The housing is the part of your computer that holds all the parts that make the computer

operate.
In a desktop tower, the housing does not include a monitor, keyboard or mouse. An all-inclusive
computer houses both a monitor and the components that make the computer function, but does
not include a mouse or keyboard. A laptop includes the monitor, keyboard, mouse (or mouse
alternative) and the components that make the computer function. The motherboard is also called the

logic, system or base board.

The motherboard is the part of your computer that wires all of the other parts together. It is a

printed circuit board and includes the CPU and memory. Every component of your computer

connects directly into the motherboard. It typically includes expansion options for high-end

graphic displays and additional devices. Motherboard specifications are designed around which

CPU your computer uses. For example, if your computer uses an Intel processor, you need an

intel-compatible motherboard.

The processor, or CPU, of a computer is basically the brains of the computer. The processor is responsible

for interpreting every code it receives from the other computer components, and making it usable to your

operating system. Though it's simply a single chip, the processor's speed determines the overall speed of

your computer. The CPU contains a control unit and the Arithmetic Logic Unit, or ALU .

The hard drive part of your computer is also called the hard disk. Essentially, it is the part of the

computer that stores your information. If you upload a picture to your computer, it is stored on the

hard drive. Hard drive capacity is measure in megabytes, or MB, though some massive computer

store in terrabytes, or TB. The hard drive is set of disk platters that sit inside the computer housing.

Though other devices may store data, such as thumb drives, the hard drive is resident in your

computer and cannot be removed.

 DISPLAY ADAPTER

Whether a graphic card or part of the motherboard, the display adapter is the component

of your computer that interprets video signal. They define how frequently your monitor

refreshes, how many colors the display supports and the maximum resolutions. Gaming

adapters are the most high-end type; they offer 3D graphics and require significant power

and cooling.

Random Access Memory, or RAM, is the part of your computer that is used as instant

memory. RAM is always in use as a temporary location to execute instructions from your

computer. For example, if you run many programs at once, you may need to upgrade your

RAM because your computer is using more memory. RAM comes in many different

configurations, such as Dynamic RAM, or DRAM, and SRAM, which runs at a higher speed.

An optical drive uses light to read and write data. It is the drive you use to burn CDs, DVDs and

Blu-Ray discs. Optical drives can be either slot loading, or tray loading and come in many

different configurations. Optical drives connect directly to the motherboard of the computer.

Sound card enables you to hear music and voice. Modern computers have
onboard sound cards. However, you may look for well advanced sound cards if
you want more sound support.

Video card allows and controls the information we see on the monitor.
Normally, video cards are built with motherboard. But it is possible to plug it on
the PCI slot of the motherboard when the upgrading need arise.

CD drives enables us to read information from CDs and DVDs. Optical disks are the
most common used media to distribute soft wares and application programs. We
install these programs using CD drive. Currently, DVD drives are installed on
computers.

There are varieties of disk types: CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R, DVD-RW. They are preferred
in terms of the size of data they hold, longevity and price.
 Floppy Drive

It helps to read data from floppy disks. It was used to hold data, even application
programs. Now this part of a computer is no more important since it is replaced by new
technologies such as CD drives and Flash memory.

Monitor

It is one of the separate basic computer parts in desktop types which display the
output from the computer. In portable computers it is built with the system (ex.
laptops, notebooks). Without the display, there is no way to interact with a
computer. They are characterized by their diagonal size, refresh rate and resolution.

There are two types of monitors: CRT (Cathode Ray Tubs) – works like the traditional
TV screen. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) – flat displays that use liquid crystal. Standard
Monitor sizes range from 14” to 21”. LCD monitors are more preferable than CRT in terms of eye health safety, power
consumption and appearance.

Keyboard

It is an input device that helps to feed data to the computer. A user

communicates with the computer with the keyboard.

Keyboard comes with a wide variety of type, size, and language. There are
basic, multimedia, cordless or wireless keyboards available on the market.

Mouse

It is used to point and select items on the monitor.

CASE -All the basic computer parts housed in the case, except the keyboard, monitor,
mouse and speaker
The Excel window

Many items you see on the Excel XP screen are standard in most other
Microsoft software programs like Word, PowerPoint, and previous
versions of Excel, while some elements are specific to Excel XP.

Workbook

Also called a spreadsheet, the workbook is a unique file created by Excel

XP.

Title bar

The title bar displays both the name of the application and the name of the spreadsheet.

Menu bar

The menu bar displays all of the menus available for use in Excel XP. The contents of any menu can be displayed by left-
clicking the menu name.

Toolbar

Some commands in the menus have pictures or icons associated with them. These pictures may also appear as shortcuts in
the toolbar.

