International Journal of Herbal Medicine 2013; 1 (4): 16-20

Department of Biochemistry, Major S D Singh Medical College & Hospital, Fatehgarh (U.P.), India
Email: somya2011.dsk@gmail.com
Tel: 7607879471

ISSN 2321-2187 IJHM

2013; 1 (4): 16-20
© 2013 AkiNik
Publications Received:
03-10-2013 Accepted:
14-10-2013

Subodh Kumar
Department of Biochemistry,
Major S
D Singh Medical College &
Hospital,
Fatehgarh (U.P.), India

Kiran Saxena
Department of Biochemistry,
Chirayu
Medical College & Hospital,
Bhopal
(M.P.) India

Uday N. Singh
Department of Biochemistry,
Major S
D Singh Medical College &
Hospital,
Fatehgarh (U.P.), India

Ravi Saxena
Department of Biochemistry,
Chirayu
Medical College & Hospital,
Bhopal
(M.P.) India

Correspondence:
Subodh Kumar
 components, property, Chemical composition, Mechanism of action, function, side effects, current
research and their potential application in modern medicine. The present study demonstrates that ginger
showed broad spectrum action in which Anti-inflammatory action is one of them. So the present study
concludes that ginger and its bioactive components have the potential for development of modern
medicine in the treatment of anemia and various diseases in near future.

Keywords: Bioactive component of ginger, Anti-inflammatory action, Anemia, Anemia of inflammation,

Modern Medicine.

1. Introduction
Anemia of inflammation is considered a major contributor to anemia observed in developing
countries [ 1] and anemia of inflammation may even be associated with asymptomatic and
Anti- subclinical infection [2]. The only effective treatment of chronic inflammation is correction of
inflammatory the underlying disorder [3]. NF-κB is a pleiotropic transcription factor. It is involved in the
transcriptional activation of numerous genes leading to a cumulative immunogenic response,
action of provides a molecular link between the innate and adaptive immune system, whilst playing
regulatory roles in haemapoiesis and lymphoid organogenesis. NF-κB activation seems to be a
key early event in a variety of cell & animal model systems developed to elucidate the
ginger: A pathobiology of lung disease including Systemic inflammatory [4].
Ginger is extensively used as a spice & food preservative in India, China and South East Asia
critical and probably originated in India. [5, 58] Ginger obtained from the underground stems of
rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Rosc.), an herbaceous tropical perennial belonging to the
review in family Zingiberaceae. It has been used in Ayurvedic Medicine since ancient times with various
biological applications. Different constituents of ginger has been established its role in
anemia of medicine to treat various ailments from time immemorial in different parts of the world [6].
Recent years have seen an increased enthusiasm in treating various diseases with natural
inflammation products. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a non- toxic highly promising natural antioxidant
compound having a wide spectrum of biological function (antimicrobial, anti- inflammatory,
and its future antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anticarcinogenic). Safety evaluation studies indicate that
Zingiber officinale are well tolerated even at a very high dose without any toxic effects [7].
aspects Thus ginger and its bioactive components have the potential for development of modern
medicine in the treatment of anemia and inflammation associated diseases

