Neural Network in medical diagnosis

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Diagnosing of diseases was a major problem in medical field. Hence several research
groups are working world wide on the development of neural networks in medical
diagnosis due its ability to learn by examples.

Advanced computational methods, including ANNs, utilize diverse types of input data
that are processed in the context of previous training history on a defined sample database
to produce a clinically relevant output, for example the probability of a certain pathology
or classification of biomedical objects. Due to the substantial plasticity of input data,
ANNs have proven useful in the analysis of blood and urine samples of diabetic patients
diagnosis of tuberculosis, leukaemia classification analysis of complicated effusion
samples and image analysis of radiographs of living tissue.

Neural Networks are used to increase the accuracy and objectivity of medical diagnosis.
There by Neural Networks provide a powerful tool to help doctors to analyze, model and
make sense of complex clinical data across a broad range of medical applications. Most
applications of artificial Neural Networks to medicine are classification problems; that is,
the task is on the basis of the measured features to assign the patient to one of a small set
of classes.

Diagnosing models based on NNs explained is explained with the help of two examples
i.e. lung and skin cancer diagnosis.

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CHAPTER 2

OVER VIEW OF NEURAL NETWORKS

2.1 NEURAL NETWORKS

Neural Network has seen an explosion of interest over last few decades. These networks
basically aim to mimic the structure and function of human brain to create intelligent
behavior

A first wave of interest in neural networks emerged after the introduction of simplified
neurons by McCulloch and Pitts in 1943. These neurons were presented as models of
biological neurons and as conceptual components for circuits that could perform
computational tasks. But drastic advancement in Neural Networks was seen only after
discovery of Backpropagation algorithm, i.e. in earlier eighties.

Neural network can be defined in simple words as a network which considers the nodes
as “Artificial Neurons”. Neural networks can be most adequately characterized as
computational models with particular properties such as the ability to adapt or learn to
generalize or to cluster or organize data and which operation is based on parallel
processing.

A very important feature of these networks is ability to “learn” by examples which

replaces “programming” in solving problems .This feature makes implementation of
computational model where one has little or incomplete understanding problem to be
solved but where training data are readily available.

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2.2 BIOLOGICAL INSPIRATION

Human brain is a densely interconnected network of approximately 10^11 neurons, each

connected to, on average, 10^4 others. Neuron activity is excited or inhibited through
connections to other neurons. The fastest neuron switching times are known to be on the
order of 10^-3 sec.

Each neuron has a body, called the soma. The soma is much like the body of any other
cell. It contains the cell nucleus, various bio-chemical factories and other components that
support on going activity.
Surrounding the soma are dendrites. The dendrites are receptors for signals generated by
other neurons.

Fig 2.2.1: Biological neuron structure

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All signals present at the dendrites of a neuron are combined and the result will
determine whether or not that neuron will fire. Axons are fibers acting as transmission
lines that send activation to other neurons. If a neuron fires, an electrical impulse is
generated. This impulse starts at the base, called the hillock, of a long cellular extension,
called the axon, and proceeds down the axon to its ends. The junctions that allow signal
transmission between the axons and dendrites are called synapses. Strength of the
synaptic weight determines whether the signal from should be connected to particular
dendrite are not.

Fig 2.2.2: connection between two neurons

2.3 NEURAL NETWORK STUCTURE

Neural networks are models of biological neural. The neuron consists of multiple inputs
and a single output. Each input is modified by a weight, which multiplies with the input
value. The neuron will combine these weighted inputs and, with reference to a threshold
value and activation function, use these to determine its output. This behavior follows
closely our understanding of how real neurons work.

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Fig 2.3.1: Neuron model

Neural Network is combinations of such neurons, shown in fig 1.4.

Fig 2.3.2: Neural Network

2.4 NEURAL NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

An Neural Network is defined as data processing system consisting of large number of

simple highly inter connected processing elements(artificial neurons) in an architecture
inspired by the structure of brain. There are several types of architecture of Neural
Networks. However most widely used is described below.

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2.4.1 FEED FORWARD NETWORKS

In feed forward network information flows only in forward direction, i.e. from input layer
to output layer via hidden layers as shown in fig 1.4.1.

Fig 2.4.1: Feed forward network

2.4.2 RECURRENT NETWORKS

This network contains at least one feed-back connection, so the activations can flow
round in a loop.

