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LECTURE NOTES IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS Prepared By: ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA
LECTURE : Rectilinear Translation and Motion Curves c. What is the magnitude of the velocity of the truck?
A. Rectilinear Translation
Example: A train moving with constant acceleration travels 24 ft during the 10th second
Case 1. Unform Motion ( velocity is constant) of its motion and 18 ft during the 12th second of its motion.
a. Find the initial velocity of the train
s = vt b. Find the constant acceleration.

Case 2. Uniformly Accelerated Motion (acceleration is From : s = vot + ½ at2


constant)
s10 = vo(10) + ½ (a)(100)
s = vot + ½ (at2) (1) s10 = 10vo + 50a → eq 1

2as = v2 – v02 (2) s9 = vo(9) + ½ (a)(81)


s9 = 9vo + 40.5a → eq 2
at = v – vo (3)
s12 = vo(12) + ½ (a)(144)
Case 3. Motion with variable acceleration s12 = 12vo + 72a → eq 3

v = ds/dt (1) s11 = vo(11) + ½ (a)(121)


a = dv/dt (2) s11 = 11vo + 60.5a → eq 4
ads = vdv (3)
From the figure
Example: A delivery truck leaves a warehouse and travels 2.60 km north. The truck
makes a right turn and travels 1.33 km east before making another right turn and s10 - s9 = 24
traveling 1.45 km south to arrive at its destination in exactly 20 minutes. 24 = (10vo + 50a) - (9vo + 40.5a)
24 = v0 + 9.5a →eq 5

s12 - s11 = 18
18 = (12vo + 72a ) - (11vo + 60.5a)
18 = v0 + 11.5a →eq 6

Solving eq 6 and eq 5 simultaneously


a = -3 ft/sec2
vo = 52.5 ft/s

Example: A ball is thrown vertically up into the air at 120 ft/sec released on top of a
building 60 ft high. Three seconds later another ball is thrown at ground level at 150
ft/sec. Use g = 32 ft/s2

a. When will the two balls meet?


b. Where will the two balls meet?
a. What is the magnitude and direction of the truck’s displacement from the warehouse? c. What is the relative velocity of the two stones?
b. What is the speed of the truck?
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LECTURE NOTES IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS Prepared By: ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA
Consider the first stone: Compute their speeds at the instant they meet at t = 5.19 seconds

fr: s =v0t + ½ at2 & v = v0 + at From equation 1: v1 = 120 – 32t

s1 = 120t – 16t2 v1 = - 46.08 ft/s ↓

v1 = v0 – 32t From equation 2: v2 = 150 – 32(t-3)


v1 = 120 – 32t → eqn 1
v2 = 79.92 ft/s ↑
Consider the 2nd stone
v1/2 = ‫׀‬v1-v2 126 = ‫ ׀‬ft/s
s2 = 150(t-3) -16(t-3)2
Motion with variable acceleration
s2 = -16t2 + 246t – 594
Case 1. Displacement given as function of time : s = f(t)
v2 = 150 – 32(t-3) → eqn 2
a. to find v: v = ds/dt
a. When will they meet? b. To find a: a = dv/dt

From the figure: s2 – s1 = 60


Case 2. Velocity given as function of time: v = f(t)
60 = [-16t2 + 246t – 594]-[120t – 16t2]

t = 5.19 sec after the first stone was released


a. To find s: s  ds   v(dt )
b. to find a: a = dv/dt
b. Where will they meet?
Case 3 Acceleration given as function of time : a = f(t)
From
a. to find v: dv = adt
s1 = 120t – 16t2 with t = 5.19 seconds
b. To find s: ds = vdt
s1 = 191.8 ft from top of building

0r
Case 4 One of the principal variables is expressed as a function of an
adjacent variable i. e. a = f(v) or v = f(s)
s2 = -16t2 + 246t – 594

s2 = 251. 8 ft above the ground


Case 4 One of the principal variables is expressed as a function of an
adjacent variable i. e. a = f(s)
c. What is their relative velocity?

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LECTURE NOTES IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS Prepared By: ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA
Example. Multiply both sides by dx/dt

Given:
A motorcyclist travels along a straight road at a speed of 27 m/s. When the brakes are (dv/dx)(dx/dt) = (3x2 – 8x + 6) dx/dt
applied, the motorcycle decelerates at a rate of -6t m/s2.
dv/dt = a while dx/dt = v
Find:
a. The time in seconds required to stop dv/dt = a = (3x2 – 8x + 6)v but v = x3 – 4x2 + 6x
b. The distance it travels before coming to a stop
a = (3x2 – 8x + 6)(x3 – 4x2 + 6x)
1) Integrate acceleration to determine the velocity.
When x = 2 ft therefore: a = 8 ft/s2
a = dv / dt => dv = a dt
Example: The rectilinear motion of a particle is governed by a = 12t -6t2 , determine the
2 2
=> v – vo = -3t => v = -3t + vo velocity when it returns to its starting point. It starts from rest when t =0.