Subodh Kumar, Kiran ~ 16 ~

Saxena, Uday N. Singh,
Ravi Saxena

ABSTRACT
Anti-inflammatory action of
ginger has been confirmed
by various scientists, but
there is very few review
article published till date on
inflammation associated
diseases. Inflammation is
mainly, culprit of anemia
and inflammation
associated disorder (like-
Pulmonary diseases,
Cardiovascular diseases,
Diabetes Type-2, cancer,
Arthritis, Alzheimer,
Neurological diseases and
Autoimmune
diseases).Since Infection
(bacterial/ viral), activate
Nuclear factor –-κB, which
is a major mediator of
inflammation in most of the
disease. Zinger has been
established potent NF–ƙB
inhibitory action via the
suppression of pro-
inflammatory cytokine,
TNF-α and also provides a
molecular link between the
innate and adaptive immune
system. This review takes
the Zinger bioactive
 International Journal of Herbal Medicine
(like- Pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular diseases, Diabetes Type-
2, cancer, Arthritis, Alzheimer, Neurological diseases and
autoimmune diseases) in near future cost effectively, the main aim
of the present review.
2. Review of Literature
2.1 Chemistry of zinger
In the fresh ginger rhizome, the gingerols were identified as the major
active components and [6] gingerol [5-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-
methoxy phenyl) decan-3-one is the most abundant constituent in
Table 1: Structure of active component of ginger with IUPAC name
1. 6-gingerol (S)-5-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-decanone
2. 8- gingerol (5S)-5-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) dodecan-3-one
3. 10-gingerol (E)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) dec-4-en-3-one
4. 6-shogaol (E)-1-(4-Hydroxy-3- methoxyphenyl) dec-4-en-3-one
2.2 Chemical Composition of ginger: Nutritional data for 100
gm. Dry ginger is as follows
Water–9.4 gm, Protein–9.1gm, Fat–6.0gm, Total carbohydrate–
70.8 gm, Food energy–374 kcal, Fibre–5.9 gm, ash–4.8 gm, iron–
12 mg, magnesium–184 mg, Phosphorous- 148 mg, potassium-
1342 mg, sodium-32 mg, zinc–5 mg and niacin-5mg [11].
2.3 The percentage of vitamin in ginger rhizome powder is as
follows
Thiamine–0.035%, Riboflavin–0.015%, Niacin–0.045%,
Pyridoxin–0.056%, Vitamin C–44%, vitamin A-Traces, vitamin E-
Traces, Total-44.15% [12].
2.4 Ginger: safety, dose, side effect and drug interactions
Safety: Ginger is recommended in U.S. Food and Drug
Administration’s GRAS (generally recognized as safe) list.The
British Herbal Compendium documents no adverse effects of
ginger [13]. Ginger appears to be relatively safe except in pregnancy
[14].
Dose: A dose of 0.5–1.0 g of ginger powder ingested 2-3 times for
periods ranging from 3 months to 2.5 years did not cause any
adverse effects [ 15]. Most of the research has been done with 1-2
grams of ginger powder, but in India the average intake is around
8-10 grams per day.
Side effect: Ginger is quite safe in therapeutic doses. For anti-
inflammatory purpose, the dose of ginger is 3–6 grams two to three
times per day. In experimental animals, the doses of 2.5 gram/kg
body weight were tolerated without any mortality. However, when
the dose was increased to 3–3.5 gram/kg body weight then there
was 10–30 % mortality [16].
Drug interaction: Few ginger–drug interactions have been
reported in the literature. Ginger does not interact with the anti-
coagulant drug warfarin in rats or man [17- 18].
2.5 Functional property of Ginger: Ginger, as an antimicrobial
[19-21]
, anti-inflammatory [22-29], antioxidant [30--32] and
immunomodulatory role [26] have been established.
2.6 Mechanism of action of ginger
Ginger is considered to exert its anti-inflammatory activity by
inhibiting COX-2 and LOX pathways [33-34]. Recently, it has been
~ 17 ~
the gingerol series (Table 1). The powdered rhizome contains 3-6%
fatty oil, 9% protein, 60-70% carbohydrates, 3-8% crude fiber,
about 8% ash, 9-12% water and 2-3% volatile oil. The volatile oil
consists of mainly mono and sesquiter–penes; camphene, beta-
phellandrene, curcumene, cineole, geranyl acetate, terphineol,
terpenes, borneol, geraniol, limonene, linalool, alpha-zingiberene
(30-70%), beta-sesquiphellandrene (15-20%), beta-bisabolene (10-
15%) and alpha-farmesene. In dried ginger powder, shogaol a
dehydrated product of gingerol, is a predominant pungent
constituent upto [8-10].
observed that two labdanum-diterpene like dialdehides isolated
from Ginger extracts act as in vitro inhibitors of the human 5-
lipooxygenase [35]. In one study curcumin has been shown to
suppress the expression of COX2, 5-LOX, and iNOS, most likely
through the downregulation of NF-κB activation [ 36]. The other
study reported that 6-gingerol, a natural analog of curcumin
derived from the root of ginger (Zingiber officinalis ), exhibits a
biologic activity profile similar to that of curcumin [37].
2.7 Anti-inflammatory action of ginger
The anti-inflammatory properties of ginger have been known and
valued for centuries. The original discovery of ginger's inhibitory
effects on prostaglandin biosynthesis in the early 1970s has been
repeatedly confirmed. This discovery identified ginger as an herbal
medicinal product that shares pharmacological properties with non-
steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Ginger suppresses prostaglandin
synthesis through inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 and
cyclooxygenase-2. An important extension of this early work was
the observation that ginger also suppresses leukotriene biosynthesis
by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase. This pharmacological property
distinguishes ginger from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
This discovery preceded the observation that dual inhibitors of
cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase may have a better therapeutic
profile and have fewer side effects than non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs. The characterization of the pharmacological
properties of ginger entered a new phase with the discovery that a
ginger extract (EV.EXT.77) derived from Zingiberofficinale (family
Zingiberaceae) and Alpinagalanga (family Zingiberaceae) inhibits
the induction of several genes involved in the inflammatory
response. These include genes encoding cytokines, chemokines,
and the inducible enzyme cyclooxygenase-2. This discovery
provided the first evidence that ginger modulates biochemical
pathways activated in chronic inflammation. The earlier report
suggested that in Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Osteoarthritis
(OA) patients, use of powdered ginger for 3-month to 2.5-year
period, reduce pain and inflammation in 75% patients without any
adverse effect and suggested ginger is an anti-inflammatory agent [
