Terahertz radiation generation by pulse slippage of Cosh-Gaussian lasers in a

corrugated magnetized plasma

Kusum Lata Mann, Vivek Sajal, Prateek Varshney, and Navneet K. Sharma

Citation: Physics of Plasmas 24, 123117 (2017);

View online: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5006690
View Table of Contents: http://aip.scitation.org/toc/php/24/12
Published by the American Institute of Physics

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 PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 24, 123117 (2017)

Terahertz radiation generation by pulse slippage of Cosh-Gaussian lasers

in a corrugated magnetized plasma
Kusum Lata Mann,1 Vivek Sajal,1,a) Prateek Varshney,2 and Navneet K. Sharma1
1
Department of Physics and Materials Science and Engineering, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology,
Noida 201307, UP, India
2
Laser Plasma Division, Raja Ramanna Centre of Advance Technology, Indore 452013, MP, India
(Received 26 September 2017; accepted 3 December 2017; published online 27 December 2017)
The combined effects of pulse slippage and the transverse magnetic field are studied on terahertz
radiation excitation by nonlinear beating of two cosh-Gaussian (ChG) laser pulses propagating in a
corrugated plasma. The beating lasers exert nonlinear ponderomotive force on plasma electrons. The
oscillating electrons couple with corrugations present in the plasma and resonantly excite a nonlinear
current (at different frequencies) which drive the terahertz wave at proper phase matching condi-
tions. As the group velocity of THz radiation is higher than the group velocity of beating lasers, the
THz pulse slips forward the pump lasers, and its saturation takes place. The effects of THz wave fre-
quency, the decentred parameter (of beating lasers), the periodicity of the density structure, and the
applied dc magnetic field are studied on THz emission. An efficiency of 104 is achieved for a
laser intensity of 2  1015 W/cm2 (at a laser wavelength of 10.6 lm for the CO2 laser).
Published by AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5006690

I. INTRODUCTION matches with the phase velocity of the generated terahertz

Electromagnetic spectra which lie in the midst of micro-
waves and infrared waves provide unique features in both
fundamental and applied research. This range, popularly
called as terahertz (THz) waves, finds its potential applica-
tions in material characterization, medicine and biology,
explosive detection, and time domain spectroscopy.1–4 In the
last few decades, scientific community has put efforts to find
a better technology for operating and generating THz radia-
tion with reasonable size, suitable price, and high efficiency.
Several new schemes have been proposed to generate THz
radiation. For instance, non-plasma experimental schemes
based on photoconductive antennas, super-luminous laser
pulse interactions with electro-optic crystals, and large
bandgap semiconductors, e.g., GaAs, ZnTe, and LiNbO3, can
be used to generate THz radiation.5–11 However, these meth-
ods are not efficient enough due to lower damage limits and
small conversion efficiencies. A plasma provides a promising
medium because it is capable of tolerating very high powers
and shows strong non-linear effects.
In the literature, various schemes based on laser
plasma interactions are reported.12–25 A corrugated plasma
has been utilized to achieve resonance conditions (for effi-
cient energy transfer from the laser to the THz wave) in
optical rectification and beat wave excitation schemes.26–28
In the optical rectification technique, a sub-picosecond
Gaussian laser pulse exerts a quasi-static nonlinear ponder-
omotive force on plasma electrons in a plasma. The oscil-
lating electrons having finite transverse drift (due to the
applied magnetic field) generate a transient current den-
sity.12,29 The transient current may resonantly excite the
THz wave if the group velocity of the propagating laser
a)
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: vsajal@rediffmail.com
wave. In the two-colour laser scheme, a terawatt laser
pulse launched through a nonlinear crystal generates its
second harmonic pulse and nonlinearly combines with it at
a focal point. This coupling enhances the intensity of the
laser beams many times, resulting in the ionization of air
molecules at the focal position which becomes the source
of THz wave generation having peak power in the giga-
watt range.30–34 The objective of the present scheme is to
excite terahertz radiation with large amplitude, higher effi-
ciency, and better tunability. Nonlinear mixing of cosh-
Gaussian laser pulses with spatial and temporal envelopes
has potential to fulfil these objectives via pulse slippage in
the corrugated magnetized plasma. The cosh-Gaussian pro-
file is selected due to its unique propagation properties and
its attractive applications in theoretical and practical scien-
ces.22,35–42 The cosh-Gaussian profile possesses a flat top
beam shape, and it has higher efficient power in compari-
son to the Gaussian laser beam.43 This profile may repli-
cate itself in the form of a large amplitude THz wave via
a nonlinear interaction of waves at resonance. Contrary to
the Gaussian laser beating scheme, THz radiation may be
focused at a desired position by choosing a suitable decen-
tred parameter of cosh-Gaussian beating lasers. Varshney
et al.17 have reported an scheme for THz radiation genera-
tion having an efficiency of 102 by non-linear mixing
of cosh-Gaussian laser pulses in a magnetized plasma.
The dc magnetic field is applied in the transverse direc-
tion to improve directionality and tunability. Laser pulses
having frequency and wave numbers ðx1 ; k~1 Þ and ðx2 ; ~ k 2 Þ,
respectively, couple together via pulse slippage and exert
a nonlinear ponderomotive force F ~p on plasma electrons
[at frequency ðx1  x2 Þ and wave vector ð~ k 1  k~2 Þ]. F
~p has
both transverse and longitudinal components due to the