ds
2) We can now determine the amount of time required for the motorcycle to stop (v = 0). v
dt
Use v0 = 27 m/s. a  12t - 6t 2 ds  (6t 2  2t 3 ) dt
dv
0 = -3t2 + 27 => t = 3 s  12t - 6t 2
 (6t
2
s  2t 3 ) dt
dt
dv  (12t - 6t 2 )dt t4
3) Now calculate the distance traveled in 3s by integrating the velocity using so = 0: s  2t 3 
 (12t - 6t 4
2
v ) dt
v = ds / dt => ds = v dt when it returns to starting point s  0
v  6t 2  2t 3  C
3
=> s – so = -t + vot t4
when t  0; v  0 0  2t 3 
4
=> s – 0 = -(3)3 + (27)(3) => s = 54 m C  0
t  0 or 4seconds
v  6t 2  2t 3
v 4  6( 4) 2  2( 4) 3
Example: v 4  32 ft / sec
The velocity of a particle moving along the x axis is given by
v = x3 – 4x2 + 6x where v is in fps, x is in ft. Motion Curves Relations from the graphs

a. Compute the value of the acceleration when x = 2 ft.

Solution: ds
1. v   slope of s - t curve
dt
v = x3 – 4x2 + 6x
dv
2. a   slope of v - t curve
dv/dx = 3x2 – 8x + 6 dt

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LECTURE NOTES IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS Prepared By: ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA
v2 t2 _
3. Dv  �
dv  �
adt  area of a - t curve Ds06  v0 (t 6  t 0 )  Area ( a t ) 06  t 6
v1 t1 1
Ds06  14(6  0)  (6)(8)(4)
s2 t2 2
4. Ds  �
ds  �
vdt  area of v - t curve Ds06  84  96  12 ft
s1 t1
_ Example
5. Ds  v1 (t 2  t1 )  Area( a t ) t 2 The motion of a particle starting from rest is governed by the a - t shown.

Example a. Determine the velocity and displacement


The acceleration of an object decreases uniformly from 8 ft per sec2 to zero in 6 sec at at t = 6 seconds
which time its velocity is 10 ft per sec.
a. Find the initial velocity. b. Determine the velocity and displacement
b. Find the change in displacement during the 6-sec interval. at t = 9 seconds

dv / dt  a for the 0 to 6 sec time interval


dv  adt dv  adt _

Dv  area of a - t diag Ds0 6  v0 (t 6  t 0 )  Area a  t  t 6


Dv  area of a  t diagram
1
1 v 6  v0  1
(6)(12)  36 s 6 - s 0  0(6 - 0)  (6)(12)( 2)
v 6  v0  (6 sec)(8 ft / sec 2 ) 2 2
2 v 6  0  36 s 6  72 ft
10  v  24 ft / sec
0 v 6  36 ft/sec
v  14 ft / sec for the 6 to 9 seconds interval
0
Dv  area of a  t diagram
3
v 9 v 6  2
(8  12)  30
v 9  30  36  66 ft / sec

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LECTURE NOTES IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS Prepared By: ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA
_ for the 0 to 30 sec interval
Ds69  s9  s6  v6 (t 9  t 6 )  Area a t  t 9
ds  vdt
1
s9  72  36(9  6)  (3)( 4)( 2)  3(8)(1.5) Ds  Area
2
1
s9  228 ft s 30  s0  (30)(40)  600 ft
2
s 30  600 ft
Example
Given: v-t graph for a train moving between two stations
a. Determine the displacements at t=30, 90 and 120 seconds a  dv / dt  slope of v - t curve
b. Determine the acceleration in each time intervals 40 ft / sec 0 ft / sec
c. a
30 sec 0 sec
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a  ft / sec 2
3
for the 30 to 90 seconds interval
Ds  Area of the v-t curve
s 90  s30  (90  30)(40)
s 90  600  2400
s 90  3000 ft