24]
. 6-gingerol acts as an anti-inflammatory compound that may be
useful to treat inflammation without interfering with antigen
presenting function of macrophages [38]. It has been also recently
observed that Synergistic effect of Ginger with anti- tuberculosis
treatment were more beneficial effect rather than only ATT (anti-
tuberculosis treatment) in anemic Pulmonary
 International Journal of Herbal Medicine
tuberculosis Patients and concluded that ginger supplementation in
such patients not only increases absorption of iron but also
significant decreases in CRP, Ferritin and significant increase in
Fig 1: Synergetic effect of anti- tubercular treatment (ATT) with ginger supplementation a new approach to cure TB with better outcome.
2.8 Antimicrobial Action
Investigation of ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale) afforded three
lipophilic analogues 6-gingerol [39]
, 8-gingerol [40]
and 10- gingerol
41]
that exhibited antimicrobial activity. The lipophilic analogues
Fig 2: NF-ƙB activating agen
2.9 Pathophysiological Mechanism underlying Anemia of
inflammation
Anemia of inflammation Pathophysiology is like Anemia of
Chronic disease (ACD) [60]. During inflammation, hepcidin (an
acute phase protein) production is stimulated and iron entry into
plasma is inhibited, causing the hypoferremia and anemia of
inflammation [42]. Acute Phase Proteins are a class of diverse
Proteins whose blood plasma concentrations increase (positive
acute phase protein), or decreases (negative acute phase protein)
during the response to inflammation in the acute phase. They are
produced within a few hours by the liver, responding to
inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, TNF-α and in particular IL-6
[43-44, 59]
. It has been observed that during infection, there is an
increase in cytokine levels (IL-6) which is responsible for
activation of NF-κB & endotoxins which in turn increase the
synthesis and release of CRP from hepatocytes. Raised level of
CRP is marker of inflammation which causes blunted
erythropoietin resistance resulting anemia.
2.10 Various disorders linked with anemia of inflammation
Inflammation is considered to play an important role in the
Pathophysiology of various disorders. However, when
inflammation becomes chronic or lasts too long, it can be harmful.
The diagnosis of inflammation and its biomarkers are not fully
understood; however, pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines,
adhesion molecules and the inflammatory enzymes have been
linked to chronic inflammation [45]. Chronic inflammation has been
~ 18 ~
serum iron, total iron binding capacity, which in turn correct
anemia [29].
(8-gengerol and 10 gingerol) were more active, with MIC values of
25–50 μg/ ml exhibited towards M. tuberculosis H37Rv and M.
[ avium [40, 41].
found to mediate a wide variety of diseases including cardiovascular
diseases, diabetes, arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease, pulmonary diseases
and autoimmune diseases. Chronic inflammation has also been
associated with various steps involved in carcinogenesis as well as
cellular transformation, promotion, survival, proliferation, invasion,
angiogenesis and metastasis [46-47]. Many pro-inflammatory cytokines
can activate the transcriptional factor NF-κB, while some of the effects
of pro-inflammatory cytokines may be mediated through the NF-κB
pathway [48-50].
2.11 Role of Bioactive component of Zinger
The 6-gingerol and 6-paradol have been reported to possess a
strong anti-inflammatory activity and to suppress the TNF-α
production in TPA-treated female ICR-mice and rats [51, 52]. The
activation of the TNF-α gene causes the release of pro-
inflammatory cytokines, and this would activate the transcriptional
factor NF-κB. Activation of NF-κB would activate the expression
of other inflammatory cytokines such as COX-2, LOX-2, other
chemokines and iNOS, which would lead to inflammation and
related diseases. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is widely used all
over the world as a spice and condiment in daily cooking. It is a
natural food component with many active phenolic compounds
such as shagaol and gingerol, and it has been shown to have broad
anti-inflammatory action. It is apparent that ginger may act as an
anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory agent by blocking the activation
of NF-κB via the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-
[53]
α . Other, similar reports have also shown the inhibitory effect of
 International Journal of Herbal Medicine
ginger on the NF-κB pathway: topical application of 6-gingerol
inhibited TPA-induced COX-2 expression and suppressed NF-κB
DNA binding activity in mice skin [51, 54]. The 6-gingerol and 6-
paradol have been reported to possess a strong anti-inflammatory
activity and to suppress the TNF-α production in TPA-treated
female ICR-mice and rats [51, 52]. Inhibiting the activity of NF-κB,
will subsequently inhibit inflammation and inflammation
associated disorder. The natural active compounds in ginger
(gingerols and zerumbone) have been found to be potent inhibitors
for NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-a. Ginger may
block any one or more steps in the NF-κB signaling pathway, such
as the signals that activate the NF-κB signaling cascade,
translocation of NF-κB into the nucleus, DNA binding of dimers or
interactions with the basal transcriptional machinery [55].
Ginger extract significantly reduced the elevated expression of NF-
κB and TNF-α in rats with liver cancer. Ginger may act as an anti-
cancer and anti-inflammatory agent by inactivating NF-κB through
the suppression of the pro-inflammatory TNF-α [56].
2.12 Zinger future perspective
As a source of potential chemotherapeutic agent continues. Natural
products and their derivatives represent more than 50% of all the
drugs in clinical use in the world today. Phytomedicine have more
beneficial effect than their synthetic counterparts through being
safer, acceptable, affordable, culturally compatible and suitable for
Fig 3: Ginger Supplement inhibits both COX- 2 & LPO expression by suppressing NF- ƙB activity via TNF – α
This review article concludes that ginger and its bioactive
components have the potential for development of modern
medicine in the treatment of various diseases in near future because
it controls the molecular mechanism of inflammation. Further trials
in humans are required to determine the efficacy of ginger (one or
more of its constituents) and to study what, if any, beneficial or
adverse effects are observed if consume over a long period of time.
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International Journal of Herbal Medicine pada tahun 2013; 1 (4): 16-20

