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Original Article
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: In this paper, we study Smarandache curves according to Darboux frame in the three-dimensional
Received 6 April 2017 Minkowski space E13 . Using the usual transformation between Frenet and Darboux frames, we investi-
Revised 9 May 2017
gate some special Smarandache curves for a given timelike curve lying fully on a timelike surface. Finally,
Accepted 28 May 2017
we defray a computational example to confirm our main results.
Available online 7 June 2017
© 2017 Egyptian Mathematical Society. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
MSC:
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
53A04
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
53A35
53C50
Keywords:
Smarandache curves
Timelike curves
Timelike surfaces
Darboux frame
Minkowski 3-space
1. Introduction (Frenet frame vectors) are respectively, the tangent, the principal
normal and the binormal vector fields.
In the study of the fundamental theory and the characteri- In the light of the existing studies in the field of geometry,
zations of space curves, the corresponding relations between the many interesting results on Smarandache curves have been ob-
curves are very interesting and important problem. tained by many mathematicians [3–9]. Turgut and Yilmaz have in-
Among all space curves, Smarandache curves have special em- troduced a particular circumstance of such curves, they entitled it
placement regarding their properties, because of this they deserve Smarandache TB2 curves in the space E41 [2]. They studied special
especial attention in Euclidean geometry as well as in other ge- Smarandache curves which are defined by the tangent and second
ometries. It is known that Smarandache geometry is a geometry binormal vector fields. In [4], the author has illustrated certain spe-
which has at least one Smarandache denied axiom [1]. An axiom cial Smarandache curves in the Euclidean space.
is said to be Smarandache denied, if it behaves in at least two dif- Special Smarandache curves in such a manner that Smaran-
ferent ways within the same space. Smarandache geometries are dache curves TN1 , TN2 , N1 N2 and TN1 N2 with respect to Bishop
connected with the theory of relativity and the parallel universes. frame in Euclidean 3-space have been seeked for by Çetin et al.[6].
Smarandache curves are the objects of Smarandache geometry. By Furthermore, they worked differential geometric properties of
definition, if the position vector of a curve δ is composed by Frenet these special curves and checked out first and second curvatures
frame’s vectors of another curve β , then the curve δ is called a of these curves. Also, they get the centers of the curvature spheres
Smarandache curve [2]. In three-dimensional curve theory, each and osculating spheres of Smarandache curves.
unit speed curve with at least four continuous derivatives, one can Recently, H.S. Abdel-Aziz and M. Khalifa Saad have studied spe-
associate three mutually orthogonal unit vector fields T, N and B cial Smarandache curves of an arbitrary curve such as TN, TB
and TNB with respect to Frenet frame in the three-dimensional
Galilean and pseudo-Galilean spaces [3,7].
The main goal of this article is to introduce and describe some
∗
Corresponding author. special Smarandache curves in E13 for a given timelike surface and
E-mail addresses: habdelaziz2005@yahoo.com (H.S. Abdel-Aziz),
a timelike curve lying fully on it with reference to its Darboux
mohamed_khalifa77@science.sohag.edu.eg (M. Khalifa Saad).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joems.2017.05.004
1110-256X/© 2017 Egyptian Mathematical Society. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
H.S. Abdel-Aziz, M. Khalifa Saad / Journal of the Egyptian Mathematical Society 25 (2017) 382–390 383
frame. We looking forward to that our results will be helpful to where θ is the angle between the vectors P and N. Therefore, the
researchers who are specialized on mathematical modeling and Darboux frame of r(s) is given as follows
other applications.
T 0 κg κN T
P = κg 0 −τg P , (3)
2. Basic concepts U κN τg 0 U
Let us first recall the basic notions from Lorentz geometry [10]. where κ N , κ g and τ g are the normal curvature, geodesic curvature
Let R3 = {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) | x1 , x2 , x3 ∈ R }be a 3-dimensional vector and geodesic torsion, respectively. In the differential geometry of
space, and let x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) and y = (y1 , y2 , y3 ) be two vectors in surfaces, for a curve r = r (s ) lying on a surface M the following are
R3 . The Lorentz scalar product of x and y is defined by well-known [11]
T P −U 3. If α is a principal line, the following hold
κg κg (κN −τ g ).
ω1 ω2 ω3 4κN
κg − 2κN 2κg + 3κg 2 + κN 2
κ̄α = ,
So, the binormal vector of α is κN 3
−1 2
B̄α = (ω̄1 T + ω̄2 P + ω̄3 U ), κN4 3κN κ g + κN 23κg + 52
κg 2 κN
(κN − τg ) −ω12 + ω22 − ω32 −κN κN κg 5κg + 2 κg + κN + κg + κg κN
τ̄α = √ .
where 2 2 4κN κg − 2κN 2κg + 3κg 2 + κN 2
ω̄1 = (τg − κN )ω2 + κg ω3 ,
3.2. TU−Smarandache curves
ω̄2 = (κN − τg )ω1 − κg ω3 ,
ω̄3 = κg ω1 − κg ω2 . Let r = r (s ) be a timelike curve lying on an oriented timelike
We consider the derivatives α ,
α with respect to s as follows surface M in Minkowski 3-space E13 . Using Definition 2, the TU−
Smarandache curve of r is given by
1
where
⎛ ⎞
μ2 = (κg + τg )κN + (κg + τg ) 2κN + κg 2 + κN 2 − τg 2 + κg + τg , 3κg 2 κg κN
2
1 = ⎝−κN 4κN κg + 7κN κg 3 + 2κg 3 κg 2 + κN 2 + 2κN + κg 2 + 2κN 2 κ
⎠
.