a  slope
a0

for the 90 to 120 seconds interval


s120  s90  12 (40)(30)  600
s120  600  s90
s120  3600 ft

40 ft / sec 0 ft / sec
a  slope 
90sec 120sec
4
a ft / sec2
3

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LECTURE NOTES IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS Prepared By: ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA
a.for the initial speed v o
conditions :
 0
at the ground, x  1330m; y  -80m
gx 2
Lecture: Projectile, Kinetics of Motion, Rotation y  xtan -
2v o 2 cos 2 
Motion in two directions (Projectile motion) 9.81(1330) 2
1. horizontal motion of projectile (assumed constant)  80  1330 tan 0 
x = vxt = voxt = v1xt 2 v o 2 cos 2 0
2. vertical motion (uniformly accelerated) v0  329.33 m/s
y = voyt + 1/2 gt2 b. for the velocity as it hits the ground
2gy = vy2 - voy2
gt = vy - voy at the ground v x  v0  329.33 m/s
3. special derived formulas for v y :
y = xtanθ – gx2/(2vo2cos2θ)
hmax = vo2sin2 θ/2g 2as  v 2  v0 2
Rmax = vo2sin2θ/g
2( 9.81)( 80)  v y 2
for a given v0 the range R will be maximum if θ = 450 v y  39.62 m/s

Example1: Projectile Motion v ground  v y 2 v x 2  331.70 m/s


A shell is fired with a horizontal velocity in the positive x direction from the top of an
80-m high vertical cliff. The shell strikes the ground 1330 m horizontally away from the
Example2: Projectile Motion
base of the cliff.
A projectile fired at 0 follows a parabolic trajectory, given in parametric equation by
x = 86t y= 96t—4.91t2
a. Determine the initial speed of the shell.
Where x and y are measured in meters and t in seconds.
b. What is the speed of the shell as it hits the ground?
Determine
(a) The acceleration vector throughout the flight
(b) The velocity vector at 0
(c) The maximum height h;
(d) the range L.

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LECTURE NOTES IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS Prepared By: ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA
F  ma  0
W
F  a0
g

where ΣF = net/resultant/unbalanced force


algebraic sum of forces in the direction of
acceleration

aW/g = reverse inertia force applied at the centroid


of the body opposite the direction of
acceleration and is an imaginary force

Example
The coefficient of kinetic friction under the sliding supports at A and B in the figure is
0.30. What force P will give the 600# door a leftward acceleration of 8.05 ft per see2?
What will be the normal pressures at A and B?
Solution :
FA  m N A and FB  m N B
FV  0
0  600  N A  N B
N A  N B  600 � eqn1

Solution :
Kinetics of Rectilinear Motion
FA  m N A and FB  m N B
A. Newton’s Law
m N A  m N B  600m
FV  0
F = ma FA  FB  180
0  600  N A  N B
where F = net (resultant force in the direction of N A  N B  600 � eqn1
acceleration M B  0 (CW  )
m = mass of the body FH  0
0  8 P  8 N A  150(6)  600(4)
a = acceleration produced by the net force 0  FA  FB  150  P
N A  82.5 #
P  150  180  330 # N B  517.5 #
B. D’ Alembert’s Principle (Dynamic Equilibrium)
Example: The 240-lb body in the figure is supported by wheels at B which roll freely
without friction and by a skid at A under which the coefficient of friction is
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LECTURE NOTES IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS Prepared By: ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA
0.40. Compute the value of P to cause an acceleration of ⅓g. From Newton' s Law
Ans. P = 136.3 lb F  ma but vdv  ads
W vdv
F  ( )
g ds
W
(F)(ds)  vdv
g
2 2
W
 (F)(ds)  
1 1
g
vdv

Mx  0 2

0  240(5)  80(4)  A(10)  0.4 A(2) RW  Resultant work   (F)(ds)


1
A  140.74 #
RW  ( F  s) when force acting is constant
F  56.30 #
2
FH  0
P  REF  F
RW   (F)(ds)  Area of force - displacement
1
P  136.3# curve when F   (s)
2
W W v 2 v1 2 

1
g
vdv 
g



2

2

2 


Principles of Work and Energy 2
W v2 W v1 2
 
g 2 g 2
 KE 2  KE1
 DKE
which means that
" the net work done on a body equals
the change in its kinetic energy"
Example
A boy slides down a water chute, starting from rest at A. Neglecting friction, determine
his speed
(a) at the end B of the chute; and
(b) on entering the water at C.

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LECTURE NOTES IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS Prepared By: ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA

The potential energy at A is


The potential energy at A necessary to counteract the
will supply the potential and work done by friction and to
kinetic energiesat B and C, supply the kinetic energies at
respectively. Thus B and C
(PE) A  (PE) B  (KE) B (PE) A  RW AB  ( KE ) B
 (PE) C  (KE) C (PE) A  RW AB  RW BC  ( KE ) C
W
Wv B 2 W (16 sin 30)  F f (16)  vB 2
Wh A  WhB  2g
2g
vB  2 g ( h A  hB ) FN  0(no motion in the (N) normal direction)
v B  12.53m / s N  Wcos30
Ff  0.3 N  0.3( Wcos30)
Note:
1. A reference datum is required in computing potential energy. In this example, W
W (16 sin 30)  16(0.3W cos 30)  vB 2
the water surface is the datum 2g
2. The velocity in the kinetic energy expression is always the resultant velocity vB  2 g[16 sin 30  0.3(16 cos 30)]
and is tangent to the path at the point in question
v B  15.73 ft/s

Example: FBD of box as it moves along BC


The coefficient of kinetic friction between the package and the surface is 0.3. If the
package is released from rest at A, compute
(a) the speed of the package at B
(b) the distance L that the package travels on the horizontal surface before coming to
rest at C.

