People in Environmental Planning

*italics/underlined for authored work

Known for Comments

HISTORY
Karl Wittfogel - Hydraulic Civilization Theory - Ancient Egypt, Ancient Somalia, Sri
Lanka, Mesopotamia, China and pre-
Columbian Mexico and Peru, are
believed to have been hydraulic
empires.

Leon Battista - Renaissance Man - Was an Italian humanist author,

Alberti - Radial Urban Model artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist,
philosopher and cryptographer.

Pierre Charles - Planned Washington, DC

L’Enfant
Baron Georges - Planned Paris - Commissioned by Napoleon
Eugene Bonaparte
Haussmann
Sir Christopher - Plan for London (1666) and St. Paul’s Cathedral - English architect
Wren
James Craig - Planned Linear New Town for Edinburg - Scottish architect

Robert Owen - Conceptualized “Village of Unity and Mutual - English social reformer
Cooperation

John Gwynn - Prepared “London and Westminster Improved”

James Buckingham - Proposed utopian community called “Victoria” - Population of 10,000

Frederick Law - Father of American Landscape Architecture

Olmstead - Central Park

Ebenezer Howard - Conceptualized Garden Cities - 3 Magnets: Town, Country and

- Garden Cities of To-morrow (1902), revised from Town-Country
Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform - 58,000 in the central city, 32,000 in
(1898) the garden cities
- 1,000 acres for each garden city

Raymond Unwin - Architects who built the first Garden Cities and
and Barry Parker Letchworth and Welwyn

Daniel Hudson - Planned San Francisco, Manila, Baguio

Burnham - Father of American Modern Architecture

Charles Edouard - Radiant City (Le Ville Radieuse) - Part of the City Beautiful Movement
Jeanneret (Le
Corbusier)

Don Arturo Soria y - Conceptualized Linear City

Mata
Thomas Adams - Father of Urban Planning in Canada
- Founded the British Town Planning Institute
- Concepts of Planning in Legislation
- First manager of Letchworth
- Rural Planning and Development

Clarence Stein - Organizer of the RPAA

Benton MacKaye - Appalachian Trail - From Maine to Georgia

- The New Exploration: A Philosophy of Regional - RPAA pioneer
Planning

Sir Patrick Geddes - Father of Regional Planning - Precursor of Rational-

- Survey Analysis Plan Comprehensive or Synoptic Planning
- Cities in Evolution

Lewis Mumford - Multi-disciplinary Planning - RPAA pioneer

- The Culture of Cities
- The Story of Utopia

Sir Leslie Patrick - County of London Plan (1943) - 1.25M people were dispersed to
Abercrombie - Greater London Regional Plan (1944) new towns and rural areas.

Alexander Bing - Funder of the RPAA - RPAA pioneer

Henry Wright - Superblock - RPAA pioneer

- Analyst - Together with Clarence Stein,
worked on the Sunnyside Homes

Catherine Bauer - Advocated for Public and Social Housing - Used to be a member of the RPAA
Wurster - Modern Housing

Frank Lloyd Wright - Broadacre City - Broadacre cities as the antithesis to

- The Disappearing City cities and transit-oriented
developments.
- One acre per family.

Clarence Perry - Neighborhood Unit - 5000 to 9000 residents in 160 acres

- 10% open space

Edward Bassett - First Attempt at Zoning - In New York

Tony Garnier - Linear Industrial City (Une Cite Industrielle) - For 35,000 inhabitants.
- Removal of law enforcement and
churches.

Jane Jacobs - Championed diversity and mixed-use - Openly opposed Robert Moses.
neighborhoods
- The Death and Life of American Cities
- The Economy of Cities
Rachel Carson - Launched a Global Environmental Movement
- Silent Spring

Ian McHarg - Pioneered Ecological Planning and GIS - Also pioneered the technique of
- Design with Nature sieve mapping.

Rapkin - Developed Transport and Land Use Study - Advocated that plans should be in
dynamic and not static terms.

Wesley Mitchell - Penn-Jersey Transportation Study - Advocated that plans should be in

dynamic and not static terms.

Lowdon Wingo and - Urban transportation as basic spatial organizer

Harvey S. Perloff

Robert Garin and - Garin-Lowry Spatial Allocation Model (Gravity

Ira Lowry Model)

Sherry Arnstein - Ladder of Citizen Participation - Citizen Power: Partnership,

- Maximum Feasible Manipulation
- A Working Model for Public Participation
Delegated Power, Citizen Control
- Tokenism: Informing, Consultation,
Placation
- Nonparticipation: Manipulation,
Therapy

Lindblom - Incrementalism Model of Planning - Incrementalism as “muddling

through”
Norbert Weiner - Cybernetics Approach of Planning

Paul Davidoff - Advocacy Planning

- Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning

Saul David Alinsky - Conflict Confrontation as Philosophy in

Community Organizing
- Rules for Radicals

Constantinos - Ekistics - In the year 2100, Earth would have

Apostolos Doxiadis - Introduction to Ekistics 50 Billion population and zero
- Action for Human Settlements population growth.

