HISTROY

Angelo Di Pietro (1950, Avellino, Italy) is an engine designer who developed

the Di Petrol Motor air engine. He qualified as congegniatore mechanics in Avellino
and moved to Stuttgart to work on the winkle rotary engine at the Mercedes Benz
research laboratory 1969 and 1970.in 1971 he migrate to Australia where he
established a construction engineering company.

From his early experience with winkle rotary engines, Angelo became
interested in developing a more efficient engine than the traditional reciprocating
internal combustion engine, and he has worked on various alternative concepts
intermittently over the last 30 years. In 1999 he made a major design breakthrough
with a winkle rotary motor which runs on compressed air. Di Pietro claims that his
engine is 100% more efficient than competitors’ product and that the reduction in
friction will allow the engine to turn with a pressure of 1 phi.

Angelo Di Pateros targeted locations in which automotive vehicles are

required but cause immense health hazards such as product markets and warehouse.
Angelo Di Pateros was determined to find an alternative that was both
environmentally conscious, comparable in desired power, and inexpensive.

Angelo Di Petrol Director of R & D said: “There is no other motor is as good

as ours, years of research and analyzing other motors around the world gave me the
confidence and obligation to say so. Obligation is the sense that people have been
weighting for ages in relation to efficiency in order to take care of our environmental
situation.100% more efficiency that our competitor is a very serious claim and should
not be confused with some kind of publicity stunt here the interest is purely to try and
make money out of some ridiculous claim. The concept has the capability to change
the method we use for transporting, apart from the benefits of energy saving in
stationary applications.

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A PROJECT IS NOT A PHYSICAL OBJECTIVE NOR IS THE END

RESULT.

It has something to do with a definite mission generate activities involving a

verity of human resources all directed towards the fulfillment of the mission end stop
once the mission fulfilled.

1.1 MEANING OF PROJECT:

P: Potentials

R: Rate of return/risk

O: Opportunities

J: Judgment on

E: Expectation

C: Cost components

T: Time factor

1.2 OBJECTIVES:

Nowadays more stress lay on engineers to become entrepreneurs hence the study
of project planning has become very important & for this reason most of the institute
have introduces the project work in their syllabus. The project has following
objectives:

1. The project work enables the students to work in group.

2. It enables the students to use their technical knowledge in practical situation.
3. One can develop ability to plan to work & take appropriate division.
4. It develops confidence & creative thinking.
5. It helps to arrive at creative solution of a problem.
6. Students can understand their strength & weakness.

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1.3 AIMS OF THE PROJECT WORK

1. To develops planning & decision making skill.

2. To integrate & rain force skills required the students in separate subject.
3. To provide interdisciplinary studies of the subject.
4. To develop higher level of skills for solution of the project.
5. To develop ability to work in team positively.

1.4 ENGINE:

The distinctive feature of our civilization today, one that makes if different
from all other, is the wide use of mechanical power at one time, the primary source of
power for the work of peace or war was chiefly man’s muscles. Later, animal were
trained to help and afterward the wind and the running stream were hardness. But the
great step was taken in this direction when man learned the art of energy conversion
from one form to another.

The machine which does this job energy conversion is called an engine. An
engine is devices which transform one form of energy into another form of energy.
However, while transforming energy from one form to another, efficiency of
conversion plays an important role.

1.5 CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINE:

1.5.1 Non- Combustion Engine:

In these type of engine not combustion of any fuel these types of engine is
known as no emissive engine or non-combustion engine

1. Air compressed engine.

2. Pneumatic engine.

1.5.2 External Combustion Engine:

In this case, combustion of fuel takes place outside the cylinder as in case of
steam engines where the heat of combustion is employed to generate steam which is
used to move a piston in a cylinder.

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 Other examples of external combustion engines are hot air engines, steam
turbine and closed cycle gas turbine. These engine are generally used for driving
locomotives, ships, generation of electric power etc.

1. Steam turbine

2. Steam engine

1.5.3 Internal Combustion Engine:

In these case, combustion of the fuel with air occurs within the cylinder if
the engine. The internal combustion engines group includes engines employing
mixtures of combustible gases air, known as gas engines, those lighter liquid fuel or
sprit known as petrol engines and those using heavier liquid fuel, known as oil
compression ignition or diesel engines.