ISSN 2321-2187 IJHM 2013; 1 (4): 16-20

© 2013 AkiNik publikasi menerima: 03-10-2013 diterima: 14-
10-2013

Subodh Kumar
Departemen biokimia, Mayor S
D Singh Medical College & rumah sakit

Fatehgarh (U.P.), India

Kiran Saxena
Departemen biokimia, Chirayu
Medical College & rumah sakit, Bhopal

(TITIK LEBUR) India

Uday N. Singh

Departemen biokimia, Mayor S

D Singh Medical College & rumah sakit

Fatehgarh (U.P.), India

Ravi Saxena

Departemen biokimia, Chirayu

Medical College & rumah sakit, Bhopal

(TITIK LEBUR) India

 peradangan kronis adalah koreksi gangguan mendasari [3]. NF-
κB adalah faktor transkripsi pleiotropic. Itu terlibat dalam
aktivasi transcriptional banyak gen yang menyebabkan respons
immunogenic kumulatif, menyediakan link molekul antara
Korespondensi: bawaan dan adaptif sistem kekebalan tubuh, sementara
Subodh Kumar
memainkan peraturan peran dalam haemapoiesis dan
organogenesis limfoid . NF-κB aktivasi tampaknya menjadi
Departemen biokimia, Mayor S D Singh Medical College & rumah awal peristiwa penting dalam berbagai sel & sistem hewan
sakit, Fatehgarh (U.P.), Email di India: somya2011.dsk@gmail.com
model yang dikembangkan untuk menelaah Patobiologi penyakit
paru-paru termasuk sistemik inflamasi [4] .
Tel: 7607879471
Jahe secara ekstensif digunakan sebagai rempah-rempah &
makanan pengawet di India, Cina dan Asia Tenggara dan
mungkin berasal dari India. [5, 58] Jahe Diperoleh dari batang
bawah tanah rimpang Zingiber officinale Rosc.), abadi tropis
herba milik keluarga Zingiberaceae. Ini telah digunakan dalam
pengobatan Ayurveda sejak zaman kuno dengan berbagai
aplikasi biologi. Berbeda konstituen jahe telah didirikan
perannya obat untuk mengobati berbagai penyakit dari zaman
dahulu di berbagai belahan dunia [6]. Beberapa tahun terakhir
telah melihat peningkatan antusiasme dalam mengobati berbagai
penyakit dengan produk alami. Jahe (Zingiber officinale) adalah
non-toksik sangat menjanjikan antioksidan alami senyawa
memiliki spektrum yang luas dari fungsi biologis (antimikroba,
anti-inflamasi, antioksidan, imunomodulator, anticarcinogenic).
Studi menunjukkan bahwa Zingiber officinale baik ditoleransi
Anti inflamasi jahe: sebuah bahkan pada dosis sangat tinggi tanpa efek beracun evaluasi [7].
Dengan demikian jahe dan komponen bioaktif yang memiliki
tinjauan kritis di anemia potensi untuk pengembangan kedokteran modern dalam
pengobatan anemia dan peradangan yang terkait penyakit
peradangan dan aspek masa
depan ~ 16 ~

