Vibration Monitoring: Fundamental Realities

Reliability Management Consultant
VIBRATION MONITORING
FUNDAMENTAL REALITIES
All machines vibrate – only dead machines don’t
Vibration is a symptom – to and fro motion
A body vibrates because it has mass and

stiffness & they are related.
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF EXCESS VIBRATION

Increased Stresses On Risk of fatigue.
Machine Components
Increased Load On Bearings Reduced bearing life.
Higher Forces On Mountings Loosening of foundation

Damage to supporting
structure.
WHAT IS VIBRATION ?
WHAT CAUSES VIBRATION ?
HOW DO WE MEASURE VIBRATION ?
HOW DO WE ANALYSE VIBRATION ?

WHAT IS VIBRATION ?
• IT IS MOTION OF MECHANICAL PARTS

BACK AND FORTH FROM ITS POSITION
OF REST.
Imagine
Imagine a bird perched on a thin twig of a tree.
And the bird goes up and down. In other words
it oscillates.How would you describe its motion
over a period of time?
Now imagine that two birds sit on the same
branch and the frequency of oscillation
increases to 20 times/min. The vibration
increases greatly and the birds fly off. What has
happened?
What causes Vibration ?
INDUCED FORCE
&
FREEDOM FOR MOVEMENT

Types of Forces ?
Inertia Forces
Acceleration & Deceleration
Looseness & Impacts
Degrees of Freedom?
Degrees of Freedom determines the

direction in which we measure vibration
Basic Theory Of Vibration

Simple Spring Mass System
Max Acceleration, Min Velocity
Displacement
Upper Limit
Neutral Position
Lower Position
Max Velocity, Min Acceleration Max Acceleration, Min Velocity
IT FOLLOWS SINE CURVE

Modes of Amplitudes
• DISPLACEMENT
• VELOCITY
• ACCELERATION
• SPIKE ENERGY
The significance
 Displacement gives the strain energy

 Velocity gives the kinetic energy
 Acceleration gives the force
 Spike energy/HFD/gE are special
ways to measure acceleration only.
Physical Significance Of Vibration

Amplitude
Displacement : Stress Indicator
Velocity : Fatigue Indicator
Acceleration : Force Indicator

Amplitude Measurement
1. Displacement : Total distance traveled

by the mass. Unit : Microns, Mils
2. Velocity : Rate of change of
displacement. It is the measure of the speed
at which the mass is vibrating during its
oscillation. Unit : MM/Sec, Inch/sec
3. Acceleration : It is the rate of change of
velocity. The greater the rate of change of
velocity the greater the forces (P=mf) on the
Machines. Unit : M/Sec2, Inch/sec2
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
DISPLACEMENT - MICRONS
VELOCITY - MM / SEC.
ACCELERATION - MM / SEC2 , G
Scales Of Amplitude
Peak to Peak
Peak
RMS
Av.
Peak -a
Peak to Peak - 2a
RMS - 0.707 a
Average - 0.637 a
AMPLITUDE DESCRIPTORS
• RMS - Displacement
Velocity
• PEAK - 1.414 RMS Displacement

Velocity
Acceleration
• PEAK-TO-PEAK - 2 * PEAK Displacement

Measurement direction -
Horizontal, Vertical, Axial.
General rule of direction
 We measure H direction for machines

on the foundation.
 We measure V direction for machines
on structures
 We measure A direction when we
suspect misalignment
 There are advantages, but there are
exceptions to this rule.
Simplest Transducers
 Finger – index finger –

displacement to even 10 microns
and acceleration or impacts FEEL
 5 Rupee coin a go no-go test
 Eye
Other Transducers
 Velocity
 Proximity Probes
 Accelerometers
Accelerometer
Accelerometer
1. Produces signal proportional to

acceleration of seismic mass, can
get disp, and vel also.
2. Large Frequency range
3. Smaller in size
4. Can be used remote
Fixing Transducers
 Come back to the same point

 9 inch probe
 Magnet
 Stud
Simple rules of Limits (Alarm)
 For Velocity – 5 to 7 times of baseline

 For Displacement – 4 to 5 times of Base
 For Acceleration – 20 to 40 times Base
 For Spike Energy – 30 to 50 times Base
How do we set the limits?