1. S.I.(Spark Ignition) Engine

2. C.I.(Compression Ignition) Engine

S.I. and C.I. engine have classified in the 4-stroke and 2-stroke.

A. 4-stroke

In 4-stroke engine, the cycle of operation is completed in four stroke of

piston or two revolution of the crankshaft, during the four strokes, there are five
events are completed viz. suction, compression, combustion, expansion, exhaust.
Each stroke consists of 180 of crankshaft rotation and hence a 4-stroke cycle is
completed through 720º of crank rotation.

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 Table 1.1 Configurations of 4-stroke engine.

 Inlet valve remains open

 Exhaust valve remain closed
 Mixture of fuel and air is inlet in cylinder
 Piston movement T.D.C. to B.D.C.
Inlet stroke
 The piston is now made one stroke and
crankshaft 180 ºof rotation

 During this stroke inlet and exhaust valve

both remain closed.
 Piston moves B.D.C. to T.D.C.
Compression  Fuel and air mixture is compressed up to
Stroke
its clearance volume.
 Temperature and pressure both are raised

 Inlet and outlet valve remain closed.

 Mixture burn and transfer from hot gases.
Power  High pressure and temperature gases push
Stroke down the piston to create motive power.
 Piston moves T.D.C. to B.D.C

 Inlet valve remain closed and exhaust

valve is open.
 The piston move from B.D.C. to T.D.C.
 During this motion, the piston pushes out
Exhaust
the burnt gases from the cylinder.
Stroke  The exhaust valve closes at the end of
stroke and part of burnt gases called
residual gases remain in the clearance
volume.

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B. 2-stroke

In 2-stroke engine the cycle of operation is completed in two stroke of the

piston or the revolution of the crankshaft. Such stroke consists of 180degree of
crankshaft rotation and hence a two stroke cycle is completed through 360degree of
crank rotation. In this type of engine low efficiency compared to 4-stroke engine. As
already mentioned, if the two unproductive stroke the suction and exhaust could be
served by an alternative arrangement.

Figure.1.1 Two stroke engine

This system manages to pack one power stroke into every two stroke of the
piston (up-down).this is achieved by exhausting and recharging the cylinder
simultaneously.

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The steps involved here are;

1. Intact and exhaust occur at bottom dead center. Some form of pressure is need,
ether crankcase compression or super charging.
2. Compression stroke: fuel air mix compressed and ignited. In case of diesel:
air.
3. Compressed power piston is pushed downwards by the hot exhaust gases.

Spark ignition twos stroke are small and light for their power output and
mechanically very simple; however, they are also generally less efficient and more
polluting than their four stroke counterparts. In terms of power per cubic centimeter, a
single cylinder small motor application like a two stroke engine produces much more
power than an equivalent four stroke engine due to the enormous advantages of
having one power stroke for every 360º of crank shafts rotation (compared to 720º in
a four stroke motor).

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 CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

Air compressed engine mainly working in two parts. Inlet Stroke and Power
Stroke, Exhaust Stroke

2.1 Inlet and Power Stroke:

In two stroke engines cycle operation is completed in two stroke of the piston
or one revolution of the crankshaft. In this engine inlet and power stroke both are in
one stroke. It will start with inlet and power stroke inlet valve remain open and
exhaust valve remain closed. This stage of piston and plunger as shown in fig.2.1. In
this position piston move T.D.C. to B.D.C. and plunger position is uncovered inlet
valve. Compressed air passes through inside the cylinder. Compressed air is push the
piston in downward direction and piston move T.D.C.to B.D.C high pressure air push
down the piston to create motive power. In this position the plunger 140 degrees
dwell period. Piston move down and energy transfer piston to crankshaft.

Figure.2.1 Inlet and Power Stroke

In this stage plunger also be downward direction 80% complete this stroke and
inlet valve is closed or covered inlet valve by plunger. During this stroke that the
expanding compressed air creates a shock wave which we receive hear as a slow
sound noise. In this stroke at last piston is B.D.C. inlet and power stroke is completed.
Completed the first stroke crankshaft 180º of rotation completed.

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2.2 Exhaust Stroke:

At the end of the power stroke it will start exhaust stroke when the piston is at
the bottom dead center. The piston move from D.B.C.to T.D.C. and during this
motion. Inlet valve is closed or inlet valve covered by plunger. Exhaust valve is
remaining open but the plunger also at the B.D.C. this position of plunger 140º
revolution of dwell period in B.D.C. This position piston moves upward direction
during this motion of the piston push out the air from cylinder. The pressure air falls
to atmospheric level. After 140º revolution of plunger move upward direction and
exhaust valve also closed or covered by plunger.