Column headings

Each Excel spreadsheet contains 256 columns. Each column is named by a letter or combination of letters.
Row headings

Each spreadsheet contains 65,536 rows. Each row is named by a number.

Name box

This shows the address of the current selection or active cell.

Formula bar

The formula bar isplays information entered—or being entered as you type—in the current or active cell. The contents of a
cell can also be edited in the formula bar.

Cell

A cell is an intersection of a column and row. Each cell has a unique cell address. In the picture above, the cell address of the
selected cell is B3. The heavy border around the selected cell is called the cell pointer.

Navigation buttons and sheet tabs

 Navigation buttons allow you to move to another worksheet in an Excel workbook. They are used to display the first,
previous, next, and last worksheets in the workbook.

Sheet tabs separate a workbook into specific worksheets. A workbook defaults to three worksheets. A workbook must
contain at least one worksheet.

Workbooks and worksheets

A workbook automatically shows in the workspace when you open Microsoft Excel XP. Each workbook contains
three worksheets. A worksheet is a grid of cells consisting of 65,536 rows by 256 columns. Spreadsheet information—text,
numbers, or mathematical formulas—is entered into different cells.

Column headings are referenced by alphabetic characters in the gray boxes that run across the Excel screen, beginning with
column A and ending with column IV.

Rows are referenced by numbers that appear on the left and then run down the Excel screen. The first row is named row 1,
while the last row is named 65536.

Important terms

 A workbook is made up of three worksheets.

 The worksheets are labeled Sheet1, Sheet2, and Sheet3.
 Each Excel worksheet is made up of columns and rows.
 In order to access a worksheet, click the tab that says Sheet#.

The cell

An Excel worksheet is made up of columns and rows. Where these columns

and rows intersect, they form little boxes called cells. The active cell—or the
cell that can be acted upon—reveals a dark border. All other cells reveal a
light gray border. Each cell has a name. Its name is comprised of two parts:
the column letter and the row number.
 In the following picture, the cell C3—formed by the intersection
of column C and row 3—contains the dark border. It is the active
cell.

Important terms

 Each cell has a unique cell address composed of a cell's column and row.
 The active cell is the cell that receives the data or command you give it.
 A darkened border, called the cell pointer, identifies it.

Moving around the worksheet

You can move around the spreadsheet in several ways.

To move the cell pointer:

 To activate any cell, point to a cell with the mouse and click.
 To move the pointer one cell to the left, right, up, or down, use the keyboard arrow keys.

To scroll through the worksheet:

The vertical scroll bar located along the right edge of the screen is used to move up or down the spreadsheet.
The horizontal scroll bar located at the bottom of the screen is used to move left or right
across the spreadsheet.

The PageUp and PageDown keys on the keyboard are used to move the cursor up or down one
screen at a time. Other keys that move the active cell are Home, which moves to the first
column on the current row, and Ctrl+Home, which moves the cursor to the top-left corner of
the spreadsheet, or cell A1.

To move between worksheets:

As mentioned, each workbook defaults to three worksheets. These worksheets are

represented by tabs—named Sheet1, Sheet2 and Sheet3—that appear at the bottom of the Excel window.

To move from one worksheet to another:

 Click the sheet tab—Sheet1, Sheet2 or Sheet 3—you want to display.

The parts of the PowerPoint window

The PowerPoint window has toolbars and panes to help you quickly create presentations. Most of the toolbars are common
in Office applications but may feature options unique to PowerPoint:

 Title Bar: Displays the document name followed by a program name

 Menu Bar: Contains a list of options to manage and customize documents
 Standard Toolbar: Contains shortcut buttons for the most popular commands
 Formatting Toolbar: Contains buttons used for formatting
 Status Bar: Displays slide position and the type of design in PowerPoint
 Drawing Toolbar: Contains tools for drawing lines, shapes, and objects
 Task Pane: Allows you to select tasks in different categories and quickly enhance your slides in a few steps; provides
quick access to the most common actions and features in PowerPoint
 Outline and Slides Tabbed Pane: Lets you easily view a presentation in outline format (text), as well as a list of all
the slides in the presentation (with visuals)
 Help: Provides quick access to Help topics
The default view for PowerPoint 2003 is the Tri-Pane View. This view, which opens when you launch PowerPoint, allows you
to see multiple parts of a presentation at once.

The Outline and Slides tabbed panes are located on the left side of the screen. Click the tabs to view an outline or slide of
your presentation. The tabs render differently based on the size of the pane.

You can show or hide PowerPoint's toolbars. Click the View menu, then choose Toolbar. Decide which toolbars you want
to show or hide.