Subodh Kumar, Kiran Saxena, Uday N. Singh Ravi

Saxena

ABSTRAK

Anti inflamasi jahe telah dikonfirmasi oleh berbagai ilmuwan, tapi

ada sangat sedikit review artikel yang diterbitkan sampai tanggal
pada penyakit peradangan yang terkait. Peradangan terutama,
penyebab anemia dan peradangan terkait disorder (penyakit seperti-
paru-paru, penyakit kardiovaskular, Diabetes Tipe 2, kanker,
Arthritis, Alzheimer, penyakit saraf dan penyakit autoimun). Karena
infeksi (bakteri / virus), Aktifkan nuklir faktor--κB, yang merupakan
pengantara besar peradangan di sebagian besar penyakit. Zinger telah
didirikan ampuh NF-ƙB penghambatan tindakan melalui penindasan
sitokin pro-inflamasi, TNF-α dan juga menyediakan link molekul
antara sistem kekebalan tubuh bawaan dan adaptif. Ulasan ini
mengambil komponen bioaktif Zinger, properti, komposisi kimia,
mekanisme aksi, fungsi, efek samping, penelitian saat ini dan
aplikasinya potensial dalam kedokteran modern. Penelitian ini
menunjukkan bahwa jahe menunjukkan spektrum luas tindakan
dalam anti-inflamasi yang tindakan adalah salah satu dari mereka.
Jadi penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa jahe dan komponen bioaktif
yang memiliki potensi untuk pengembangan kedokteran modern
dalam pengobatan anemia dan berbagai penyakit dalam waktu dekat.

Kata kunci: Komponen bioaktif tindakan jahe, anti-inflamasi, Anemia,

Anemia peradangan, Kedokteran Modern.

1. Pendahuluan

Anemia peradangan dianggap merupakan kontributor utama

anemia yang diamati di negara-negara berkembang [ 1] dan
anemia peradangan bahkan mungkin dikaitkan dengan infeksi
asimtomatik dan subklinis [2] . Pengobatan hanya efektif
 International Journal of Pengobatan Herbal 2.4 jahe: keselamatan, dosis, efek samping dan interaksi obat

Keselamatan: Jahe direkomendasikan di US Food and Drug

(seperti-paru-paru penyakit, penyakit kardiovaskular, Diabetes Tipe
2, kanker, Arthritis, Alzheimer, penyakit saraf dan penyakit
autoimun) dalam waktu dekat biaya yang efektif, tujuan utama dari
review hadir.
2. Review di dalam literatur
2. 1 kimia zinger
Di rimpang jahe segar, gingerols diidentifikasi sebagai komponen-
komponen aktif utama dan [6] Gingerol [5-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-
methoxy phenyl) decan-3-satu adalah konstituen terbanyak di
seri gingerol (Tabel 1). Rimpang bubuk berisi 3-6% minyak lemak,
protein 9%, 60-70% karbohidrat, 3-8% serat kasar, sekitar 8% abu,
9-12% air dan minyak atsiri 2-3%. Minyak Atsiri terdiri terutama
mono dan sesquiter-PES; camphene, beta-phellandrene,
curcumene, cineole, geranyl asetat, terphineol, terpenes, borneol,
geraniol, limonene, linalool, alpha-zingiberene (30-70%), beta-
sesquiphellandrene (15-20%), beta-bisabolene (10-15%) dan alpha-
farmesene. Dalam kering bubuk jahe, shogaol produk dehidrasi
gingerol, adalah upto konstituen dominan pedas [8-10] .
administrasi GRAS (umum diakui sebagai aman) Daftar. Ikhtisar
Herbal Inggris dokumen tidak ada efek samping jahe [13]. Jahe
tampaknya menjadi relatif aman kecuali kehamilan
[14].
Dosis: Dosis 0,5-1,0 g bubuk jahe tertelan 2 - 3 kali untuk periode
mulai dari 3 bulan 2,5 tahun tidak menimbulkan efek samping [ 15] .
Banyak penelitian telah dilakukan dengan 1-2 gram bubuk jahe,
tetapi di India asupan rata-rata adalah sekitar 8-10 gram per hari.
Efek samping : Jahe cukup aman dalam dosis terapi. Untuk tujuan
anti-inflamasi, dosis jahe adalah 3 – 6 gram dua sampai tiga kali
per hari. Dalam hewan percobaan, dosis 2,5 gram/kg berat badan
ditoleransi tanpa kematian apapun. Namun, ketika dosis meningkat
untuk 3-3,5 gram/kg berat badan kemudian ada 10-30% kematian
[16]
.
Interaksi obat: Beberapa interaksi jahe-obat telah dilaporkan
dalam literatur. Jahe tidak berinteraksi dengan obat anti koagulan
warfarin tikus atau manusia [17-18] .
2.5 fungsional properti jahe: Jahe, sebagai antimikroba [19-21]
anti-inflamasi [22-29] antioksidan [30 - 32] dan peran imunomodulator
[26]
telah didirikan.