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LECTURE NOTES IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS Prepared By: ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA

Since B and C are at the same level,


the potential energy of the block at
this level is the same.
The kinetic energy at B is neccesary
to counteract the work done by friction
along BC.
(KE) B  (WF ) BC
Wv B 2
 F f ( L) but Ff  0.3 N
2g
N W
 s  L  L0
2
Wv B s  springdisplacement
 0.3WL
2g Lo  free length (Force  0)
vB 2 L  Length when Force  P
L  12.81 ft
2 g (0.3) P  ks where s  spring displacemnt from
from its free length
Work Done By a Variable Force
when s  1" and k  10# /in; P  10#
Example: Spring
when s  2" and k  10# /in; P  20 #
A spring having a spring constant of k = 10#/inch has a free length of 2”, is hung
vertically from a roof at A so that its lower end B is 3” vertically from A.
Work  cross  hatched region
a. Calculate the work done when B is moved vertically by 1
W  (10  20)  15in#
2 inches. 2

b. Calculate the work done when B is moved horizontally to the right by 4”.
Solve using force- displacement diagram
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LECTURE NOTES IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS Prepared By: ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA
This can be stated in words
that the Impulse of a body
equals the change in its momentum

If the force F acts on a very


infinitisimal time interval dt
then


Fdt  D (momentum)

Example
The package of mass 5 kg is released from rest at A. It slides down the smooth plane
0
which is inclined at angle of 30 onto the rough surface having a coefficient of kinetic
Work  shaded area friction of μk=0.2. Determine the total time of travel before the package stops sliding.
when
2 Neglect the size of the package.
s  1" ; P  10# W  (30  10)
s  3" ; P  30# 2
W  40 in#
IMPULSE AND MOMEMTUM

From Newton,s Law


F  ma but at  v-v 0 �
v  v0
a
t
v  v0
F  m
t
(F)t  mv-mv 0
Where
(F)t  Impulse
mv  instantaneous momentum
mv0  initial momentum

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LECTURE NOTES IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS Prepared By: ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA
let v  velocity of the box at the foot Where
of the incline v  velocity of particle at initial condition
(F)t  mv -mv 0 but v0  0 v '  velocity of particle at final condition
(5 g sin 300 )t  5v Example
[5 g sin 30 ]t  5v
0 A 160 # man, moving horizontally with a velocity of 10 ft/s, jumps off the end of a pier
into a boat. If the boat weighs 640 #, and neglecting water resistance, what is the final
v horizontal velocity of the boat and the man
t
gsin300 a. if the boat is at rest
b. the boat moves 3 ft/sec horizontally away from the pier in the direction of the man
by work -energy c. the boat moves 5 ft/s towards the pier
DPE  DKE
Elastic and Inelastic Impact:
1 Coefficient of Restitution (e)
mgh  mv 2
2
relative velocity after impact
v  2 gh  2(9.81)3 e
relative velocity before impact
v  7.67m / s
v ' v '
 t  1.564sec  2 1
v2  v1
(F )t  mv  mv0
For perfectly elastic impact e=1
0.2(5 g )t floor  5(0)  5(7.67)
For semi elastic impact 0<e<1
t floor  3.909sec
For in-elastic impact e=0
Ttotal  1.564  3.909
 5.473 seconds Example:

Law of Conservation of Momentum Two balls of masses 5 and 8 kg are moving at 6m/s and 3 m/s, respectively. Determine
their velocities after impact if the balls are moving
“For any ideal system, the final and initial sums of their momenta are the same or equal” a. In the same direction
b. In the opposite direction.
W1 W W W W W Assume a perfectly elastic action
v1  2 v2  3 v3 ...  1 v1 ' 2 v2 ' 3 v3 '...
g g g g g g Example:
0
A ball is thrown with a velocity of 50 ft/s directed 60 above the horizontal against a
smooth vertical wall. The ball is released from a position 40 ft from the wall and 6 ft
above the level ground and travels in a vertical plane perpendicular to the wall. The
coefficient of restitution between ball and wall is 0.6.
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LECTURE NOTES IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS Prepared By: ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA
a. With what velocity will the ball hit the wall?
b. With what velocity will the ball leave the wall?
c. At what horizontal distance from the wall will the ball hit the ground?

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