Johann Heinrich - Agricultural Rent

von Thünen - The Isolated State

William Alonso - Bid-Rent Theory

URBAN FORMS
Ernest Burgess - Concentric Zone Theory
-
Homer Hoyt - Sector or Hoyt Model - Activities expand outward in a
wedge.
Chauncy Harris and - Multiple Nuclei Model
Edward Ullman

REGIONAL PLANNING
Walter Christaller - Central Place - K=3 marketing principle
- K=4 transport/traffic principle
- K=7 Administrative principle

Francois Perroux - Growth Poles - Scale and agglomeration economies.

John Friedmann - Core-Periphery

- Agropolis
- Planning in the Public Domain: From Knowledge
to Action

Alfred Weber - Least Cost Theory of Industrial Location

- Agglomeration/Deglomeration
- Material Index

Walter Isard - Regional Science

- Location and Space Economy
- Industrial Complex Analysis and Regional
Development
- Methods of Regional Analysis

Johann Henrick - Thunnen’s Agricultural Rings (Theory of Rent)

von Thunnen - The Isolated State

Richard - Location Quotient - Looking at Basic Industries

Klosterman and (exporting surplus) and Non-Basic
Robert Murray Industries (service) that support the
Haig basic industries.

Jean Gottman - Megalopolis

- Megalopolis: The Urbanized Northeastern
Seaboard of the United States

ECONOMICS
Friedrich Engels - Marxist Theory - Cofounded Marxist theory
- The Communist Manifesto

Thomas Malthus - Malthusian Trap - That population grows geometrically

- An Essay on the Principle of Population while food grows arithmetically.
- The Nature of Rent - Population tends to take advantage
- Principles of Political Economy of the food surplus until the food
supply is reconstrained.

William Forster - Tragedy of the Commons - Individual users acting

Lloyd and Garrett independently according to their
Hardin own self-interest behave contrary to
the common good by collectively
depleting the resource.
John Maynard - Keynesian Income Multiplier - The bigger the consumption and the
Keynes lower the taxes, the higher the
income multiplier.

Simon Kuznets - GDP as Expenditure

- GDP as Income
- Cycle of Poverty: Low Consumption, Low
Demand

Vilfredo Pareto - Pareto Optimality for Cost Benefit Analysis

Walt Rostow - Rostow’s Stages of Growth (Theory of Economic - Traditional society

Modernization) - Pre-conditions for take-off
- Virtuous Cycle of Growth - Take-off
- Cycle of Poverty - Drive to maturity
- The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non- - Age of mass consumption
Communist Manifesto

David Harvey - Circuits of Capital - Financial ventures are the fastest at

providing returns, followed by
commercial ventures and lastly by
manufacturing.

Gunnar Myrdal - Cumulative Causation - Spread effects of additional

- Backwash and Spread Effects industries that locate in an area.
- “The rich get richer and the poor get
poorer.”

Wassily Leontief - Input-Output Model - Was helped by Walter Isard

Mahbub ul Haq - Human Development Index - Categorizes into Low, Medium or

and Amartya Sen High Human Development Countries
- Income Index: GNI per capita
- Life Expectancy Index: Life
expectancy at birth
- Education Index: Years of schooling

Max Lorenz - Lorenz Curve - Used to represent income

distribution, biodiversity and
business modeling.

Corrado Gini - Gini Coefficient - Used for measure of inequality.

- 0 describes perfect equality and 1 as
perfect inequality.
- Values below 0 and above 1 are
possible.
Michael Todaro - Labor Migration Model of Urbanization - Migration decision is based on
expected income differentials
between rural and urban areas
rather than just wage differentials.

OTHERS
Kevin Lynch - Urban Forms, Legibility, Mental Maps - PLEND: Paths, Landmarks, Edges,
- The Image of The City Nodes, Districts

Robert Young - Defined the Planning Process - “the process of determining goals
and designing the means by which
these goals may be achieved.”

Hugh Pomeroy - Defined the Comprehensive Land Use Plan - “… a plan that makes provisions for
all the uses that the legislative body
of that municipality decides are
appropriate for location somewhere
in that municipality.”

George Chadwick - Defined Goal Formulation - “the hingepin on which the rational
planning process turns.”

Morris Hill - Goal Achievement Matrix

Nathaniel Lichfield - Cost Benefit Analysis

- Planning Balance Sheet

Francis Stuart - Special Studies - First to write a comprehensive

Chapin - Quantifying social activity through statistics textbook on Urban and Regional
- Urban Land Use Planning planning.
- Emphasized quantitative statistical
tools.

George Doran - “SMART” test for Objectives. - SMART: Sustainable, Measurable,

Achievable, Realistic, Time-bound

Abraham Maslow - Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs - PSLES: Physiological, Safety,

- A Theory of Human Motivation Love/belonging, Esteem, Self-
actualization

Raleigh Barlowe - Highest and Best Use