Warning and Alarm Limits
 Baseline = Y mm/s; G, D
 Warning = 1.5 x Y mm/s; 10 G; 1.5 D
 Alarm = 5 to 7 x Y mm/s;30-50G, 4/5D
VIBRATION
Displacement: Acceleration:
Sensitive to low Sensitive to high
frequencies. frequencies.
Good guide for imbalance, Good for rolling element
& other low frequency faults. bearing damage.
Velocity:
Has average sensitivity throughout the frequency range.
Reasonably sensitive to imbalance, misalignment, looseness and
rolling element bearing damage.
Advantage Of Using Velocity?
 Flat frequency range compared to

displacement & acceleration.
 Almost all machines generate fault

frequency between 600CPM to 60KCPM
 Velocity indicates fatigue.
 Velocity is the best indicator of vibration

severity.
Amplitude & Frequency
Amplitude:
It is the magnitude of Vibration signal.
Units: Micron, MM/Sec, M/Sec2
Frequency:
How many times oscillation is occurring
for a given time period?
Units: CPS(Hz), CPM
Physical Significance Of Vibration

Characteristics
Amplitude - How much is it vibrating?
(severity) of the problem.
Frequency - What is vibrating?

Source of the vibration.
Phase Angle – Relation of vibration?

Cause of the performance.
Analysis with overall?
What faults can we

measure and How?
Detection By Vibration
Analysis
Unbalance
 If the ratios of H:V:A = 5:4:1

 And it is true for both bearings
on either sides, expect for
overhung rotors
Analysis
Misalignment
 If the ratio of H:V:A = 4:2:3

 Sometimes the axial may be
more than the horizontal. It
may be due to less stiff rotors.
Analysis
Mechanical Looseness, Structural
Weakness, Soft Foot
 The ratio of H:V:A = 2:4:1 for foundation
 The ratio of H:V:A = 2:1:4 for structures
 The ratio of H:V:A = 2: 4: 3 for soft foot

Analysis
Antifriction Bearing Defects
 The ratio of H:V:A = 5:3:1

 and the gSE or gE is also high
Analysis
Electrical Problems
 Vibrations are more to the motor side

than on the driven side or the
vibrations disappear suddenly on
switching off.
 In some cases there is a distinct noise.
Or the needle starts to flicker when
near an electrical cable.

Vibration Monitoring: Fundamental Realities

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Vibration Monitoring: Fundamental Realities

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Reliability Management Consultant

Vibration is a symptom – to and fro motion

A body vibrates because it has mass and

HARMFUL EFFECTS OF EXCESS VIBRATION

Increased Load On Bearings Reduced bearing life.

Higher Forces On Mountings Loosening of foundation

WHAT CAUSES VIBRATION ?

HOW DO WE MEASURE VIBRATION ?

HOW DO WE ANALYSE VIBRATION ?

• IT IS MOTION OF MECHANICAL PARTS

What causes Vibration ?

FREEDOM FOR MOVEMENT

Degrees of Freedom determines the

Basic Theory Of Vibration

Max Acceleration, Min Velocity

Max Velocity, Min Acceleration Max Acceleration, Min Velocity

IT FOLLOWS SINE CURVE

 Displacement gives the strain energy

Physical Significance Of Vibration

Displacement : Stress Indicator

Velocity : Fatigue Indicator

Acceleration : Force Indicator

1. Displacement : Total distance traveled

• PEAK - 1.414 RMS Displacement

• PEAK-TO-PEAK - 2 * PEAK Displacement

General rule of direction

 We measure H direction for machines

 Finger – index finger –

1. Produces signal proportional to

 Come back to the same point

Simple rules of Limits (Alarm)

 For Velocity – 5 to 7 times of baseline

How do we set the limits?

Advantage Of Using Velocity?

 Flat frequency range compared to

 Almost all machines generate fault

 Velocity indicates fatigue.

 Velocity is the best indicator of vibration

Amplitude & Frequency

Physical Significance Of Vibration

Frequency - What is vibrating?

Phase Angle – Relation of vibration?

Analysis with overall?

What faults can we

 If the ratios of H:V:A = 5:4:1

 If the ratio of H:V:A = 4:2:3

 The ratio of H:V:A = 2:4:1 for foundation

 The ratio of H:V:A = 2:1:4 for structures

 The ratio of H:V:A = 2: 4: 3 for soft foot

 The ratio of H:V:A = 5:3:1

 Vibrations are more to the motor side

Вам также может понравиться