1070-664X/2017/24(12)/123117/6/$30.00 24, 123117-1 Published by AIP Publishing.

123117-2 Mann et al. Phys. Plasmas 24, 123117 (2017)

"
transverse magnetic field. The ponderomotive force disturbs e2 ðk1  k2 Þx2c x 2 k1
the quasi-neutrality of the plasma; consequently, nonlinear Fpx ¼ 
2mi ðx1  x2c Þðx22  x2c Þ x1 ðx22  x2c Þ
2
density perturbation in the corrugated plasma arises. The 
density ripples present in the plasma couple with density per- x 1 k2
 A1 A2 ;
turbation and excite a nonlinear current responsible for emit- x2 ðx21  x2c Þ
"
ting THz radiation at x ¼ x1  x2 and k~ ¼ ~ k 1  k~2 þ q. e2 xc ðk1 x2 þ k2 x1 Þ k1
Laser wake field excitation is not significant in the present Fpy ¼ 2 2
þ 2
2m ðx1  xc Þðx2  xc Þ x1 ðx2  x2c Þ
2 2
scheme. A short pulse of duration less than a plasma period 
is required for wake field excitation, while in the present k2
þ A1 A2 : (3)
scheme, two long pulse CO2 lasers (having a frequency dif- x2 ðx21  x2c Þ
ference xp ) are utilized for the beating purpose.44,45 In
Sec. II, the coupling of beating lasers to excite a nonlinear The ponderomotive force drives space charge oscillation at
current is discussed. In Sec. III, the terahertz amplitude is x ¼ x1  x2 and wave number k~1  k~2 . Let the space
calculated by solving the wave equation. A brief discussion charge potential of this mode be /. The oscillatory velocity
is provided in Sec. IV. of electrons (in the presence of the static magnetic field) due
to space charge oscillations along with ponderomotive force
is given by
II. NON-LINEAR CURRENT DENSITY 1

vx ¼ exkx / þ xc Fpy þ ixFpx ;

