DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT

ACTIVE FILTERS: Low Pass, High Pass, Bandpass, Bandstop Filters

Name: Acilo, Diana Rose Date Performed: March 21,2018

Adela, Dan Rafael Date Submitted: March 21,2018
Centeno, Beatrice Kim Course: ECE 402
Deo, John Robert Group No: 2
Ebardo, Dexper Instructor: Engr. Simon E. Santiago
Pancho, Alvin
Section: CPE42FC1

Objective
The aim of this experiment is to introduce the concept of active filters utilizing operational amplifiers
and evaluate the the voltage gain in variation of the frequency.
Intended Learning Outcomes(ILO):

Discussion

Resources
 -12 to +12 DC Power Supply
 Oscilloscope
 Function Generator
 Active Filter Operational Amplifier Module (Lowpass, Highpass, Bandpass, Bandstop)
 2 Probes
 Digital Multimeter
Procedure:
I. Active High Pass Filter

1.) Insert the Active High Pass Filter Operational Amplifier Module and set the main switch on.
2.) Connect the sinusoidal signal generator, set the frequency to 100Hz. The signal generator must be
connected to the voltage in put and to the ground.
3.) Adjust the voltage generator at 1V peak-to-peak.
4.) Connect the oscilloscpe probes, Chanel 1 to the voltage input with a scale of 5V/Div and Chanel 2
to the voltage output with a scale of 5V/ Div and a time base of 1ms/ Div.
5.) Calculate the theoretical cutoff frequency fc and write down the value in Table 1.
6.) Calculate the static center-band gain Af.
7.) Calculate the voltage gain AV.
8.) Keep the input signal Vin=1V peak-to-peak, and measure the frequency response curve of the filter
by measuring the voltage output for the frequency values shown in Table 1.
9.) Show the output waveform of the Filter.

1
𝑓𝑐 =
2𝜋𝑅𝐶
𝑅2
𝐴𝑓 = 1 +
𝑅1

𝑓
𝑉𝑜 𝐴𝑓 ( )
𝑓𝑐
𝐴𝑣 = =
𝑉𝑖 𝑓
√1 + ( )
𝑓𝑐
 Table 1. Active High Pass Filter
Gain
Frequency V out
Calculated Measured
100
500
800
fc=__________
1100
1800

II. Active Low Pass Filter

10.) Insert the Active Low Pass Filter Operational Amplifier Module and set the main switch on.
11.) Connect the sinusoidal signal generator, set the frequency to 100Hz. The signal generator must be
connected to the voltage in put and to the ground.
12.) Adjust the voltage generator at 1V peak-to-peak.
13.) Connect the oscilloscpe probes, Chanel 1 to the voltage input with a scale of 5V/Div and Chanel 2
to the voltage output with a scale of 5V/ Div and a time base of 1ms/ Div.
14.) Calculate the theoretical cutoff frequency fc and write down the value in Table 2.
15.) Calculate the static center-band gain Af.
16.) Calculate the voltage gain AV.
17.) Keep the input signal Vin=1V peak-to-peak, and measure the frequency response curve of the filter
by measuring the voltage output for the frequency values shown in Table 2.
18.) Show the output waveform of the Filter.
 1
𝑓𝑐 =
2𝜋𝑅𝐶
𝑅2
𝐴𝐹 = 1 +
𝑅1

𝑉𝑜 𝐴𝑓
𝐴𝑣 = =
𝑉𝑖 𝑓
√1 + ( )2
𝑓𝑐

Table 2. Active Low Pass Filter

Gain Gain(dB)
Frequency Vout
Calculated Measured Measured
100
500
800
fc=__________
1100
1800

III. Active Band Pass Filter

19.) Insert the Active Band Pass Filter Operational Amplifier Module and set the main switch on.
20.) Connect the sinusoidal signal generator, set the frequency to 100Hz. The signal generator must be
connected to the voltage in put and to the ground.
21.) Adjust the voltage generator at 1V peak-to-peak.
22.) Connect the oscilloscpe probes, Chanel 1 to the voltage input with a scale of 5V/Div and Chanel 2
 to the voltage output with a scale of 5V/ Div and a time base of 1ms/ Div.
23.) Record the Data
24.) Compute for fOH ,fOL and Q Factor
25.) Compute the gain
26.) Keep the input signal Vin=1V peak-to-peak, and measure the frequency response curve of the filter
by measuring the voltage gain AV for the frequency values shown in Table 3.
27.) Show the output waveform of the Filter.

Table 3. Active Band Pass Filter.