2.6 mekanisme aksi jahe

Tabel 1: Struktur aktif komponen
jahe dengan nama IUPAC Jahe dianggap untuk mengerahkan aktivitas anti-inflamasi oleh
COX-2 menghambat dan jalur asap [33-34] . Baru-baru ini telah
(S) -5-hydroxy-1-(4-
hydroxy-3-
6- methoxyphenyl)-3-
1. gingerol decanone
diamati bahwa dua labdanum-diterpene seperti dialdehides
(5S)-5-hydroxy-1-(4- terisolasi dari jahe ekstrak bertindak sebagai in vitro inhibitor
hydroxy-3-
manusia 5-lipooxygenase [35] . Dalam satu studi curcumin telah
8- methoxyphenyl) dodecan-
ditunjukkan untuk menekan ekspresi COX2, 5-asap, dan iNOS,
2. gingerol 3-satu
(E)-1-(4-hydroxy-3- paling mungkin melalui downregulation aktivasi NF-κB [ 36]. Studi
10- methoxyphenyl) dec-4- lain melaporkan bahwa 6-gingerol, analog alami kurkumin berasal
dari akar jahe (Zingiber officinalis ), memamerkan aktivitas
3. gingerol en-3-satu
(E) -1-(4-hydroxy-3- biologis profil mirip dengan curcumin [37] .
6- methoxyphenyl) dec-4-
4. shogaol en-3-satu 2.7 inflamasi jahe

Anti-kobaran properti jahe telah dikenal dan dihargai selama

2.2 komposisi kimia jahe: gizi data untuk 100 gm. kering jahe
adalah sebagai berikut
Air-9.4 gm, Protein – 9.1 gm, lemak – 6.0 gm, Total Karbohidrat-
70.8 gm, kcal energi-374 makanan, serat-5.9 gm, abu – 4.8 gm, mg
besi – 12, mg magnesium-184, fosfor-148 mg, mg kalium-1342,
natrium-32 mg, seng-5 mg dan niasin-5 mg [11] .
2.3 persentase vitamin di rimpang jahe bubuk adalah sebagai
berikut
Thiamine–0.035%, Riboflavin–0.015%, Niacin–0.045%,
Pyridoxin–0.056%, Vitamin C-44%, vitamin A-jejak, vitamin E-
jejak, Total-44.15% [12] .
berabad-abad. Penemuan asli ginger dampaknya penghambatan
biosintesis prostaglandin awal 1970-an telah berulang kali
dikonfirmasi. Penemuan ini diidentifikasi jahe sebagai produk obat
herbal yang saham sifat farmakologi dengan obat anti-inflamasi
non-steroid. Jahe suppresses sintesis prostaglandin melalui
penghambatan siklooksigenase 1 dan siklooksigenase 2.
Perpanjangan penting karya awal ini adalah pengamatan bahwa
jahe juga suppresses leukotrien biosintesis dengan menghambat 5-
lipoxygenase. Properti ini farmakologis membedakan jahe dari
obat anti inflamasi non steroid. Penemuan ini mendahului
pengamatan bahwa dual inhibitor cyclooxygenase dan 5-
lipoxygenase mungkin memiliki profil terapeutik yang lebih baik
dan memiliki lebih sedikit efek samping dari obat anti-inflamasi
non-steroid. Karakterisasi sifat farmakologis jahe memasuki babak
baru dengan penemuan bahwa jahe ekstrak (EV. EXT.77) berasal
dari Zingiberofficinale (keluarga Zingiberaceae) dan Alpinagalanga
(keluarga Zingiberaceae) menghambat induksi beberapa gen yang
terlibat dalam respon peradangan. Ini termasuk gen pengkodean
sitokin, chemokines dan diinduksi enzim siklooksigenase 2.
Penemuan ini memberikan bukti pertama bahwa jahe memodulasi
jalur biokimia yang diaktifkan dalam peradangan kronis. Laporan
sebelumnya menyatakan bahwa di Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) dan
Osteoartritis (OA) pasien, penggunaan bubuk jahe untuk 3 bulan
untuk 2,5 tahun periode, mengurangi rasa sakit dan peradangan di
75% pasien tanpa efek yang merugikan dan jahe disarankan adalah
agen anti-inflamasi [ 24]. 6-gingerol bertindak sebagai senyawa anti-
inflamasi yang mungkin berguna untuk mengobati peradangan
tanpa mengganggu menyajikan antigen fungsi makrofag [38]. Telah
juga baru diamati bahwa efek sinergis jahe dengan anti-
tuberkulosis pengobatan yang lebih bermanfaat daripada hanya
ATT (pengobatan anti-tuberkulosis) di paru-paru anemia