View buttons and slide views

The view buttons at the bottom-left corner of the screen allow three slide views: Normal View, Slide Sorter View, and Slide
Show View.
The view buttons can be useful as you prepare your presentation. They control the way slides are displayed on the screen.
Click a view button to see a different view.

Normal View contains the Outline and Slides tabbed panes on the left, the Slide pane in the center, and the Task
pane on the right.

The Outline View shows the text of your presentation for easy editing, while the Slides View shows text and graphics of the
slide you're working on. Click the tabs to switch between the two views. Under the center slide area is a place for notes.

You can hide or show the different panes in Normal View. To hide the task pane, click the View menu and choose Task
Pane. (The View menu also allows you to choose other views). To hide the Outline View and Slide tabbed panes, click the X
to the right of the Slides tab.

Here are some other views that may be useful as you create your presentations:

Slide Sorter View lets you see small versions of all the slides you have created. You can delete, copy, and move slides in
this view.

Slide Show View lets you see your presentation electronically as it will appear to an audience.

The task pane

The PowerPoint 2003 task pane is located on the right side of the screen. The down-pointing arrow in
the top-right corner of the pane allows you to select different menus and tools. By default, the task
pane appears when PowerPoint 2003 is launched.

The Slide Layout and Slide Design panes within the task pane help organize layouts, design templates,
and color schemes. When you select a design option, your slides are quickly updated with the new
look.

You can view the Slide Layout and Slide Design panes by clicking on the down-pointing arrow next
to New Presentation in the task pane.
Select Slide Layout or Slide Design (Design Templates, Color Schemes, Animation Schemes). You'll
learn more about using these panes later in this course.

Using the task pane

If you do not see the task pane on the right side of the PowerPoint window, you can easily access it.

To open the task pane:

 Click View Task Pane.

To view different panes:

 Click the down-pointing arrow next to New Presentation, then select different panes.
 Once you open different panes, you can move through them by clicking on the back and
forward arrow buttons at the top of the task pane.
 drop-down menus
PowerPoint 2003's menu bar initially displays commands you use most frequently. To view
infrequently used commands from a menu, use drop-down menus.

To view commands in a drop-down menu:

 Click a menu in the menu bar, such as

File, Edit, View, or Insert.
 Move your mouse pointer over the
double arrows at the bottom of the drop-down
menu.
 What are the Hardware Components of a Computer?
While different computers will have different hardware inside, there are similarities between most
PCs. Below are the components you'll always be sure to find.
Motherboard: The electronic skeleton of the entire system.
CPU: A powerful calculator – The brains of it all.
RAM: The indispensable short-term memory.
Hard Drive: Where all permanent data is saved and stored.
Case: The shell that holds all components together.
In addition to these components, there are others that are found in many, but not all, systems.

 Optical Drives: DVD players, mini-disc readers, DVD burners, CD readers and burners, and Blu-ray players.
 Expansion Cards: Graphic cards, network adapters, fax modems, sound cards, and other conveniently upgradable computer
additions. Usually they connect via a PCI or PCI Express slot.
 Fans: Most computers have active cooling in the form of fans. They keep critical components from overheating.
Now, let's delve deeper into each category of hardware so that you can fully understand their function.

Image Credit: Dell

The Role of Motherboards

Motherboards allow for all the other components in the computer system to become team players. By
collecting and distributing information and power to and from all the right places, motherboards allow
for connection between all the other components.
While the mobo doesn't impact system performance directly, it does determine the components that
can be installed. If you want to install a high-performance graphics card, for example, you need to have
a PCI Express x16 slot on your motherboard. If you don't, you can't use that card in your computer.

Every connection to and from the motherboard is labeled and coded. Making an error by connecting
the wrong cable to the wrong connection or inserting the CPU in the wrong way is difficult to do, but
not impossible, so be careful when plugging or unplugging components into motherboard. Improper connections can result in a
computer that won't boot, and forcing a something that isn't supposed to fit somewhere or trying to do so the wrong way can
irreparably damage a component.

 CPU - The Brain of the Entire Operation

All computer components are important, but try to start your computer after removing the CPU and
you will soon realize it is indeed the brain of the operation.
The most powerful component of your entire computer system is not the biggest one but it is often the
most expensive. With that said, choosing a fast CPU chip that is adequate for your needs will pay you
back in higher performance and less frustration.
Always make sure to read the instructions carefully on how to install the chip into the motherboard
and fasten the dedicated cooling fan. Also, if you intend to buy a new CPU, make sure you know it will
not just fit in the specific socket your motherboard has but be otherwise compatible with your
motherboard in terms of things like power requirements.

Remember, the motherboard determines what you can connect - and that includes the processor. You can't use one of Intel's new
LGA1155 processors if you have an LGA775 socket.