Frequency
Computed Measured
fOL fOH fr Q Av fOL fOH

1
𝑓𝑂𝐿 =
2𝜋𝑅1 𝐶1

1
𝑓𝑂𝐻 =
2𝜋𝑅1 𝐶1

𝑓𝑟 = √(𝑓𝑂𝐻 ) ∗ (𝑓𝑂𝐿 )

𝑓𝑟
𝑄=
𝑓𝑂𝐻 − 𝑓𝑂𝐿

Gain Gain (dB)

Frequency Vout
Calculated Measured
100
 500
800
fOH=__________
1100
1800
2000
2500
fr=___________
4000
6000
8000
fOH=_________
9000
10000

IV. Active Band Stop Filter

Data and Results

For Active High Pass Filter

Solution:

10𝑘Ω
𝐴𝑓 = 1 + = 11
1𝑘Ω
1
𝑓𝑐 = = 884.1941𝐻𝑧
2𝜋(1.8𝑘Ω)(100𝑛𝐹)

884.1941𝐻𝑧
11 (884.1941𝐻𝑧)
𝐴𝑣𝑓𝑐 = = 7.7782
2
√1 + (884.1941𝐻𝑧)
884.1941𝐻𝑧

100𝐻𝑧
11 (884.1941𝐻𝑧)
𝐴𝑣1 = = 1.2362
2
√1 + ( 100𝐻𝑧
884.1941𝐻𝑧)
500𝐻𝑧
11 ( )
𝐴𝑣2 = 884.1941𝐻𝑧 = 5.4146
2
√1 + ( 500𝐻𝑧 )
884.1941𝐻𝑧
800𝐻𝑧
11 (884.1941𝐻𝑧)
𝐴𝑣3 = = 7.3801
2
√1 + ( 800𝐻𝑧
884.1941𝐻𝑧)
1100𝐻𝑧
11 (884.1941𝐻𝑧)
𝐴𝑣4 = = 8.5736
2
√1 + ( 1100𝐻𝑧
884.1941𝐻𝑧)
1500𝐻𝑧
11 (884.1941𝐻𝑧)
𝐴𝑣5 = = 9.4762
2
√1 + ( 1500𝐻𝑧
884.1941𝐻𝑧)

1800𝐻𝑧
11 (884.1941𝐻𝑧)
𝐴𝑣6 = = 9.8731
2
√1 + ( 1800𝐻𝑧 )
884.1941𝐻𝑧
 2000𝐻𝑧
11 (884.1941𝐻𝑧)
𝐴𝑣7 = = 8.5736
2
√1 + ( 2000𝐻𝑧 )
884.1941𝐻𝑧

Table 1. Active High Pass Filter

Gain
Frequency V out
Calculated Measured
100 2.47 1.2362 2.0
500 10.8 5.4146 5.4
800 14.8 7.3801 7.4
884.1941 15.6 7.7782 7.8
1100 17.1 8.5736 8.55
1500 18.9 9.4762 9.45
1800 19.7 9.8731 9.85
2000 20.1 10.0607 10.05
 Voltage Gain Of High Pass Filter
12

10

6 Voltage Gain Of High Pass

Filter
4

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Active Low Pass Filter

10𝑘Ω
𝐴𝑓 = 1 + = 11
1𝑘Ω
1
𝑓𝑐 = = 884.1941𝐻𝑧
2𝜋(1.8𝑘Ω)(100𝑛𝐹)

11
𝐴𝑣𝑓𝑐 = = 7.7782
2
√1 + ( 884.1941𝐻𝑧
884.1941𝐻𝑧)
11
𝐴𝑣1 = = 10.9303
2
√1 + ( 100𝐻𝑧
)
884.1941𝐻𝑧

11
𝐴𝑣2 = = 9.5751
2
√1 + ( 500𝐻𝑧 )
884.1941𝐻𝑧
11
𝐴𝑣3 = = 8.1568
2
√1 + ( 800𝐻𝑧 )
884.1941𝐻𝑧
11
𝐴𝑣4 = = 6.8916
2
√1 + ( 1100𝐻𝑧 )
884.1941𝐻𝑧
 11
𝐴𝑣5 = = 5.5859
2
√1 + ( 1500𝐻𝑧 )
884.1941𝐻𝑧
11
𝐴𝑣6 = = 4.8499
2
√1 + ( 1800
)
884.1941𝐻𝑧
11
𝐴𝑣7 = = 4.4478
2
√1 + ( 1100𝐻𝑧 )
884.1941𝐻𝑧

Gain
Frequency Vout
Calculated Measured
100 21.9 10.9303 10.95
500 19.1 9.5751 9.55
800 16.3 8.1568 8.15
884.1941 15.5 7.7782 7.75
1100 13.8 6.8916 6.9
1500 11.2 5.5859 5.6
1800 9.69 4.8499 4.845
2000 8.89 4.4478 4.445
 Voltage Gain Of Low Pass Filter
12

10

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

For Band Pass Filter

1
𝑓𝑂𝐿 = = 884.1941𝐻𝑧
2𝜋(1800Ω)(100𝑛𝐹)

1
𝑓𝑂𝐻 = = 8841.9413𝐻𝑧
2𝜋(180Ω)(100𝑛𝐹)

𝑓𝑟 = √(884.1941)(8841.9413) = 2796.0673Hz

2796.0673
𝑄= = 0.3514
8841.9413 − 884.1941

Table 3. Active Band Pass Filter.

Frequency
Computed Measured
fOL fOH fr Q fOL fOH
884.1941 8841.9413 2796.0673 0.3514
 Frequency Vout Gain Gain (dB)
100 2.47
500 10.8
800 14.7
884.1941 15.5
1100 17
1800 19.4
2000 19.6
2500 20
2796.0673 20
4000 19.6
6000 16.1
8000 12.2
8841.9413 10.9
9000 10.6
10000 9.24
15000 5.29

Interpretation Of Data

Conclusion