~ 17 ~
 International Journal of Pengobatan Herbal
tuberkulosis pasien dan menyimpulkan bahwa jahe suplementasi
pada pasien tersebut tidak hanya meningkatkan penyerapan besi
tetapi juga signifikan penurunan CRP, feritin dan peningkatan
signifikan
serum besi, besi total mengikat kapasitas, yang pada gilirannya
benar anemia [29] .
Fig 1: Efek sinergis pengobatan anti-tubercular (ATT) dengan jahe
suplementasi pendekatan baru untuk menyembuhkan TB dengan hasil lebih
baik.
2.8 tindakan antimikroba
Penyelidikan rimpang jahe (Zingiber officinale) diberikan tiga lipofilik
Analoginya 6-gingerol [39] 8-gingerol [40] dan 10-gingerol [ 41] yang
dipamerkan aktivitas antimikroba. Analoginya lipofilik
(8-gengerol dan 10 gingerol) adalah lebih aktif, dengan nilai-nilai
MIC 25-50 μg / ml dipamerkan menuju M. TBC H37Rv dan M.
avium [40, 41] .
Fig 2: NF-ƙB mengaktifkan agen
2.9 patofisiologi mekanisme yang mendasari Anemia
peradangan
Anemia peradangan patofisiologi adalah seperti Anemia kronis
penyakit (ACD) [60] . Selama peradangan, hepcidin (protein fase
akut) produksi dirangsang dan besi masuk ke plasma dihambat,
menyebabkan anemia peradangan dan hypoferremia [42]. Protein
fase akut adalah kelas beragam protein (protein fase akut positif),
meningkatkan konsentrasi plasma darah yang atau menurun
(protein fase akut negatif) selama respon terhadap peradangan
dalam fase akut. Mereka yang diproduksi dalam beberapa jam oleh
hati, menanggapi sitokin-sitokin inflamasi seperti IL-1, TNF-α dan
IL-6 tertentu [43-44, 59]. Telah diamati bahwa selama infeksi, ada
peningkatan kadar sitokin (IL-6) yang bertanggung jawab untuk
aktivasi NF-κB & endotoxins yang pada gilirannya meningkatkan
sintesis dan pelepasan CRP dari hepatocytes yang bisa terjadi.
Mengangkat tingkat CRP adalah penanda peradangan yang
menyebabkan anemia dihasilkan perlawanan tumpul eritropoietin.
2.10 berbagai gangguan terkait dengan anemia peradangan
Peradangan dianggap memainkan peran penting dalam
patofisiologi berbagai gangguan. Namun, ketika peradangan
menjadi kronis atau berlangsung terlalu lama, ini dapat berbahaya.
Diagnosis peradangan dan biomarker yang tidak difahami
sepenuhnya; Namun, sitokin pro-inflamatorik, chemokines,
molekul adhesi dan inflamasi enzim telah dikaitkan dengan
peradangan kronis [45]. Peradangan kronis telah
ditemukan untuk menengahi berbagai macam penyakit termasuk
penyakit kardiovaskular, diabetes, artritis, penyakit Alzheimer,
penyakit paru-paru dan penyakit autoimun. Peradangan kronis juga
telah dikaitkan dengan berbagai langkah terlibat dalam karsinogenesis
sebagai baik sebagai selular transformasi, promosi, kelangsungan
hidup, proliferasi, invasi, angiogenesis dan metastasis [46-47] . Banyak
sitokin pro-inflamatorik dapat mengaktifkan faktor transcriptional NF-
κB, sementara beberapa efek sitokin pro-inflamasi mungkin dimediasi
melalui jalur NF-κB [48-50] .
2.11 peran komponen bioaktif Zinger
6-gingerol dan 6-paradol telah dilaporkan memiliki aktivitas anti-
inflamasi yang kuat dan untuk menekan produksi TNF-α
diperlakukan TPA - perempuan ICR-tikus dan tikus [51, 52] .
Aktivasi gen TNF-α menyebabkan pelepasan sitokin pro-inflamasi,
dan ini akan mengaktifkan faktor transcriptional NF-κB. Aktivasi
NF-κB akan mengaktifkan ekspresi sitokin inflamasi lainnya
seperti COX-2, asap-2, chemokines dan iNOS, yang mengarah ke
peradangan dan penyakit terkait lainnya. Jahe (Zingiber officinale)
ini banyak digunakan seluruh dunia sebagai rempah-rempah dan
bumbu dalam memasak sehari-hari. Komponen makanan alami
dengan banyak senyawa fenolik yang aktif seperti shagaol dan
gingerol, dan itu telah terbukti memiliki tindakan anti-inflamasi
yang luas. Jelas bahwa jahe dapat bertindak sebagai agen anti-
kanker dan anti-inflamasi dengan menghalangi aktivasi NF-κB
melalui penindasan sitokin pro-inflamasi, TNF -
Α [53] . Laporan lainnya, serupa juga telah menunjukkan efek
penghambatan