Fig 2.4.2: Recurrent neural network

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2.5 LEARNING METHODS

Learning in a Neural Network is called training. Learning methods are classified into two
types
 Supervised learning
 Unsupervised learning

2.5.1 SUPERVISED LEARNING

In this method of learning, both the inputs and the outputs are provided. The network then
processes the inputs and compares its resulting outputs against the desired outputs.
Desired output is obtained either by manually grading the network performance or by
providing the desired outputs with the inputs.

2.5.2 UNSUPERVISD LEANING

In unsupervised learning, the network is provided with inputs but not with desired
outputs. The system itself must then decide what features it will use to group the input
data. This is often referred to as self-organization or adaption.

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CHAPTER 3

NEURAL NETWORKS IN MEDICINE

Medicine has always benefited from the forefront of technology. Technology advances
like computers, lasers, ultrasonic imaging, etc. have boosted medicine to extraordinary
levels of achievement. Neural Networks is currently the next promising area of interest. It
is believed that neural networks will have extensive application to biomedical problems in
the next few years. Using Neural Networks, lot of health indices (respiration rate, blood
pressure, glucose level, etc.) can be monitored or predicted. Neural Networks have a very
important role in image analysis, too, being used together with processing of digital
image in recognition and classification. They are used in pattern recognition because of
their capacity to learn and to store knowledge. The medical image field is very important
because it offers a lot of useful information for diagnosis and therapy. It is believed that
neural networks will have extensive application to biomedical problems in the next few
years. Already, it has been successfully applied to various areas of medicine, such as
diagnostic systems, biochemical analysis, image analysis, and drug development.

3.1 DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS

Neural Networks are extensively used in diagnostic systems. They are normally used to
detect cancer and heart problems. The benefits of using Neural Networks are that they are
not affected by factors such as fatigue, working conditions and emotional state.

3.1 BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS

Neural Networks are used in a wide variety of analytical chemistry applications. In

medicine, Neural Networks have been used to analyse blood and urine samples, track
glucose levels in diabetics, determine ion levels in body fluids, and detect pathological
conditions such as tuberculosis.

3.3 IMAGE ANALYSIS

Neural Networks are used in the analysis of medical images from a variety of imaging
modalities. Applications in this area include tumor (nodule) detection in ultra-sonograms,
classification of chest x-rays, tissue and vessel classification in magnetic resonance
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images (MRI), determination of skeletal age from x-ray images, and determination of
brain maturation.

3.4 DRUG DEVELOPMENT

Neural Networks are used as tools in the development of drugs for treating cancer and
AIDS. ANNs are also used in the process of modelling biomolecules.

Fig 3.4: Application of neural network in medical field

3.5 ADVANTAGE OF NEURAL NETWORK IN MEDICINE

 It requires less input of knowledge about the problem than other approaches.
 It is skilled of implementing more complex separating of feature space.
 It is amenable to high-performance parallel processing implementation of image.
 It works for both linear and non-linear data.
 It works with high accuracy.
 Reduction of diagnosis time

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CHAPTER 4

PROPOSED NEURAL NETWORK DIAGNOSIS MODELS

FOR DISEASES

Feed-forward neural networks are widely and successfully used models for classification,
forecasting and problem solving. For example, a typical feed-forward back propagation
neural network is proposed to diagnosis urinary system diseases. It consists of three
layers: the input layer, a hidden layer, and the output layer. A one hidden with 20 hidden
layer neurons is created and trained. The input and target samples are automatically
divided into training, validation and test sets. The training set is used to teach the
network. Training continues as long as the network continues improving on the validation
set. The test set provides a completely independent measure of network accuracy. The
network architecture used is “Feed forward”.

Fig 4: Feed forward diagnosis model

The hidden neurons are able to learn the pattern in data during the training phase and
mapping the relationship between input and output pairs. Each neuron in the hidden layer
uses a transfer function to process data it receives from input layer and then transfers the
processed information to the output neurons for further processing using a transfer
function in each neuron.
The output of the hidden layer can be represented by
YNx1 = f (WNxM XM, 1 + bN, 1)........... (1)
Where
Y is a vector containing the output from each of the N neurons in a given layer.
W is a matrix containing the weights for each of the M inputs for all N neurons.
X is a vector containing the inputs.
b is a vector containing the biases and f ( ) is the activation function

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CHAPTER 5

FUNDAMENTAL STEPS IN ANNs-BASED

MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS

The workflow of ANN analysis arising from the outlined clinical situations is shown in
Fig, which provides a brief overview of the fundamental steps that should be followed to
apply ANNs for the purposes of medical diagnosis with sufficient confidence.

