‡ Earthing practices adopted at generating stations,

substations, distribution structures and lines are of great importance.

‡ The earth is made up of materials that is electrically

conductive.
‡ When a fault occurs , the current increases rapidly. This

unwanted fault current will flow to earth through the live conductor i.e. through
low resistance path

Classification
y System earthing : Connection between part of

substation in an operating system like LV neutral of a Transformer winding and

earth. y Equipment earthing : Connecting frames of equipment (Transformer tank,
Switch gear box, Bases of CTs & PTs, circuit breakers, Busbars etc.) to earth. y
Substation Fence earthing : Connecting fence (which is of steel) to earth.

Flow chart

Step-1: DESIGN DATA

y Let size of MAT is l × b y Area a = l × b y Average soil resistivity =

Step -2: Conductor size

y For line to ground fault calculationy If = 3I0 (if station resistance neglected)
y where y Calculate X/R ratio from z1,z2,z0 and Rf y The fault current If is used
to size the grounding

conductor y for maximum fault duration tc , we take decrement factor (Df) by the
given datasheet

y We have to consider melting temperature for fault

duration of tc

y Where I is in KA

y 1 Kcmil = 5.056 mm2 y Amm2 = r2 y Radius of conductor can be calculated by above

equation

Step-3: Touch and step potential