Measurements and Data analysis

and engineering presentation

Heat exchange

By: Omar Samir

117781

Abstract

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Table of Contents
Abstract ...................................................................................................................1
Introduction .............................................................................................................4
A.Electrolysis of Sodium Chloride solution........... ................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
B.Electro deposition of copper through the electrolysis of Copper(II) solution............ Error!
Bookmark not defined.
B.Faraday's Second Law of Electrolysis........ ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Experimental Method and Procedure ..........................................................................5
Experimental results ..................................................................................................6
Discussion ................................................................................................................8
Sources of error ........................................................................................................9
Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 10

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Introduction

In the chemical/operation engineering firm there are usually large set of heat exchanger
which there existance is important. These heat exchangers mainly aims to change a
tempreture of a particular flow by flowing another fluid close to the required tempreture.
This simple and efficient device is called concentric tube heat exchanger, which includes a
relatively small tube (inner tube) encompassed by a larger tube (outer tube) with an
expected different diameters. The internal structure of the concentric tube heat exchanger
gives the chance for a rapid heat exchange between both fluids while they are separated by
a specific thin tube, also to ensure that they will never mix as the aim of this device is to
transfer heat either to hot or cold fluid. The heat exchangers are globally used in several
applications such as: air conditioning, chemical plants, petrleum refineries, refrigeration,
power plants and others. A more relaiable demonstrative application for such a process is
the car radiator, the transfer of heat occurs between the following hot water inside tubes of
the radiator and the flowing air inside the near spaced thin plates from the other side linked
to the tubes. The following Figure represents the construction of the car's radiator.

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Experimental Method and Procedure

You are provided with 1M NaCl solution, a U-shaped tube, two graphite electrodes, a
power supply, an ammeter, and a universal indicator
1- Add the salt solution in the U-tube.

2- Connect the circuit as an electrolysis circuit, turn it on.

3- Once the ammeter shows reading you will notice that bubbles commenced to form
at one of the electrodes, then after some time they will begin to form at the other.

4- Around one of the electrodes the color of the indicator will change into deep blue,
while at the other one the color of the indicator will be bleached.

5- Record all of your observations in the following table, completing it with the
necessary equations.

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Experimental results

A. For Electrolysis

During the experiment of electrolysis, on switching the curcit on, there were changes
in color and bubbles formation was observed, these observations conclude and
demonstrates information and reasons. The table below includes the observations and
reasons supported with equation:

The electrode Color change Bubble formation Reason supported

with equation

Anode The color changes The bubbles 2Cl– Cl2(g) + 2e–

from blue to fade formed in this part Ions of chloride are
oxidized by the
green and then to after it was formed electron loss to
colorless at the cathode part, outcome chlorine
molecules at the (+)
Light bubbles was electrode which
attracts (-ve) ions
formed.
2H+(aq) + 2e–
Cathode The color changes There was bubble
from blue to dark formation observed H2(g)
blue firstly in this part
of the device, the the ions of
hydrogen are
bubbles formed reduced by the
was vigorous. electron (e–) gain to
be able to form
hydrogen
molecules at the (-
ve) electrode which
attract positive ions

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 B. For Electro deposition of copper

In order to be able to calculate the thickness (x) of the plate, there are several

equations must be taken in consideration:

Q=I*t

W =I * t * e/ F

W = ρ * A* x
Where

 W= Weight of the plate (gm)

 Q = charge (Coulomb)
 I = Current (Ampere) = 1.75 A
 t = Time (s) = 5min= 300s
 e = Mwt / No. of electrons involved = 63.5/2 = 31.75
 F = Faradays constant ( 96485 C/mol)
 A = Surface area (cm2) = 3*3.5 = 10.5 cm2
 ρ = Density of Copper = 8.96gm/cm3
 x = thickness of plate (cm)

Wtheo. = 1.75*5*60*63.5/ 2* 96485 = 0.173 gm

0.173= 8.96 * 10.5 * x x = 1.84*10-3 cm

Wexp.= Wafter - Wbefore = 19.058 - 19.2016 = 0.1436 gm

Error percentage:( | Wtheo - Wexp | / Wtheo ) *100

Error = (0.173 -0.1436/0.173) *100 = 16.99 %

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Discussion

A. For Electrolysis

To sum it up all, this experiment is carried up to perform the process of Electrolysis of

the brine solution (sodium chloride), there were changes observed in the experiment

which was deduced previously in the Experimental results. The reason behind

showing bubbles at the Cathode part is because the ions of hydrogen are reduced by

the electron (e–) gain to be able to form hydrogen molecules at the (-ve) electrode

which attract positive ions. As for the other part, Ions of chloride are oxidized by the

electron loss to outcome chlorine molecules at the (+) electrode which attracts (-ve)

ions.

B. For Electro deposition of Copper

To conclude it all without any exaggerations, this experiment object to present the

process of electroplating of Copper electrode. As discussed in the introduction

previously, the movements of ions between the anode and the cathode electrodes.

Moreover, Faraday's law of claims that the mass of the copper produced at an

electrode during the process is directly proportional to the number of moles (n) of

electrons the quantity of electricity allocated at that electrode, which was proofed by

the experimental calculations. Also, the number of Faradays of the electric charge

needed to discharge 1 mole of copper at the electrode is equivalent to the number of

excess primary charges on that ion. Both hypothesis are Oftenly considered as

different laws, but still support each other to demonstrate the correct process of the

copper plating electrolysis.

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Sources of error

1. The devices used to take readings such as voltmeter are more likely needed to

be calibrated, sometimes readings taken makes no sense to the experiment as

its not calibrated accurately.

2. The apparatus/ device used in the experiment like the Hoffman Voltammeter

could be unclean and not washed well, which leads to create an error.

3. There is a human error expected to occur, as in the electro deposition

experiment one of the students used stop watch to obtain the time (t) taken,

this incident will mostly have error on estimating the accurate value of time.

4. The copper plates used for the Electro deposition experiment could be rusty

due to storing them for a long period. Consequently, this surely will show a

massive error percentage.

5. In the laboratory, a commonly mistakes run across for example pereparing the

concentration of the solution with wrong values, which does not match the

experimental numbers.

6. The instruments used in the electrolysis experiment wasnt prepared well, there

was leakage of the solution from the bottom.

7. There are devices such as the device used to balance the plate could be out to

date and need to be replaced with brand new devices, to avoid error in the

experimental results.

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Bibliography

D.Ebbing, D. (2008). General Chemistry . Boston : Charels Hartford.

J, M. (2007, March). Retrieved 2016, from Chem Wiki:

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Core/Analytical_Chemistry/Electrochemistry/Basics_of_Electro
chemistry

L.Masterton, W. (2012). Chemistry Principles and Reactions. United States : Cengage

Learning .

Ramesh, D. S. (2013). Engineering Chemistry. New Delhi: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Vairam, D. S. (2013). Engineering Chemistry. New Delhi : John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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