Fig 5: Diagram of fundamental steps in ANN based medical diagnosis.

The network receives patient’s data to predict the diagnosis of a certain disease. After the
target disease is established, the next step is to properly select the features (e.g.
Symptoms, laboratory, and instrumental data) that provide the information needed to
discriminate the different health conditions of the patient. This can be done in various

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ways. Tools used in chemometrics allow the elimination of factors that provide only
redundant information or those that contribute only to the noise. Therefore, careful
selection of suitable features must be carried out in the first stage. In the next step, the
database is built, validated and “cleaned” of outliers. After training and verification, the
network can be used in practice to predict the diagnosis. Finally, the predicted diagnosis
is evaluated by a clinical specialist.

The major steps can be summarized as:

 Features selection
 Building the database
o Data cleaning and preprocessing
o Data homoscedasticity
 Training and verification of database using ANN
o Network type and architecture
o Training algorithm
o Verification
o Robustness of ANN-based approaches
 Testing in medical practice

5.1 FEATURES SELECTION

Correct diagnosis of any disease is based on various, and usually incoherent, data
(features): for example, clinic pathologic evaluation, laboratory and instrumental data,
subjective anamnesis of the patient, and considerations of the clinician. Clinicians are
trained to extract the relevant information from each type of data to identify possible
diagnoses. In artificial neural network application such data are called “features”.
Features can be symptoms biochemical analysis data and/or whichever other relevant
information helping in diagnosis. Therefore, the feature extraction is closely related to the
final diagnosis. The ability of ANNs to learn from examples makes them very flexible
and powerful tools to accelerate medical diagnosis. Features that bring insufficient,
redundant, non-specific, or noisy information about the investigated problem should be
avoided.

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5.2 BUILDING THE DATABASE

The neural network is trained using a suitable database of “example” cases. An

“example” is provided by one patient whose values for the selected features have been
Collected and evaluated. The quality of training and the resultant generalization, and
therefore the predictability of the network, strongly depend on the database used for the
training. The database should contain a sufficient number of reliable “examples” to allow
the network to learn by extracting the structure hidden in the dataset and then use this
“knowledge” to “generalize” the rule to new cases. In addition, clinical laboratory data
should be in a form that is readily transferable to programs for computer-aided diagnosis.

5.2.1 DATA CLEANING AND PREPROCESSING

Data in the training database must be preprocessed before evaluation by the neural
network. Several approaches are available for this purpose. Data are normally scaled to
lie within the interval [0, 1] because the most commonly used transference function is the
so called logistic one. In addition, it has been demonstrated that cases for which some
data are missing should be removed from the database to improve the classification
performance of the network .A decrease in the classification performance of the network
is observed for imbalanced databases

5.2.2 DATA HOMOSCEDASTICITY

Once the suitable features, database, data preprocessing method, training algorithm, and
network architecture have been identified, data concerning “new” patients who are not
included in the training database can be evaluated by the trained network. The question
asked is whether the new data belong to the same population as those in the database
(homoscedasticity). Failure at this step might lead the network to misclassify the new
data. This problem can be solved by the use of an additional parameter that indicates the
population to which a certain sample belongs.

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5.3 TRAINING AND VERIFICATION OF DATABASE USING ANN

5.3.1 NETWORK TYPE AND ARCHITECTURE

Although multilayer feed-forward neural networks are most often used, there are a large
variety of other networks including Bayesian, stochastic, recurrent, or fuzzy. The optimal
neural network architecture must be selected in the first stage. This is usually done testing
networks with different number of hidden layers and nodes therein. The optimal
architecture is that for which the minimum value of E (error) for both training and
verification is obtained.

5.3.2 TRAINING ALGORITHM

Once a network has been structured for a particular application, that network is ready to
be trained. To start this process the initial weights are chosen randomly. Then, the
training, or learning, begins. The ANN has been trained by exposing it to sets of existing
data (based on the follow up history of cancer patients) where the outcome is known.
Usually used training algorithm is Backpropagation.
Learning in NN’s is typically accomplished using examples. This is also called ‘training’
in NN’s because the learning is achieved by adjusting the connection weights in NN’s
iteratively.