Consider a rippled plasma with electron density n ¼ n0 mðx2 2
 xc Þ
þ nq , where nq ¼ nq0 eiqx ; here, nq0 represents the amplitude 1

of the ripple and q ¼ 2p=k denotes the wave number of cor-
rugation. It is embedded with static magnetic field Bs ^z : In a
plasma, the corrugation can be generated by various techni-
ques, involving transmission ring grating and patterned
mask, where the parameters of corrugation can be changed
by changing the groove structure, groove period, and duty
cycle in this grating and by adjusting the period and size of
the mask.46–48 Two copropagating cosh-Gaussian (ChG)
laser beams propagate through it along the x^ direction
~j ¼ y^Aj ðx; tÞ eiðxj tkj xÞ ;
E (1)
h  i    
tx=v tx=v 2
where Aj ¼ Aj0 ðx; tÞ cosh pffiffi2 s gj b exp  pffiffi2ffi s gj
L L
vy ¼ iexc kx /  xc Fpx þ ixFpy : (4)
m ðx2  x2c Þ
The nonlinear velocity given by Eq. (4) in compliance with
the continuity equation produces density perturbation given
by n ¼ nL þ nNL , where nLx ¼ kx2 e0 ve /=e and nNLx ¼ n0 kx
ðxc Fpy þ ixFpx Þ=mxðx2  x2c Þ, where ve ¼ x2p =
ðx2  x2c Þ. Linear density perturbation nL is induced self
consistently by the space charge field, and nonlinear density
perturbation nNL is due to the result of ponderomotive force.
Here, density perturbation is small in comparison to the
density ripple. By taking contribution of both the density
perturbation nL and nNL in Poisson’s equation r2 /
, kj ¼ ðnL þ nNL Þe=e0 , we obtain space charge potential

  1=2
n0 e
¼ xj =c 1  x2p =x2j ;with j ¼ 1 and 2; here, xp ¼ /¼ ½ixFpx þ xc Fpy : (5)
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi e0 kx mxðx2  x2h Þ
n0 e2 =me0 and vgj ¼ c 1  x2p =x2j , where e, m, and e0 are
in terms of ponderomotive force. The nonlinear plasma elec-
the electronic charge, electron mass, and free space permit-
tron velocity due to the combined effect of the self-
tivity, respectively. The polarizing state (of beating lasers)
consistent field and ponderomotive force may be obtained by
given by Eq. (1) is utilized in place of x-mode polarization.
substituting / into Eq. (4).
This choice will not affect the results because ~vB ~s force
in the equation of motion will itself compensate the axial xc Fpy þ i x Fpx
vNL
x ¼ ;
movement of plasma electrons [Eq. (2)]. m ðx2  x2h Þ
The laser beams impart oscillatory velocities to plasma  2 
x  x2p
electrons which are calculated using the equation of motion i Fpy  xc Fpx
vNL ¼ x ; (6)
y
m ðx2  x2h Þ
e xj Ejy
vjy ¼ ; qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
mðx2  x2c Þ
where xh ¼ x2p þ x2c is the upper hybrid frequency.
e xc Ejy
vjx ¼ : (2) Plasma oscillations at ðx; ~k 1  k~2 Þ in the presence of density
mðx2j  x2c Þ
NL
ripple nq0 eiqx may excite a nonlinear current at J~ ¼  1 nq0
2
Here, the motion of plasma electrons is affected by the term v NL
e~ x e
iqx
which is responsible for resonant excitation of THz
eðv  B~s Þ: Lasers beat together and exert a ponderomotive radiation at beating frequency ðx1  x2 Þ, which is the same
force on plasma electrons at frequency x ¼ x1  x2 and as that of the ponderomotive force, but they have different
wave vector k~ ¼ k~1  k~2 . The x and y components of pon- wave numbers ð~ k 1  k~2 þ qÞ: This difference in the wave
deromotive force are given by number is provided by density ripples which act as slow
123117-3 Mann et al. Phys. Plasmas 24, 123117 (2017)

" ! #
structures and help in achieving resonance for maximum @A 1 @A t  x=vg1
0 A10 A20 2
energy transfer from beating waves to THz radiation. þ ¼R cosh pffiffiffi b
@x vgT @t 2ik 2 sl
Corrugated plasma ripples must be periodic; otherwise, the 2 !2 3
wave number of THz radiation shows non-periodic t  x=v
 exp 42 5:
g1
behaviour. pffiffiffi (11)
2 sl