Figure.2.2 Exhaust Stroke

The exhaust valve closed at the end of the stroke and part of air is called
residual air remain the clearance space. Now this stroke is completed. End of this
stroke piston position as top dead center. End of this stroke crankshaft 180º revolution
completed after exhaust stroke position of piston and plunger starting the first stroke
and this stage one cycle of engine is completed.

Two stroke fuel engine every stroke is power stroke but air compressed engine
only one stroke is power stroke. To complete one cycle 360º revolution completed in
crank shaft or one revolution completed. In this engine zero percentage pollution will
produce.

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2.2.1 ADVANTAGES:

1. Refueling can be done at home using an air compressor or service station.

The energy required compressing air is produced at large centralized plant,
making it less costly and more effective to manage carbon emission than
from individual vehicles.

2. Compressed air engine reduce the cost of vehicle production, because

there is no need to build a cooling system, spark plugs, starter motor or
mufflers.

3. Expansion of the compressed air lower it s temperature; this may be

exploited for use as air conditioning.

4. Some mechanical configuration may allow energy recovery during braking

by compressing and storing air.

5. Zero percentage pollution produce.

2.2.2 DISADVANTAGES:

1. When air expands in the engine it cools dramatically and must be heated to
ambient temperature using a heat exchanger. The heating is necessary in
order to obtain a significant fraction of theoretical energy output. The
heating necessary in order to obtain a significant fraction of the theoretical
energy output. The heat exchanger can be problematic; while it performs a
similar task to an intercooler for a internal combustion engine, the
temperature between the incoming air and the working gas is smaller. in
heating the stored air ,the device gets very cold and may ice up in cool,
moist climates.

2. Conversely, where air is compressed to fill the tank it heated up: as the
stored air cools, its pressure decrease and available energy decrease. it is
difficult to cool the tank efficiently while charging and thus it would either
take a long time to fill the tank, or less energy is stored.

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 CHAPTER 3
DESIGN AND EVOLUTION

3.1 PISTON

A piston is fitted to each cylinder as a face to receive air pressure and

transmit the thrust to the connecting rod.

Figure 3.1 Piston

Material = EN-8D B(ms)

A piston is a component of reciprocating engines, pumps and gas compressor.

Located in a cylinder is made gas tight by piston rings. In a engine, it purpose is to
transfer force from expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft via a piston rod
and/or connecting rod. In a pump, the function is received and force is transmitted
from the crank shaft to the piston for the purpose of compressing or ejective the fluid
in the cylinder. In some engine, the piston also acts as a valve by covering and
uncovering ports in the cylinder walls.

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3.2 CYLINDER BLOCK

The cylinder block is the main supporting structure for the various
components the cylinder of a malty cylinder engine is cast as a single unit, called
cylinder block. The cylinder head is mountain on the cylinder block. The cylinder
head and cylinder block are provided with water jacket in the case of water cooling or
with cooling fins in the case of air cooling. Cylinder head gas kit is incorporated
between the cylinder block and cylinder head.

Figure 3.2 Cylinder Block

Material =IS- 2062 Gr-B (ms)

The cylinder head is tight to the cylinder block by number of bolts or studs.
The bottom portion of the cylinder block is called crankcase. A cover called crankcase
which becomes a sump surface of the cylinder block which is machined and finished
accurately to cylinder shape is called bore or face.

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3.3 FLYWHEEL

A flywheel is a mechanical device with a significant moment of inertia used as

a storage device for rotational energy. Flywheels resist changes in their rotational
speed, which helps steady the rotation of the shaft when a fluctuating torque is exerted
on it by its power source such as that caused by a piston-based (reciprocating) engine,
or when an intermittent load, such as the motion of a piston pump, is placed on it.
Flywheels can be used to produce very high power pulses for experiments,
wheredrawing the power from the public network would produce unacceptable spikes.
A small motor can accelerate the flywheel between the pulses. Recently, flywheels
have become the subject of extensive research as power storage devices for uses in
vehicles and power plants.