The Backpropagation model starts with small random real numbers as the starting
weights. At each training cycle, the error is calculated, and the weights are changed in the
direction that minimizes the error. The error surface has as many dimensions as the
number of weights, and all the weights obey this basic principle. This process of changing
the weights or updating the weights is called training. All weights are kept until the end
of training. Training is an external process. Learning is the internal process. Learning in
neural networks is performed by iteratively modifying weights such that the desired
output is eventually produced by the network, with a minimal amount of error.

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5.3.3 VERIFICATION

ANNs-based medical diagnosis should be verified by means of a dataset different from

that one used for training.

5.3.4 ROBUSTNESS OF ANN-BASED APPROACHES

It is well known that ANNs are able to tolerate a certain level of noise in the data and
consequently they typically provide sufficient prediction accuracy. However, this noise
might sometimes cause misleading results, especially when modeling very complex
systems such as the health condition of a human body .in such cases if the patient is
having more than one disease Crossed effects cannot be predicted unless they have been
considered during building of the training database

5.4 TESTING IN MEDICAL PRACTICE

As the final step in ANN-aided diagnosis should be testing in medical practice. For each
new patient the network’s outcome is to be carefully examined by a clinician. Medical
data of patients for which the predicted diagnosis is correct can be eventually included in
the training database.

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CHAPTER 6

LUNG CANCER DETECTION

6.1 FEATURE SELECTION

 Symptoms of lung cancer are also considered.

 Presence of tumor (nodule) in the chest region.
 Size of the tumor.
 Structural features such as Area, Convex Hull Area, Equiv Diameter and Solidity
 Textural features such as Energy, Mean, and Standard Deviation

6.2 PATIENT DATA COLLECTION AND DATA BASE

BUILDING

CT scan or x-ray images are taken as input and are digitized and stored. These images are
used for training as well as diagnosing. Hence these are of great interest.

Fig 6.2.1: Chest x-ray image

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Fig 6.2.2: CT scan image of chest

6.3 PREPROCESSING

Preprocessing stage includes smoothing, enhancement, and segmentation of image.

Preprocessing is performed to eliminate noise present in the scanned image and to
increase the resolution, so that image can be interpretability for human viewers, or to
provide better input for automated image processing techniques.

6.3.1 SMOOTHING

Image is smoothened using filters. Median filters are usually used remove the effect of
poor contrast due to glare, noise and effects caused by poor lighting conditions during
image capture. A low frequency image was generated by replacing the pixel value with a
median pixel value

Fig 6.3.1: Median filtered image

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6.3.2 ENHANCEMENT

The image enhancement is defined as to improve the quality of image, so that the
resultant image is better than the original scanned image.
Sharpening and histogram equalization methods were used to enhance the contrast of
the images.

Fig 6.3.2.1: Histogram equalized x-ray image

Fig 6.3.2.2: Histogram equalized CT image

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6.3.3 SEGMENTATION

In this step the lung fields are separated from the rest of the image. This is done by either
separating body pixel and non-body pixel or by applying Out’s threshold.

6.4 FEATURE EXTRACTION

Image features Extraction stage is an important stage used to detect and separate various
features required for analysis is extracted to predict the probability of lung cancer.

6.4.1 FEATURE EXTRACTION METHOD FOR CT IMAGES

Following two methods are used such as GLCM and Binarization are used in CT images
for feature extraction.

6.4.1.1 GLCM (Grey Level Co-Occurrence Method)

The GLCM is a tabulation of how often different combinations of pixel brightness values
(grey levels) occur in an image. Firstly we create gray-level co-occurrence matrix from
image by using graycomatrix function in MATLAB software. From this we can calculate
texture measures from the GLCM.

The features extracted using this method are structural and textural features.

Structural features

AREA: It is a scalar value that gives the actual number of pixels in the Region Of Interest
(ROI).

CONVEX AREA: It is a scalar value that gives the number of pixels in convex image of
the Region Of Interest which is a binary image with all pixels within the hull filled in.

EQUIV DIAMETER: It is the diameter of a circle with the same area as the Region Of
Interest.

SOLIDITY: It is the proportion of the pixels in the convex hull that are also in the
Region Of Interest

Textural Feature

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ENERGY: is used to describe measure of information in an image.

MEAN: The mean intensity value indicates the average intensity value of all the pixels
that belong to the same region.