−κg κg 2 − 2κN 2 κN + κg κN 3κg 2 + 4κN 2 + κN 7κg 2 κN + 2κN
g
+(κg + τg ) 2κN + κg 2 + κN 2 − τg 2 + κg + τg ,
⎛ 2κg4 (κN − τg ) + 2κg 3 (κN − τg )τg
⎞
⎜ +2κg 2 (κN − τg )2 (κN + τg ) − τg + κN ⎟
η3 = κN (κg + 3κN ) − τg (κg + 3τg ) ⎜ ⎟
10 = ⎜ +κN −κN κg + τg + τg κg + κN
⎝ ⎟
⎠
.
+(κN − τg ) 2κg + κg 2 + κN 2 − τg 2 − τg + κN . 2κN 3 τg − 2κN 2 τg 2 + κN −2τg 3 − τg + κN
+κg 3
In the light of these derivatives, the curve’s torsion of δ can be +2τg τg − τg + κN
computed as follows
Corollary 4. Let δ (s̄ ) be a timelike curve lies on M in Minkowski 3-
7 + 8
τ̄δ = √ , (16) space E13 , then
3 3κ̄δ ( (κN − τg )(9 + 210 ) )
2
⎛ ⎞
κN 2 τg (−4κN + τg ) − τg 2 κN (κN + 2τg )
⎜ −2κN (κN − τg ) (κN − τg )τg 2 + τg ⎟ √ √
2 = ⎜ ⎟. A1 = 2 2(1 + v ) cosh(u ) + sinh(u ) 2 − 2 cosh(u ) + 2v sinh(u ) ,
⎝ ⎠
+22 κN (κ2N− τg ) −κN τg + τg κN + 2τg
κN 2κN + τg + (κN − τg ) κN (κN − τg )τg + κN cosh(u ) cosh(3u )
A2 = v+ √ + (1 + v ) cosh(2u ) − √
2 2
2. If δ is an asymptotic line, we have √
( ( − 2v sinh(u ) + sinh(2u ),
1 3 3 sinh(u ) sinh(3u )
κ̄δ = , A3 = 1 + 2v + cosh(2u ) + √ + (1 + v ) sinh(2u ) − √ ,
2 2 κg 3 τg 3 2 2
τ̄δ = √ 4 2 , and
3 3κ̄δ
( B1, B2, B3 )
where U= ,
1
τg 2 κg 2 − 2τg κg τg κg + 2κg 2 −
2 τg
2
3 = ,
+τg κg 2 + 4κg 2 (κg + τg )2 + 4κg κg 2 − τg 2
2 where
√
⎛ ⎞ B1 = − 2(1 + v ) cosh(u ) + 2 sinh(u )2 ,
−τg 2 κg (3κg + 10τg ) − 2τg τg (κg (2κg − τg )(κg + τg ) √
4 = ⎝ +κg (5κg + τg ) + κg ⎠. B2 = 1 + 2v + cosh(2u ) − 2 sinh(u ),
√
+τg κg + 2κg (κg + τg ) τg κg + 2κg 2 − 2τg 2 + 2τg B3 = −1 − 2v sinh(u ) + sinh(2u ).
