COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTEMENT

a.
THERMAL PLANT ENGINEEERING (ME 520)
Dr. Mahmoud ElFeky & Eng. Enass Elgazzar & Eng. Mina Atta

Sheet 1 :Steam Power Plants

1. For a simple power plant, the turbine receives steam at 20 bars and the condenser
pressure is 0.1 bar. Calculate the cycle efficiency and the exhaust steam quality for
the following cases:
a. Assume ideal processes;
b. The polytropic efficiencies of the turbine and the pump are 80% and
75% respectively.
2. For a simple power plant, steam enters the turbine at 2 MN/m2 and 400˚C and
expands isentropically to the 4 KN/m2 . Calculate the cycle efficiency and the
exhaust steam quality for the following cases:
a. Assume ideal processes;
b. The polytropic efficiencies of the turbine and the pump are 85% and
70% respectively.
3. Steam is supplied to a two-stage turbine at 100 bar and 500˚C. It expands in the
high pressure turbine to 30 bars, and then it is reheated to 500˚C and expanded
through the low pressure turbine. The condenser pressure is 0.08 bars. The
expansion processes in the turbines have isentropic efficiencies of 82 % and 80 %
respectively. Neglecting the pumping work, Calculate the work output, the heat
supplied per kilogram of steam and the cycle efficiency.

4. Find the thermal efficiency for a steam cycle, consisting of two stages isentropic
expansion with intermediate reheating to the maximum temperature, if steam
condition at inlet to the high pressure turbine is 100 bar & 540˚C and at exit of the
low pressure turbine is 0.06 bar and 0.9 dry. Neglect pumps work.

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5. In an ideal regenerative cycle, steam is generated at 35 bar & 500˚C, then
expands to 2 bar, where m Kg are extracted for feed water heating and the rest of
steam continuous it’s expansion to 0.1 bar. Per one Kg of steam from the boiler,
Find:
a. The mass of stream extracted;
b. The total pump work;
c. The enthalpy of water entering the boiler;
d. The cycle thermal efficiency.
6. A steam power plant includes reheating and regeneration. Steam enters the high
pressure turbine at 80 bar & 550˚C and leaves at 6 bar. Part of the steam is at 6 bar
goes to an open feedwater heater and the rest to be reheated to 400˚C. After that
steam expands through the low pressure turbine from 6 bar & 400˚C to 0.07 bar. If
the internal efficiency of the high and low pressure turbines is 0.80. Determine,
neglecting pump work,
a. Cycle efficiency;
b. Power of the steam power plant, if the rate of steam flow to the high
pressure turbine is 100 t/h.
7. Report:
Steam enters the turbine of an ideal regenerative cycle at 35 bar and 500. Steam is
then extracted at 6 bar and 2 bar and introduced into two open feed water heaters
that are in series. Appropriate pumps are employed after the condenser, which
operates at 0.06 bar, and after each heater. Determine the fraction of the flow
stream which is bled off into the heaters and the steam cycle efficiency.

8. Consider a steam power plant that operates on an ideal-regenerative Rankine

cycle with one open feedwater heater and one closed feedwater heater. Steam enters
the turbine at 15 MPa and 600˚C and is condensed in a condenser at a pressure of 10
kPa. Some steam is extracted from the turbine at 4 MPa for the closed feedwater
heater, and the remaining is reheated at the same pressure to 600˚C. The extracted
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steam is completely condensed in the heater and is pumped to 15 MPa before it
mixes with the feedwater at the same pressure. Steam for the open feedwater heater
is extracted from the low pressure turbine at 0.5 MPa. Find:
a. The fraction of the steam extracted from the turbine each time;
b. The thermal efficiency.
9. In an ideal-reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle, steam expands from 10 MN/
m2 and 400˚C to 5 MN/m2 where some steam is extracted for feed heating and the
rest is reheated to 450˚C. The steam expands after that to 1 MN/m2 where
additional steam extracted for feed heating and the remainder expands to condenser
pressure of 8 kN/m2 . Assuming that the first feedwater heater is a closed feedwater
heater with cascade feeding through a steam trap to the second feedwater heater,
which is open. Find, neglecting feed pump work,

a. Masses of extracted steam;

b. Cycle thermal efficiency.
10. Report:
A steam cycle combines the reheat and regenerative effects. Steam enters the
turbine at 27 bar & 300˚C. Steam is extracted at 6 bar for purpose of feedwater
heating .The steam not extracted is reheated to 300˚C. As this reheated expands
through the turbine, steam is extracted at 1 bar for feed heating. The condenser
pressure is 0.07bar. Assuming that both heaters are closed and that the condensate
from the high pressure is drained through a trap to the low pressure heater and the
condensate from the low pressure heater is also drained through a trap but to the
main condenser. Determine the thermal efficiency and the net work per kilogram
steam.

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Sheet 2: Gas Turbine Power Plants
1. A simple gas turbine cycle has a pressure ratio of 5. The minimum and
maximum temperatures are 27˚C and 927˚C respectively. Calculate the thermal
efficiency and work ratio for the following cases:
a. Ideal processes;
b. The isentropic efficiencies of the compressor and the turbine are 85 %
and 86 % respectively .
2. a. A gas turbine has an overall pressure ratio of 7 and a maximum cycle
temperature of 750˚C. The turbine drives the compressor and an electric generator.
The ambient temperature is 20˚C and air enters the compressor at the rate of 25
kg/s. The isentropic efficiencies of the compressor and the turbine are 80% and 83 %
respectively. Neglecting changes in kinetic energy, the mass flow rate of fuel and all
pressure losses, calculate:
a. The power output;
b. The cycle efficiency;
c. The work ratio;
d. The fuel consumption per hour, assuming the calorific value of the fuel
is 40 MJ/kg.
b. If a heat exchanger is fitted in the power cycle to heat the air entering the
combustion chamber by the gas turbine exhaust. Assuming the heat exchanger
effectiveness is 0.8; calculate the gas cycle efficiency and the fuel consumption
per hour .