Figure 3.3 Flywheel

MATERIAL IS- 2062 Gr-B

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The main function of a fly wheel is to smoothen out variations in the speed of a shaft
caused by torque fluctuations. If the source of the driving torque or load torque is
fluctuating in nature, then a flywheel is usually called for. Many machines have load
patterns that cause the torque time function to vary over the cycle. Internal
combustion engines with one or two cylinders are a typical example. Piston
compressors, punch presses, rock crushers etc. are the other systems that have fly
wheel. Flywheel absorbs mechanical energy by increasing its angular velocity and
delivers the stored energy by decreasing its velocity

3.4 CONNECTING ROD

The connecting road is the intermediate member between the piston and the
crankshaft. Its primary function is to transmit the push and pull from the piston pin to
the crank pin and thus convert the reciprocating motion of the piston in to the rotary
motion of the crank. The usual form of the connecting road in internal combustion
engines as shown in fig it consist of long shank, a small end and a big end.

Figure 3.4 Connecting Rod

MATERIAL EN-3A/C-20

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3.4.1 FORCE ACTING ON THE CONNECTING ROD

The various forces acting on the connecting rod are as follows.

1. Force on the piston due to gas presser and inertia of the

reciprocating parts.
2. Force due to inertia of the connecting rod or inertia bending forces.
3. Force due to friction of the piston ring and of the piston, and
4. Force due to friction of the piston pin bearing and crankpin bearing
We shall now drive the expression for the force acting on a vertical
engine.

3.5 CRANK

Crank in mechanical engineering, a bend portion of axle or shaft, or an arm

keyed at right angle to the end of the shaft, by which motion is imparted to or receive
from it.

Figure 3.5 CRANK

MATERIAL EN-3A/C-20

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3.6 CAM

These are made as integral part of the crankshaft and are designed in such a
way to open the valves at the correct timing to keep them open for the necessary
duration.

Figure 3.6 Cam

MATERIAL EN-3A/C-20

3.7 CRANK SHAFT

As the pistons collectively might be regarded as the heart of the engine , so

the crank shaft may be considered is backbone. The crankshaft is the part of the
engine that transforms the reciprocating motion of the piston to rotary motion.

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 Figure 3.7 Crank Shaft

1. Each hole is located and drilled.

2. Each surface is rough machined.
3. The crankshaft, with the exception of the bearing journals, is plated with
alight coating of copper.
4. The bearing journals are case –hardened.
5. The bearing journals are ground to size.
6. Threads are cut in to necessary bolt holes.

3.8 PLUNGER

Figure 3.8 Plunger

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3.9 DIMENSION ANALYSIS

TABLE 3.1 DIMENSIONS OF PARTS

SR NO. PARTS DIAMETER LENGTH WIDTH THICKNESS
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
1 Piston 21 40 - -
2 Cylinder 21 75 50 40
3 Plunger 11 100 - -
4 Flywheel 1008 - - 14
5 Shaft 8 80 - -
6 Connecting 2010 105 - 5
Rod
7 Crank 44 - - 6
8 Cam rod 2610 100 - 5
9 Cam 1008 - - 6

3.10 SELECTION OF MATERIALS:

The selection of a proper material, for engineering purpose, is one of the most
difficult problems for the designer. The best material is one which serve the
decide objective at the minimum cost. The following factors should be considered
while, select the material:

(a) Availability of the materials,

(b) Suitability of the material for the working condition in service, and

(c) The costs of the materials.

The important properties, which find the utility of the material, are physical,
chemical and mechanical properties.

3.10.1 FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METALS:

When attempting a project based on resistant materials you must consider

metals as part of your research. A vast range of metals of exits and they fit in two
categories, “ferrous” and “non-ferrous” metals. These metals can be used to build
and manufacture an equally large range of items. Study the properties of the
materials below, you may find that they are useful for your project. You may need
to investigate metal further.

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 The ferrous metals are those which have the iron as their main constituent,
such as cast iron, iron and steel.

The non-ferrous metals are those which have a metal other than iron as their
main constituent, such as copper, aluminum, brass, tin, zinc etc.

The mechanical properties of the metals are those which are associated with
the ability of the materials to resists mechanical forces and load. These
mechanical properties of the metal include strength, stuffiness, elasticity,
plasticity, ductility, toughness, creep and hardness.

