee Projects (Pvt. Sector)

1. Vishnu Prayag–Uttarakhand- Concrete Gravity Dam
Capacity 400 MW (4x100MW)
Rs1694 Crores (July 2007 Price Level)

Project Cost
Rs. 1269.68 Crores (2000 P.L)
2. Karcham Wangtoo -98m High Concrete Gravity Dam
Location Disst. Kinnaur Himachal
Capacity 1000 MW (4 x 2500 MW)
Rs.5600 Crores (July 2010 Price Level)

Project Cost
Rs. 3571 Crores (2000 P.L)
Note:
1.Out of the above mentioned projects project no. 3,6 and 7 from section 9.1.1
and project no. 1 from section 9.1.2 and project 1 & 2 from section 9.2 are
comparable to RSDP in terms of total cost of project or Installed capacity
3 CED 310
4
2. Range for Cost / Annual Unit Production& Annual Power Prod. / Installed Cap
varies from 5.07 to 12.01 and 0.45 to 0.56 for the above-mentioned project
respectively.
3. The same parameters for RSDP are 20.55 and 0.355.
Source: http://www.jppowerventures.com/hydropower.htm#
Conclusion and Comments

 The total cost of the dam is very high as compared to the other projects
producing the same amount of electricity per year. The ratio of total cost
of the dam to annual unit production (C/P) comes out to be 20.55, which
is double than the average C/P of similar projects. Refer section 7,8 and 9
for more details.
The high cost of the dam can be due to the following reasons:
• The project started in 1980 and was scheduled to be completed by
1991 but it was actually completed by March 2001. Thus there was a
loss of revenue of about 1098 crore (expected) and extra interest of
600 crores had to be paid due to the delay. Refer annexure 9.1
• The floods of 1988 also caused a huge set back to the project. The
total loss due to floods was approximately 150 crores at 1988 price
Index.
• The project was executed departmentally, so the management was
inefficient, the engineers were less proficient and there was a lack of
skilled labor, which accounted for delay and increased costs.
 The efficiency of the dam (actual amount of energy produced/installed

capacity) was worked out to be 0.35, which is less as compared to the
average of about 0.45 of similar projects. Refer section 7,8 and 9 for more
details. The main reason for the less efficiency is given to be less rainfall
in the region
 The dam has been performing well in terms of stability and flood control
as there is no report of any structural failure on terms of cracks, leakage
and malfunctioning of equipments.
 Despite of the limitations listed above, the RSDP project is beneficial for
the state of Punjab because
• The revenue from the sale of electricity will cover the cost of dam in a
couple of years.
• The project was proposed in a time in which Punjab was facing acute
electricity shortage and addition of 600MW was very helpful for
Punjab especially for establishment for industry in Punjab.
CED 310 3
5
• It added irrigation facilities to 3.48 hectares of land, which amounts to

10% of the land irrigated by canals.
• It has also proved to beneficial in the development of district
Gurdaspur which lags behind other districts in terms of industry,
education etc.
Thus, in short RSDP has proved to be a boon for the state of Punjab.
If the work of RSDP would have been executed by an expert agency such
as NHPC, the dam would have been more efficient and cost effective.
References
• Project Report for RSDP and UBDC Stage II- 1980
• Cost estimates Report of RSDP and UBDC Stage II – According to 2000 P.I
• http://punjabgovt.nic.in
• www.nih.ernet.in/nih_rbis/india.../INDUS_PROJECTS.htm
• www.narmada.org/misc/
• http://www.nhpcindia.com
• www.iimahd.ernet.in
• wikipedia.org
• http://www.expressindia.com
• http://www.jppowerventures.com/hydropower.htm#
3 CED 310
6
CED 310 3
7

Implementation of Infrastructure Projects: 1.1 River Ravi

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Implementation of Infrastructure Projects: 1.1 River Ravi

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Implementation of Infrastructure Projects

1.1 River Ravi

1.2 Need for tunnels

1.3 Flood Damages

2. Hydrology and Reservoir

2.2 Catchment Area

2.4 Flood observations

2.5 Flood Estimation

2.5.2 Methods used in present proposal

Three widely used methods for flood forecasting by Frequency

b) Log Normal Distribution

2.5.2.1The Gumbel method using frequency factors

Q = x + kδ where Q = flood for a particular return period;

x = mean value of flood;

2.5.2.2 Gumbel Method by Least Squares

The following formula is used for discharge estimation:

2.5.2.3 Log Normal method

2.5.3 Adopted Frequency Curve

Coarse silt (over 0.2mm) = 11%

3.1 Historical background

3.2 Regional Geology

3.3 Dam site Geology

Rock modulus test: The average values of deformation modulus

Horizontal jacking test Vertical jacking test

3.4 Geology of Reservoir and its competency

3.5 Spillway Geology

3.6 Power plant Geology

3.7 Tunnels and Intake Area

4. Design Seismic Coefficient for Dam Embankment

 αh= 1.6α0 =1.6x0.092g = 1.6x0.092g = 0.15g.

5.2 Type of Dam

5.3 Embankment section and Zoning

5.4.1 Peizometer installation

5.4.2 Settlement Installations

5.4.3 Surface settlement Measuring Points

6.3 Economic Design Consideration

6.4 Flood Routing Studies

6.4.2 Spillway Width and Crest Elevation

6.4.3 Coefficient of Discharge

6.5 Hydraulic Design of Spillway

6.5.2 Control Structure

6.6 Types of Energy Dissipator

6.7 Selection of Energy Dissipator

6.7.1 Stilling basin with horizontal apron

6.7.2 Stilling basin with slopping apron

of Hydraulic jump can increase tail-water depth artificially. In order to provide

6.7.3 Flip Bucket

6.7.4 Roller Bucket

i) Solid roller bucket

6.7.4.1 Solid Roller bucket

6.8 Design parameters of slotted bucket

Froude number is calculated from

6.9 Hydraulic design of Slotted Bucket Roller

H: Maximum depth of water over spillway crest =

q (discharge per meter width) = 17791/133 = 135.27

h = q/V = 135.27/45.16 =3.0m

F = V/√(gh) = 45.16/√(9.81x3) = 8.33

2.Bucket Invert Level

Now with F = 8.33 and R/(/(h + V2/2g) = 0.19

Now again for F = 8.33 and R/(/(h + V2/2g) = 0.19

Keeping bucket invert level at 375m, actual depth

3. Tail Water Sweep Out Depth