3. Air is compressed from 100 kPa, 310 K to 1000 kPa in a two stage compressor
with intercooling between stages. The intercooler pressure is 350 kPa. The air is
cooled back to 310 K in the intercooler before entering the second compressor
stage. Each compressor stage is isentropic. Determine:
a. The temperature at the exit of the second compressor stage;
b. The total compressor work in kJ/kg .

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4. Air enters the compressor of a simple gas turbine at 0.1 MPa, 300 K. The
pressure ratio is 9 and the maximum temperature is 1000 K. The turbine process is
divided into two stages each with a pressure ratio of 3, with intermediate reheating
to 1000 K. Determine:
a. The cycle efficiency;
b. Net output .
5. In a gas turbine generating power plant consists of 2 stages compression with an
intercooler between stages. The HP turbine drives the HP compressor, and the LP
turbine drives the LP compressor and the generator. The exhaust from the LP
turbine passes through a heat exchanger, which transfers heat to the air leaving the
HP compressor. There is a reheat combustion chamber between turbine stages,
which raises the gas temperature to 900˚C, which is also the gas temperature at the
entry to the HP turbine. The overall pressure ratio is 16/1, each compressor has the
same pressure ratio, and the air temperature at the entry is 20˚C. The heat exchanger
thermal ratio may be taken as 0.75, and inter-cooling is complete between
compressor stages. Assume isentropic efficiencies of 0.8 for both compressors
stages and 0.85 for both turbine stages and that 2% of the work of each turbine is
used in overcoming friction. Neglecting all losses in pressure, and assuming that the
velocity changes are negligibly small, calculate:
a. The power output in kilowatts for a mass flow of 125 kg/s;
b. The overall cycle efficiency of the plant;
c. The fuel consumption per hour, assuming that the combustion chamber
efficiency is 98% and the fuel calorific value is 42 MJ/kg.

For Air:
Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K Cv = 0.718 kJ/kg K

k = 1.4


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Sheet 3 :Combined Cycles
1. A thermal power plant operating on a combined gas-steam power cycle has the
following specifications:
Gas Turbine plant: Air enters the compressor at 300 K and the turbine at 1290 K;
the compressor pressure ratio is 7.1; turbine pressure ratio is 7; compressor
isentropic efficiency is 82%, turbine isentropic efficiency is 88 %. The temperature
of the gases leaving the heat recovery boiler is 430K. For air (Cp = 1.005 kJ/
kg. K, k = 1.4)and for gases (Cp = 1.15kJ/kg. K and k = 1.33).
Steam Turbine plant: An ideal Rankine cycle operates between pressure limits of
70 bar and 0.08 bar. Steam is generated in the HRB by the exhaust gases at 400˚C
and 70 bar.
Calculate: a. The mass ratio of steam flow to combustion gases flow (𝑚𝑎 = 𝑚𝑔).
b. The combined cycle efficiency.
c. The plant efficiency if the steam cycle is inoperative.
2. The gas-turbine portion of a combined gas-steam power plant has a pressure
ratio of 10. Air enters the compressor at 320K at a rate of 25 kg/s and is heated to
1400K in the combustion chamber. The combustion gases leaving the gas turbine
are used to generate steam at 500˚C and 100 bar in the heat recovery boiler (HRB).
The exhaust gases leave the HRB at 430K. The steam leaving the turbine is
condensed at 0.07 bar. Assuming all the compression and expansion processes to be
isentropic, determine:
a. The mass flow rates of steam;
b. The net power output;
c. The thermal efficiency of the combined cycle.
Assuming:
 The pump work is negligible.
 For Air: Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K & k = 1.4, For Gases: Cp = 1.15 kJ/kg K
& k = 1.33.
 The mass flow rate is constant in the gas turbine cycle.
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Sheet 4 :Nuclear Power Plants
1. A Pressurized water reactor has inlet and exit water at 290˚C and 320˚C
respectively. It has 30 m3 vapour pressurizer which is normally 60 % full of water
at 140 bar. A case of insurge occurring during which 0.25 m3 of water entered the
pressurizer from the primary coolant hot leg, 0.05 m3 entered through spray, and
50 kWhr added by electric heaters. Determine the internal energy before and after
event for the pressurizer in 𝑘𝐽 and ignore the heat lost to the atmosphere.

2. A BWR operating at 70 bar produces 1200 kg/s saturated steam from feedwater
at 200˚C. The average core exit quality is 10%. Calculate:

a. The recirculation ratio;

b. The core inlet enthalpy;
c. The core inlet temperature;
d. The sub-cooling temperature difference;
e. The heat generated in the reactor in MW .
3. A boiling water reactor (BWR) operating at 80 bar produces 1000 kg/s saturated
steam from feed water at 221.8˚C. The average core exit quality is 13.7%.
Calculate:

a. The recirculation ratio;

b. The core inlet enthalpy in kJ/kg and temperature in degree Celsius;
c. The degree of subcooling in degree Celsius;
d. Heat generated in the reactor and the net power in Megawatts
assuming that the thermal efficiency is 30%.

The end…..
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Good Luck