STANDARD DEVIATION: is a measure of how much that gray levels differ from mean

6.4.1.2 BINARIZATION APPROACH

Binarization approach has been applied for detection of cancer. In this we extract the
number of white pixels and check them against some threshold to check the normal and
abnormal lungs. we started to count the black pixels for normal and abnormal images to
get the average which will be denoted later as threshold then each image black pixels will
be compared to this threshold, whether it is greater, then it is normal, else the opposite If
the number of the white pixels of a new image is less that the threshold, then it indicates
that the image is normal. Otherwise, if the number of the white pixels is greater than the
threshold value, which shows that the image in abnormal.

Combining Binarization and GLCM approaches together will lead us to take a decision
whether the case is normal or abnormal.

6.4.2 FEATURE EXTRACTION METHOD FOR X-RAY IMAGES

In X-ray images the cancerous nodules appear in low contrast and the non-nodule area
show neither too bright nor too dark . A multilevel threshold is used to classify any point
(x,y) in the image f(x,y) as belonging to object class if T1<f(x,y)< =T2 to the other
object if f(x,y)>T2 and to the background .

In an X-ray images, pixels with in cancerous nodule are in the range 125 to 158.The pixel
values are less than T1 and greater than T2 as background set to zero the pixel whose
values lie between T1 and T2(foreground pixels) retain their pixel values. After this
process, convert it into binary form by setting all the foreground pixel values equal to
255.

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Then perform edge detection to extract geometrical features of nodule. Sobel method is
preferred due to its accuracy. Here, three features such as area, perimeter and shape are
extracted. Area, perimeter and shape are a scalar value.

These extracted features are used to develop diagnostic rules to detect cancer nodule and
to verify is the person affected by cancer at the same time stages can be detected.

Fig 6.4.2: Detected nodule

6.5 TRANING MODUEL

Backpropagation training model is used to train lung cancer diagnosis system

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CHAPTER 7
SKIN CANCER DETECTION

7.1 FEATURE SELECTION

 Contrast
 Homogeneity
 Energy
 Correlation
 Mean Skewness
 Kurtosis

7.2 PATIENT DATA COLLECTION AND DATA BASE BUILDING

Dermoscopic Images are used for training as well as for diagnosing. These images are
obtained by tracing the liquid flow on the microscope

7.3 PREPROCESSING

Preprocessing is done to removes the noise, fine hair and bubbles in the image.

7.3.1 DULL RAZOR FILTERING

The Dermoscopic Images are in Digital format.. The Hair removal is done by using Dull
Razor Filter.
7.3.1.1 Dull Razor performs the following steps:
1. It identifies the dark hair locations by a generalized gray scale morphological closing
operation.
2. It verifies the shape of the hair pixels as thin and long structure, and replaces the
verified pixels by a bilinear interpolation.
3. It smoothing is done to replace hair pixels with an adaptive median filter.

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Fig 7.3.1.1.1: Original image

Fig 7.3.1.1.2After Dull Razor Filter

7.3.2 RGB TO GRAY CONVERTION

The standard image size is taken as 360x360 pixels. Before preprocessing, the color
cancer image converted into gray scale image by eliminating hue and saturation. The
algorithm is to convert RGB values to gray scale values by forming a weighted sum of
R,G and B Component :
0.2989×R+0.5870×G+0.1140×B

7.3.3 ENHANCEMENT

Enhancement method used is contrast enhancement. It is done to enhance the shape and
edges of image. In addition, contrast enhancement can sharpen the image border and
improve the accuracy for segmentation.

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Fig 7.3.3 :Contrast Enhancement

7.3.4 SMOOTHING

Median filter is used for smoothing. Median Filtering to remove noise. Median filtering is
used for minimizing the influence of small structures like thin hairs and isolated islands of
pixels like small air. It is used to remove pepper and slat noise.

Fig 7.3.4: Noise Filtering

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7.3.4 SEGMENTATION

Segmentation removes the healthy skin from the image and finds the region of interest.
Segmentation used is Maximum Entropy Threshold Segmentation. The input to a
Thresholding operation is typically a gray scale. After segmentation, the output is a
binary image. Segmentation is accomplished by scanning the whole image pixel by pixel
and labeling each pixel as object or background according to its binarized gray level

Fig 7.3.4: Threshold Segmentation

7.4 FEATURE EXTRACTION

Image features Extraction stage is an important stage used to detect and separate various
features required for analysis is extracted to predict the probability of skin cancer.
Feature Extraction technique used is gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM).It is a
powerful tool for image feature extraction by mapping the gray level co-occurrence
probabilities based on spatial relations of pixels in different angular directions .They are
mean, standard deviation, Skewness, Kurtosis, Contrast, Energy, and Homogeneity.