3. If δ is a principal line, we obtain According to Eq. (3), the geodesic curvature κ g , the normal curva-
( ( ture κ N and the geodesic torsion τ g of the curve r(u) are
3 5
κ̄δ = ,
8 κN 3 (κg + κN )3 1 √
κg = T , P = −2 sinh(u ) 2v + 2 sinh(u )
2
−κN 2 κg (3κg + 4κN ) √
1
τ̄δ = √ +2κN κN −5κg κg − 2κg 3 + 2 κg + 2κg 2 κN − κg , + cosh(u ) 2 + 4v − 2 2v sinh(u ) ,
3 3 + κ 6 N
where
⎛ 2 2 ⎞
κN κg + κN 2 κg + 2κg 2 2 + 4κg κg κN κN = U , T
⎛ √ ⎞
5 = ⎝ −8κg 2 κN 2 − 8κg κN 3 − 4κN 4
⎠, 4 2 −4 + v −2 + 3v + 6v2
−2κN κg κN κg + 2κg (κg + κN ) ⎜
⎜ √ (10 + 3v(7 + 4v )) cosh(u )
−4 ⎟
⎟
⎜ +3 2v(7 + 4v(5 + 2v )) cosh(2u ) ⎟
⎛ ⎞ ⎜ −2(16 √ + v(43 + 24v )) cosh(3u ) ⎟
⎜ ⎟
κN κg 2 + 4κg κg (κg − 2κN ) ⎜ +4 2(4 + 3v ) cosh(4u ) ⎟
1 ⎜ −2(4 + 3v ) cosh(5u ) ⎟
6 = ⎝ +4κg 2 κg 2 + κN 2 − 2κN κg ⎠. = 3/2 ⎜ √ ⎟,
2 ( 2 ) ⎜ − 2v cosh(6u ) − 4(5 +√3v(2 + v(5 + 4v ))) ⎟
+2 κg + κg (2κg + κN ) κN ⎜ ⎟
⎜ sinh(u ) + 2(17 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ +12v(5 + 4v )) sinh(2u ) − 2 9 + 22v + 6v2 sinh(3u )
√
⎟
4. Computational example ⎝ ⎠
+2 2(8 + 11v ) sinh√(4u ) + 2(−3 + 2v ) sinh(5u )
+ 2 sinh(6u )
In this example, we construct some special Smarandache curves
(TP, TU, PU and TPU) of a timelike curve which lies on a timelike
surface. Moreover, using Mathematica program, we compute their ⎛ √ ⎞
differential geometric properties (Figs. 1–3). 1 − 2v − 2 −4 + v + 4v2
⎜ cosh(u ) + 2(3 + 5v ) cosh(2u ) ⎟
Suppose we are given a timelike ruled surface represented as ⎜ √ ⎟
1 ⎜ + 2(−2 + v ) cosh(3u ) + cosh(4u ) ⎟
M (u, v ) = r (u ) + vQ (u ), τg = P , U = ⎜ √ ⎟.
2 ⎜ − 2(7 + 4v(2 + v )) sinh(u ) ⎟
where the timelike base curve is given by ⎝ +2(2 + v(3 + 2v )) sinh(2u ) ⎠
√ √ √
r (u ) = u, 2 cosh u, 2 sinh u , − 2(3 + 4v ) sinh(3u ) − v sinh(4u )
and where
√ √
Q (u ) = 2 cosh u, 1, 2 sinh u , ⎛ √ ⎞
5 + 12v(1 + v ) + 2 2√cosh(u )
is the ruling vector of M. ⎜ +4(1 + 3v√) cosh(2u ) − 2 2 cosh(3u ) ⎟
The triples of Darboux frame can be computed as follows 2 = ⎝ ⎠
√ √ + cosh(4u ) − 2 2(√1 + 6v ) sinh(u ) + 4 sinh(2u )
T = 1, 2 sinh u, 2 cosh u , −2 2 sinh(3u )
γPU = (γ1 , γ2 , γ3 ),
√ √
2(1 + v ) cosh(u ) + sinh(u ) 2 − 2 cosh(u ) + 2(1 + v ) sinh(u )
γ1 = √ ,
2 1
√ √ √
2 + 6v + 2 cosh(u ) + 2(2 + v ) cosh(2u ) − 2 cosh(3u ) − 2 2(1 + v ) sinh(u ) + 2 sinh(2u )
γ2 = √ ,
2 2 1
√ √
4v + 2 cosh(2u ) + 2(1 − 2v ) sinh(u ) + 2(2 + v ) sinh(2u ) − 2 sinh(3u )
γ3 = √ .
2 2 1
5. Conclusion [3] H.S. Abdel-Aziz, M.K. Saad, Smarandache curves of some special curves in the
Galilean 3-space, Honam Math. J. 37 (2) (2015) 253–264.
[4] A.T. Ali, Special Smarandache curves in the Euclidean space, Int. J. Math.Comb.
In the present paper, we have studied special curves called 2 (2010) 30–36.
Smarandache curves according to Darboux frame in the three- [5] O. Bektas, S. Yuce, Smarandache curves according to Darboux frame in Eu-
dimensional Minkowski space E13 . These curves are composed us- clidean space, Rom. J. Math. Comput.Sci. 3 (1) (2013) 48–59.
[6] M. Çetin, Y. Tunçer, M.K. Karacan, Smarandache curves according to Bishop
ing Frenet frame vectors of another curve. Moreover, some results frame in Euclidean space, Gen. Math. Notes 20 (2) (2014) 50–66.
for the meaning curves are obtained. Finally, for confirming our re- [7] M. Khalifa Saad, Spacelike and timelike admissible Smarandache curves in
sults, a computational example is given and plotted. pseudo-Galilean space, J. Egypt. Math. Soc. 24 (2016) 416–423.
[8] M. Çetin, H. Kocayiğit, On the quaternionic Smarandache curves in Euclidean
3- space, Int. J. Contemp. Math. Sci. 8 (3) (2013) 139–150.
Acknowledgment [9] K.T. prü, M. Tosun, Smarandache curves according to Sabban frame on S2 , Bo-
letim da Sociedade Paraneanse de Matematica 32 (1) (2014) 51–59.
[10] B. O’Neil, Semi-Riemannian Geometry with Applications to Relativity, Academic
The authors are very grateful to referees for the useful sugges-
Press, London, 1983.
tions and remarks for the revised version. [11] M.P.D. Carmo, Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces, Prentice Hall, En-
glewood Cliffs, NJ, 1976.
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