III. THz RADIATION GENERATION Here, A10 and A20 are the initial amplitude of the lasers. To
simplify Eq. (11), new variables n ¼ x; g ¼ t  x=vgT are
By solving Maxwell’s equations, one can obtain the introduced in place of x and t. The new form of Eq. (10) is as
wave equation that governs the terahertz wave follows:
"  ! #
2 @A n vg1 b
r2 E ~x Þ ¼  4p ix J NL  x ðe :E
~x  rðr:E ~x Þ; (7) 0
¼ R A10 cosh 2
g 1 pffiffiffi
c2 x c2 @n vgT vgT 2 sL
2 3
  !2
where e is the plasma
0 permittivity
1 tensor of the plasma at 4 1 n vg1 5;
exx exy exz  exp  2 g  1 (12)
frequency x. sL vgT vgT
Here, e ¼ @ eyx eyy eyz A and exx ¼ eyy ¼ 1
ezx ezy ezz
The normalized amplitude of the THz wave is
x2p x2 ix x2
; ezz ¼ 1  xp2 ; exy ¼ eyx ¼ xðx2cxp 2 Þ ;
x2 x2c exz ¼ ezx pffiffiffi
¼ eyz
c
¼ ezy ¼ 0: The wave equation given by Eq. (6) can be A 100 p vgT sL xp =cA20 xx2 xc nq0
¼  
resolved into x- and y-components by choosing the fast A10 64 1  vg1 =vgT n0 ðx2  x2h Þ
~x as E ~x ¼ EðxÞ eiðxtkxÞ , where "  
phase variation in E q x2  1
k ¼ k1  k2 þ q,  1þ 2 2
D1 
kðx  xh Þ x
  h
1 @ NL exy qx2c 2
Ex ¼  J  Ey ; (8) þ D2 2erf ðt  xÞ þ eb =2
e0 xkx exx @x x exx kxðx2  x2h Þ
n  pffiffiffi  pffiffiffioi
     erf t  x  b= 2 þ erf t  x þ b= 2 : (13)
@ 2 Exy x2 eyx exy ix NL eyx 1 @
þ 2 eyy  Exy ¼  2 Jxy  Jxx :
@x2 c exx e0 c exx i kx @x
According to Rothwell et al.,49 the average electromagnetic
(9) energy stored per unit volume is given as
" !#
Equations (8) and (9) are solved together, and the time e @ x2p
dependency of Exy is incorporated into the resulting equation WEi ¼ xi 1  2 hjEi j2 i: (14)
8p @xi xi
@
on replacing x by x þ i @t .The final equation is given by
The energy per unit volume of the pump laser is
@ 2 Exy 2ik @Exy   
þ k2 Exy þ
@x2 vgT @t 1 2 pffiffiffi b2
WEi ¼ e0 sL vg1 jA1 j p 1 þ exp ; (15)
" ! # 2 !2 3 4 2
t  x=vg1 t  x=vg1 5
¼ R0 A10 A20 cosh2 pffiffiffi b exp42 pffiffiffi ; and the energy per unit volume of THz radiation is
2sl 2 sl   
1 pffiffiffi 3 3 2 pffiffiffi b2
(10) WTHz ¼ e0 2 sL vg1 jA1 j f p 1 þ exp
2 4
2
      
c k 2 2
where vgT ¼ x½1þðx2 x2 =ðx 2 x2 x2 Þ2 Þ
is the group velocity of the 2 b b 3b2
p c p c  3  2b þ exp  exp þ exp ;
0 e x x x2 nq0 qx2 4 2 4
terahertz radiation. Here, R ¼ 4 m c2 ðx2cxp2 Þ n
p
½ð1 þ kðx2 x 2 ÞÞ
(16)
h h
x2 x2p q x2 x2
D1  ð x þ x k ðxc2 x
p
2 ÞÞD2 ; where where
h
pffiffiffi  
100 p vgT sL xp =c A20 xx2 xc nq0 q
ðk1  k2 Þx2c k1 x 2 k2 x 1 f ¼ 1þ D1
D1 ¼ 2   ; 64ð1  vg1 =vgT Þn0 ðx2  x2h Þ kðx2  x2h
ðx1  xc Þ ðx2  xc Þ x1 ðx2  xc Þ x2 ðx21  x2c Þ
2 2 2 2 2
! #2
ðk1 x2 þ k2 x1 Þ k1 k2 x2  1 qx2c
D2 ¼ 2 þ þ :  þ D2 :
ðx1  x2c Þ ðx22  x2c Þ x1 ðx22  x2c Þ x2 ðx21  x2c Þ x kxðx2  x2h Þ