STANDARD DEVIATION: is a measure of how much that gray levels differ from mean
Variance is a measure of dispersion in the distribution, the square root of the variance is
called standard deviation

SKEWNESS: It is measure of asymmetry. A data set is symmetric if it looks the same to

the left and right of the center point.

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KURTOSIS: It is a measure of whether the data are peaked or flat relative to a normal
distribution. That is, data sets with high kurtosis tend to have a distinct peak near the
mean.

CONTRAST: The contrast measures the coarse texture or variance of the grey level.
The contrast is expected to be high in coarse texture, if the grey level of contrast
corresponds to large local variation of the grey level.

ENERGY: is used to describe measure of information in an image

CORRELATION: The correlation texture measures the linear dependency of gray levels
on those of neighboring pixels

HOMOGENEITY: It returns a value that measures the closeness of the distribution of

elements in the GLCM to the Gray Level Co-occurrence diagonal.

7.5 TRAINING MODEL

For this detection also feed forward Backpropagation is used thus training is done using
Backpropagation algorithm.

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CHAPTER 8

FUTURE WORK

 Increasing the capacity of database so that large amount of features can be

included and data mining capacity will be increased.
 Designing of algorithm which consumes less time to train the neural network.
 Extraction of more number of features for better classification.
 Design of a network, which has ability to diagnosis many diseases, which may or
may not have similar symptoms.

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CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION

The artificial neural networks with the ability of learning by example are a very flexible
and powerful tool in medical diagnosis and have a lot of offer to modern medicine.

ANNs have proven suitable for satisfactory diagnosis of various diseases. In addition,
their use makes the diagnosis more reliable and therefore increases patient satisfaction.
The feed-forward back propagation neural network with supervised learning is proposed
to diagnose the diseases. Neural Network provide a powerful tool to help doctor to
analyze, model and make sense of complex clinical data across a broad range of medical
application. Artificial neural networks showed significant results in dealing with data
represented in symptoms and images. Results show that the proposed diagnosis Neural
Network could be useful for identifying the infected person.

With the help of neural networks, many diseases can be detected in earlier stages. The
detection could help doctor to plan for a better medication, reduce the risk of invasive
surgery and to increase the survival rate.

However, despite of their wide application in modern diagnosis, they must be considered
only as a tool to facilitate the final decision of a clinician, who is ultimately responsible
for critical evaluation of the ANN output. Methods of summarizing and elaborating an
informative and intelligent data are continuously improving and can contribute greatly to
effective, precise, and swift medical diagnosis

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CHAPTER 10

REFERENCES

[1] Vinod Kumar, Anil Saini, research on “Detection system for Lung cancer based on neural
network: X-Ray validation performance”, Volume 2 (IJERMCA), December 2013.

[2] Raviprakash S. Shriwas, Akshay D. Dikondawar research on “LUNG CANCER

DETECTION ANDPREDICTION BY USING NEURALNETWORK” ,Volume 3, Issue 1
(IIJEC),January 2015.

[3] K.A.G. Udeshani, R.G.N. Meegama , T.G.I. Fernando research on” Statistical Feature-based
Neural Network Approach for the Detection of Lung Cancer in Chest X-Ray Images” ,
Volume 5 , Issue 4 (IJIP) , 2011.

[4] Prashant Naresh, Dr. Rajashree Shettar research on “ Early Detection of Lung Cancer Using
Neural Network Techniques”, Vol. 4, Issue 8( Version 4) (IJERA),August 2014.

[5] Qeethara Kadhim Al-Shayea research on” Artificial Neural Networks in Medical
Diagnosis”, Vol. 8, Issue 2 (IJCSI), March 2011.

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[6] “Artificial neural networks in medical diagnosis” Journal of APPLIED

BIOMEDICINE

[7] Dr. N. Ganesan, Dr.K. Venkatesh, Dr. M. A. Rama, A. Malathi Palani research on
“Application of Neural Networks in Diagnosing Cancer Disease Using Demographic Data”,
volume 1 (IJCA),2010

[8] Girish Kumar Jha, research ”ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS AND ITS
APPLICATIONS “.

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