Image Credit: Intel

 RAM - Memories, Anything But Faded Pictures
Try to think of the size of your computer memory as your own short-term memory. Anyone can do just
one thing at a time. But if you're trying to multi-task, your memory becomes strained. Where did I put
that? What does that do?
Limited RAM in a computer has a similar impact. Because it can't store as much in short-term memory,
it has to more frequently pause and search the hard drive for data. That takes time, and slows your
computing experience.

I recommend installing four gigabytes of RAM in most systems, but two is enough for some home
computers that won't be used to multi-task frequently.

Image Credit: Kingston

 Hard Drives - Watch the Spinning Platter: What Do You Remember?

RAM is only for short-term use, which means that nothing in RAM is stored when the computer is turned off. When the computer is
on. as new programs are launched and others closed, the information in RAM changes to provide access only to the data a user is
most likely to need.

Everything else is stored in the hard drive. Again, a comparison to your own memory is apt. Every person knows many things, from
the mundane to the specific. Imagine a nuclear scientist who plays the piano as a hobby. He knows physics and how to play the
piano, but he doesn't keep all of this knowledge at the front of his mind. Smart as he may be, he doesn't discuss physics with his
colleagues while improvising a solo, and it takes him a second to go from one to the other.

Hard drives have a similar disadvantage - or at least, mechanical hard drives do. They take time to spin up and find date, resulting in
a small but noticeable pause. One solution is the solid state hard drive, which operates more like RAM but has much larger storage
capacity. However, SSDs are expensive, putting them out of reach for many buyers.

 The Right Case for the Right Motherboard

Not all motherboards will fit in a specific case, and not all cases are best suited for a specific motherboard.

The right case will take advantage of all that a motherboard has to offer. For example, if a case offers earphone and microphone jack
connections on the front of the case, it is best to take advantage of such conveniences. Front USB ports are always a helping hand as
well so that you do not need to reach to the back of your computer every time you plug in your camera.

Motherboards come in a variety of different from-factors. The most common are, in order of size from smallest to largest, mini-ITX,
micro-ATX, ATX and extended ATX. When buying a new motherboard or case, make sure that the two are of compatible size. An ATX
motherboard won't fit in a case designed for micro-ATX boards. The larger your case the less it will heat up and the more easily you
will be able to change or add parts for repairs or upgrades. Of course, a larger case will take up more room and be heavier.

 Optical Drives and Their Benefits

Optical drives were once essential, because they were the primary method of installing new software to a computer. CD-ROMs and
then DVD-ROMs carried software data that was transfered to the hard drive during installation.

Many programs can still be installed this way, and since optical drives are inexpensive, they're still common on desktops. With that
said, however, their importance is fading as more software becomes available for download online. In some cases, installing from an
online executable is quicker than installing from a physical CD or DVD-ROM (if you include driving to a store and back to get the
disks, online is almost always faster).

Still, optical drives are useful for watching movies. It's now possible to install a Blu-Ray drive in a computer, which can be a wise
investment if you have a 1080p monitor.

 Expansion Cards – The Easy Upgrades

 Simply place a card in an expansion slot, install the drivers and you are ready to go! Expansion cards are one of the easiest upgrades
to throw in a computer, as they don't require as much mucking about with power cords and connection cables.

There are three types of expansion slots: AGP, ISA and PCI. PCI and PCI Express are the newest technologies and also now the most
common. AGP and ISA are virtually never found on new computers, but if you have an older PC, you may still have to deal with
them. Unfortunately, new hardware generally does not conform to AGP or ISA standards, so you may have trouble finding
compatible products.

Video cards and sound cards are the most common upgrades found in expansion slots. RAID controllers and even solid state hard
drives are also sometimes connected via an expansion slot.

 Fans
Finally, we come to the cooling solution, and important part of any computer.

Most computers at least have a fan placed on the processor heatsink, and it's also common for a desktop computer to have an
intake and exhaust fan installed in the case. This ensures proper airflow throughout.

There are many different sizes of fans, but 80mm and 120mm are the most common. Larger fans are quiet when compared to small
fans, because small fans have to spin quicker to generate similar airflow.

Generally speaking, you won't have to mess with the cooling of a pre-built system. If you're building your own computer or upgrade
your PC, however, you should consider cooling as well. A new video card can generate a lot of excess heat, so you may want to
install an extra case fan. Overclocking a processor is also a common source of extra warmth, and may require the installation of a
larger CPU fan.

COMPUTER SOFTWARE
 PROJECT
IN
TLE
SUBMITTED BY:
MARY CHED G. DEVEZA
GRADE 6- TURQUOISE

SUBMITTED TO:
MR. DANNY ESPANOL