Equation (10) will have a solution as E2 y ¼ y^ Ax ðx; tÞ The efficiency of the THz radiation generation is calcu-
@ E
ei ðxtkxÞ . On replacing Exy by Ax and @x2xy by k2 A lated by the ratio of the energies of THz radiation and the
@A
þ2ik @x , one obtains pump,
123117-4 Mann et al.
FIG. 1. Normalized corrugated wave number qc=xp as a function of normal-
ized terahertz frequency x=xp for different values of the magnetic field
(Bs): 35 kG, 105 kG, and 175 kG.
WTHz
g¼ : (17)
Wpump
Equation (13) is solved numerically to find the amplitude of
the THz wave. The numerical calculations have been per-
formed for picosecond CO2 lasers and the following laser-
plasma parameters: x1 ¼ 1:866  1014 rad=s (k1 ¼ 10:1lm),
x2 ¼ 1:778  1014 rad=s (k2 ¼ 10:6lm), and laser intensity
I1;2 ¼ 2:0  1015 W=cm2 : Here, a medium of helium gas is
used with a density n0 ¼ 1:2  1022 m3 (the corresponding
plasma frequency of 1 THz after first order ionization by
the used laser pulses).50 The length of the plasma and elec-
tron temperature are 600 lm and 1 keV,51 respectively. At
Te  1 keV, the effects of collisions will be negligible. The
Phys. Plasmas 24, 123117 (2017)
and 0.5, respectively. The normalized corrugated wave num-
ber ðqc=xp Þ is plotted as a function of normalized THz fre-
quency (x=xp ) for xc =xp ¼0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 in Fig. 1. The
corrugated wave number decreases with THz frequency to
satisfy phase matching conditions. In Fig. 2, the variation of
the normalized amplitude of the THz radiation pulse is
shown at different values of the normalized distance and
time. Figure 3 shows the variation of the normalized ampli-
tude of the THz radiation pulse with normalized THz fre-
quency for different values of the applied magnetic field
(corresponding to xc =xp ¼ 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5) and corrugated
ripple amplitude (nq0 =n0 ¼ 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3). A=A10 increases
with the applied magnetic field and corrugated ripple ampli-
tude. The variation in A=A10 with THz radiation frequency
for different values of the decentred parameter (b) is shown
in Fig. 4. THz radiation amplitude increases with b. From
Eq. (16), the dependence of efficiency on the decentred
parameter and corrugated amplitude is shown. The efficiency
of this scheme is 104 for the used parameters although it
decreases as the resonance condition x  xh is displaced.
IV. DISCUSSION
Dynamics of THz radiation generation by the pulse slip-
page of two cosh-Gaussian (ChG) lasers is studied in a corru-
gated magnetized plasma when the ponderomotive force is the
only operative nonlinearity. The THz radiation amplitude
scales directly proportional to the amplitude of rippled plasma
density nq0 : The higher amplitude of density ripples contrib-
utes more electrons to participate in the excitation of oscillat-
NL
ing nonlinear current J~ for strong THz radiation generation.
THz radiation frequency can be easily tuned by varying the
plasma density, corrugation factor,
" and
magnetic field. The
1=2 #
amplitudes of plasma ripples nq0 are 1:2  1021 m3 , x2
p x
phase matching condition q ¼ xc 1  1  x2 x2 x2 x2
2 x2
p