3.10.2PART LIST:

TABLE 3.2 PARTS LISTS

SR NO. PART NAME MATERIAL
1 Piston Ms
2 Cylinder Block Ms
3 Plunger Ms
4 Connecting Rod Ms
5 Crank Ms
6 Cam Rod Ms
7 Cam Ms
8 Shaft Ms
9 Flywheel Ms
10 Stand Iron

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 3.10.3 PROPERTIES OF FERROUS METALS:

TABLE 3.3 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION LISTS

GRADE EN-8D EN-3A/C-20 IS- 2062 Gr-B IS- 2062 Gr-B

COMPOSITION PISTON CONECTING ROD CYLINDER FLYWHEEL

Fe 98.23 98.84 97.63 98.06
C 0.41 0.16 0.06 0.08
Si 0.24 0.20 0.19 0.22
Mn 0.73 0.67 1.53 1.49
P 0.031 0.028 0.019 0.016
S 0.028 0.022 0.005 0.004
Cr 0.03 < 0.01 0.10 0.020
Mo < 0.010 < 0.010 0.176 < 0.010
Ni 0.06 0.01 0.13 0.02
Al 0.008 0.032 0.024 0.030
Co 0.009 0.004 0.007 0.006
Cu 0.183 < 0.001 0.003 < 0.001
Nb < 0.003 < 0.003 0.038 0.014
Ti 0.002 0.002 0.015 0.004
V <0.001 < 0.001 0.030 < 0.001
W 0.019 0.023 0.029 0.025
Sn 0.011 0.002 0.002 0.005
B < 0.0002 < 0.0002 0.0003 0.0005
Zr < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001

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 CHAPTER4

ANALYSIS OF AIR ENGINE

4.1 Experimental Analysis:-

The analysis of our project is given below. In the analysis of compressed air
engine, we were using mainly two equipment for measurement. (1) pressure gauge
and (2)tachometer.

(1) Pressure gauge- pressure gauge is connected between compressor and inlet
valve of piston cylinder. Pressure gauge is measured the pressure of air
which is inlet in inlet valve. With the help of regulator, we can increase or
decrease pressure.

(2) Tachometer-tachometer is an external equipment. It consist one pointer. If

we connect the pointer of tachometer to the flywheel hub, it display the
revolution of flywheel.

4.1 Experimental reading table:

Sr No. Pressure Reading-1 Reading - Reading-3 Average

(Psi) (Rpm) 2 (Rpm) (Rpm) (Rpm)

1 10 407 379 364 384

2 15 610 598 586 598
3 20 813 817 808 813
4 25 1041 1044 1043 1043
5 30 1150 1155 1151 1152
6 35 1209 1249 1210 1222
7 40 1269 1271 1270 1270

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 This is the experimental analysis of pressure V/s reading-1 graph. Blue point
gives the value of pressure and revolution of flywheel. Graph-1 is give us detail of
pressure v/s reading-1 from experimental reading table.

Figure 4.1: Pressure v/s Reading-1

This graph gives the value of pressure v/s reading-2 . Blue point gives
the value of pressure and revolution of flywheel.

Figure 4.2: Pressure v/s Reading-2

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 Figure4.3 Pressure v/s Reading-3

Figure4.4: Pressure v/s Average Reading

From the analyzing above graph, we can say that if pressure is increased then rpm is
also highly increased.

From pressure v/s average reading graph, we can say that from 0-25 psi
pressure, rpm of flywheel is increased. From 25-35 psi pressure, rpm of flywheel is
slightly increased. But after 35 psi the rpm of flywheel is mostly remains constant.

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 CHAPTER 5

CONVERTING A CONVENTIONAL IC ENGINE INTO

AIR ENGINE

5.1 SELECTION OF SYSTEM

First of all replace the spark plug with a pulsed control valve .In this system
we have taken SI engine for the conversion. The normal working of SI engine is that
it works on the Otto cycle. Which uses gasoline as a fuel due to high self-ignition
temp the fuel & air mix are mix in carburettor & injected in the combustion chamber
during suction. This mixture is then highly compressed in compression stroke. While
in power stroke spark plug produces park & burns this mix & produces gases which
are used to move the engine. Remainder gases will be expelled to atmospheric in
exhaust stroke. In this system we converted 4-stroke single cylinder petrol engine into
compressed air engine question arises why this engine? Because it having several
features which give you high degree of customizability also it is easier to mount &
dismount the various parts like spark plug, carburettor etc. another reason is that these
engines are light in weight which offers less resistance. This quick torque is obtained
even at low pressure of injected air.