~ 18 ~
 International Journal of Pengobatan Herbal
jahe pada jalur NF-κB: aplikasi topikal dari 6-gingerol
menghambat ekspresi TPA-induced COX-2 dan ditekan NF-κB
DNA mengikat kegiatan mice kulit [51, 54] . 6-gingerol dan 6-
paradol telah dilaporkan memiliki aktivitas anti-inflamasi yang
kuat dan untuk menekan produksi TNF-α diperlakukan TPA-
perempuan ICR-tikus dan tikus [51, 52]. Menghambat aktivitas NF-
κB, kemudian akan menghambat peradangan dan gangguan
peradangan yang terkait. Senyawa aktif alami di jahe (gingerols
dan zerumbone) telah ditemukan untuk menjadi kuat inhibitor
untuk NF-κB dan sitokin pro-inflamasi TNF-a. Jahe dapat
menghalangi salah satu atau lebih langkah di jalur signaling NF-
κB, seperti sinyal yang mengaktifkan sinyal NF-κB cascade,
translokasi NF-κB ke inti, mengikat DNA dimers atau interaksi
dengan mesin transcriptional basal [55] .
Jahe ekstrak ekspresi ditinggikan NF-κB dan TNF-α pada tikus
dengan kanker hati berkurang secara signifikan. Jahe dapat
bertindak sebagai agen anti-kanker dan anti-inflamasi oleh
inactivating NF-κB melalui penindasan pro-inflamasi TNF-α [56] .
2.12 Perspektif masa depan Zinger
Sebagai sumber potensial agen kemoterapi terus. Produk alami dan
turunannya mewakili lebih dari 50% dari semua obat klinis
digunakan dalam dunia hari ini. Phytomedicine memiliki efek lebih
menguntungkan daripada rekan-rekan sintetik mereka melalui
menjadi lebih aman, dapat diterima, terjangkau, budaya kompatibel
dan cocok untuk
kronis perawatan & akhirnya menyimpulkan bahwa meskipun ada
beberapa masalah yang membatasi perkembangan phytomedicine,
seperti kurangnya standardisasi, khasiat dan kontrol kualitas
tanaman yang digunakan, kepunahan beberapa spesies tumbuhan,
kekurangan dana dan orang lain, jika masalah ini dapat diatasi
sepenuhnya, ini akan membantu di masa depan pengembangan dan
harmonisasi phytomedicines [57]
3. diskusi & kesimpulan
Atas dasar di atas menyebutkan review di dalam literatur kami
menemukan bahwa peradangan dan respon fase akut berinteraksi
dengan zat besi, yang mengarah ke disregulation besi metabolisme
dihasilkan anemia. NF-κB aktivasi adalah mediator utama
peradangan di sebagian besar penyakit (seperti-paru-paru penyakit,
penyakit kardiovaskular, Diabetes Tipe 2, kanker, Arthritis,
Alzheimer, penyakit saraf dan penyakit autoimun), dan inhibisi
aktivasi NF-κB dapat menekan peradangan. Atas ekspresi NF-κB,
COX2, 5-asap, dan iNOS mengarah ke peradangan dan gangguan
peradangan yang terkait. Karena jahe ampuh NF-κB penghambatan
tindakan, menekan ekspresi COX2, 5-asap, dan iNOS, paling
mungkin melalui downregulation aktivasi NF-κB. Jahe dapat
bertindak sebagai anti-inflamasi agen dengan menghalangi aktivasi
NF-κB melalui penindasan sitokin pro-inflamasi, TNF-α. (Fig. 3)
Fig 3: Jahe suplemen menghambat ekspresi COX - 2 & LPO dengan
menekan NF - ƙB kegiatan melalui TNF- /α
Review Pasal ini menyimpulkan bahwa jahe dan komponen
bioaktif yang memiliki potensi untuk pengembangan kedokteran
modern dalam pengobatan berbagai penyakit dalam waktu dekat
karena akan mengontrol mekanisme molekul inflamasi. Lebih
lanjut percobaan pada manusia diperlukan untuk menentukan
efektivitas jahe (satu atau lebih dari konstituennya) dan belajar apa,
jika ada, efek menguntungkan atau merugikan diamati jika
mengkonsumsi selama jangka waktu yang panjang.
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