2:4  1021 m3 , and 3:6  1021 m3 for nq0 =n0 ¼0.1, 0.2, and p c

0.3, respectively. The magnitudes of the applied magnetic provides the estimate of periodicity of the corrugated plasma
field are 35 kG, 105 kG, and 175 kG for xc =xp ¼ 0.1, 0.3, for maximum energy transfer from beating lasers to THz

FIG. 2. Normalized amplitude of tera-

hertz wave jA=A01 j  102 and incident
laser pulse jA=A01 j with normalized
time at different values of normalized
distance x.
123117-5 Mann et al.
FIG. 3. Normalized THz amplitude jA=A01 j  102 with normalized THz fre-
quency x=xp for different values of the magnetic field and amplitude of the
density ripples.
radiation. The periodicity factor q decreases with THz
frequency, and q achieves the maximum value at resonance
x  xh : where the maximum amplitude of THz radiation is
obtained. The ripple wavelength ðkÞ is inversely proportional
to periodicity qð¼ 2p=kÞ; thus, steep ripples at closer distances
are preferred for efficient THz radiation generation. This result
matches with the observation of Antonsen et al.1 They sug-
gested delta function type (axial) corrugated plasma density
for maximum energy transfer to THz radiation at resonance.
The periodicity factor q also increases with the applied mag-
netic field; thus, THz radiation frequency can be easily tuned
by varying the plasma density, ripple amplitude, and magnetic
field. The applied transverse magnetic field plays two signifi-
cant roles: It controls the phase velocity and group velocity of
the pump and daughter waves on one hand, and it also decides
the polarization of the THz radiation. Malik et al.28 have stud-
ied the effects of the static magnetic field in THz radiation gen-
eration by using Gaussian beams. Bhasin and Tripathi12 have
presented a scheme on terahertz radiation via optical rectifica-
tion of an x-mode laser in a rippled density magnetized
plasma. By using a pump intensity of 3  1015 W/cm2 with
a magnetic field of 30 kG and 30% density ripples, the reported
power conversion efficiency is 0.04%. The applied magnetic
field may be self or it may be applied using some external
magnetic circuits. Figure (3) shows an enhancement in THz
FIG. 4. Normalized THz amplitude jA=A01 j  102 with normalized THz fre-
quency x=xp for different values of the decentred parameter (b) of pump
lasers.
Phys. Plasmas 24, 123117 (2017)
FIG. 5. Ratio of group velocities of the THz wave and pump wave (vgT =vgj )
as a function of normalized THz frequency x=xp for different values of the
magnetic field (Bs): 0, 35 kG, 105 kG, and 175 kG.
wave amplitude with the applied magnetic field. This enhance-
ment in amplitude may be due to cyclotron motion induced in
the system which results in larger nonlinear current [Eq. (6)]
responsible for the excitation of the THz wave. The amplitude
of THz also increases with decentred parameter b due to an
increase in the energy density of laser pulses (Fig. 4). The ratio
of group velocities of the THz wave and the pump wave
(vgT =vgj ) is plotted as a function of THz wave frequency at dif-
ferent values of the applied magnetic field (Fig. 5). vgT =vgj is
greater than one for all the values of x at lower magnetic fields
(e.g., Bs ¼ 0; 35kG). However, for larger magnetic fields
(e.g., Bs ¼ 105 kG; 175 kG), vgT =vgj may be less than one for
lower values of x. In the present scheme, the seed THz wave
first amplifies parametrically due to energy transfer from the
pump wave at resonance. However, as the THz pulse propa-
gates forward in the x-direction, it starts slipping out of the
domain of pump lasers if vgT > vgj [as shown in Fig. (2)]. As
the THz pulse slips out of the pump laser, its amplitude satu-
rates. Thus, one can optimize the applied magnetic field to
achieve large amplitude and better tunability corresponding to
the condition vgT > vgj required for pulse slippage. Using the
present scheme, one can excite a THz wave (1.4 THz) of
amplitude 5:12  106 V=m at a plasma frequency of 1 THz,
and the applied magnetic field is 17:8kG: The efficiency of the
present scheme is 104.
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