5.2 ENGINE MODIFICATION

To convert normal four stroke petrol engine into compressed air

engine several modifications are needed, there are listed below

Intake Port
The carburettor does not find any application in the engine running on
compressed air, only in where air is injected from top of combustion
chamber .So it is profitable to remove the carburettor since it will help to
reduce the piston in opposite direction during expansion stroke.

Cam Positions
In order to run the engine on compressed air the conventional cam positions
of petrol engine have to change. In conventional petrol engine cam is
designed to give four stroke, but in compressed air engine we have to
convert these four strokes into two strokes, so we have to combine suction
and compression and also power and exhaust, so it will run on air.
The cam timing is also maintained in such a way that compressed air will
give displacement of piston. Cam adjusted in such way that when inlet
valve open at that time outlet valve will close and when outlet valve opens
inlet valve will close.

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 Figure 5.1 spark ignition engine

The main function of timing chain is to control the opening and closing of inlet and
outlet valves. To run the engine on compressed air it is essential that timing of chain
should be adjusted in a way that it will move as per cam adjusted. Timing chain
adjusted in a such way that it will open and close the valve with perfect timing. Fig.
shows schematic diagram of timing chain adjustment

Figure 5.2 Modified Air Engine

5.3 ADVANTAGES OF AIR ENGINE

i. Compressed air engine reduce the cost of vehicle production, because there is
no need to build a cooling system, spark plugs, starter motor or mufflers.

ii. Expansion of the compressed air lower it s temperature; this may be exploited
for use as air conditioning

iii. Some mechanical configuration may allow energy recovery during braking by
compressing and storing air. Air, on its own, is non-flammable, abundant,
economical, transportable, storable and, most importantly, non-polluting.

iv. The mechanical design of the engine is simple and robust.

25
 v. Transportation of the fuel would not be required due to drawing power off the
electrical grid. This presents significant cost benefits. Pollution created during
fuel transportation would be eliminate

vi. Compressed-air tanks can be disposed of or recycled with less pollution than
batteries

vii. The tank may be able to be refilled more often and in less time than batteries
can be recharged, with refueling rates comparable to liquid fuels.

viii. The tanks used in a compressed air motor have longer lifespan in comparison
with batteries, which, after a while suffer from a reduction in performance.

5.4 DISADVANTAGES OF AIR ENGINE

i. When air expands, as it would in the engine, it cools dramatically
(Charleslaw) and must be heated to ambient temperature using a heat
exchanger similar to the intercooler used for internal combustion engines.
This might be problematic if the kit is employed on a full scale
automobile.
ii. Refueling the compressed air container using a home or low-end
conventional air compressor may take as long as 4 hours (although the
specialized equipment at service stations may fill the tanks in only
minutes)
iii. Tanks get very hot when filled rapidly. SCUBA tanks are sometimes
immersed in water to cool them down when they are being filled. That
would not be possible with tanks in a vehicle and thus it would either take
a long time to fill the tanks, or they would have to take less than a full
charge, since heat drives up the pressure.
iv. The limited storage capacity of the tanks will severely hinder the distance
possible to cover with even a fully charged cylinder

5.5 FUTURE SCOPES

Compressed Air Engine will be make revolution in automobile industry.

This engine having many advantages than the conventional engines .With some
modifications it will give better performance than the conventional engines. This
engine having minimum disadvantages and cheap. So in future compressed air engine
will be give the better option for the conventional engines.

26
 CONCLUSION

This engine basically represents the idea about providing an alternative to the current
energy scenario by modifying existing vehicles rather than altogether manufacturing
new. The CAE is aimed to open new avenues to explore in the area of fuels as
needless to say, conventional sources of energy are limited and due to that, the price
of petroleum products also continues rise by the day. Also, while considering alternate
fuels, some factors are to be considered like availability, economy, and environment
friendliness etc., based on that compressed air technology is the best technology and
demands more attention as it tends to take the engine to zero pollution running on a
fuel that is freely available. Even though the engines running on the compressed air
seem to compare poorly to gasoline and electric vehicles in range and power & their
applications severely constrained due to their limited driving range, it may be an ideal
mode of transportation once enough research and analysis are put in the field.

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