A Phenomenological Study on the Makeshift

Housing’s Practicality and Materials

A Research Paper Presented to the

Faculty of De La Salle Lipa
Senior High School

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements in
Practical Research 1

By:

Roldan, Vincent Paulo D.

Santos, Arvee Dax L.

Angelia, Angela Marie C.

Sampaga, Angela Vienne C.

Yuchongco, Patricia Paulin T.

June 2017

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research was completed with the support of the people whom we owe our sincere

gratitude:

The contribution of the researchers, thesis and dissertation writers: Mr. Eni, Mr. Ezirim,

Mr. Henry Asaji, Ms. Rojas, Mr. Kubelkova, Mr. Spaldin and Mr. Blatter, Mr, Thoits and

Mr. Hewitt, Ms. Harlow and Ms. Cantor, Mr. Andrew Silver, Mr. McGee, Ms. Little, Mr.

Campbell and others which were utilized as concrete references in the different sections

of this study;

To Miss Vicky Mayuga, our research adviser who overlooks us and makes sure that

we are doing well not only in our written output but also our state of well-being as we

gathered the data we needed in the locale. It was also she who gave further suggestions

and comments that helped us significantly in improving our output.

To Sir Romil Silva who gave us more useful information and paper materials that

helped us to better identify the elements in our paper that could still be improved so that

we can make the necessary changes.

To all the respondents of this study whom cooperatively helped us and let us have the

data we needed in order to successfully come up with our output.

And lastly to the Lord who showers us the blessings, gives us wisdom, and takes care

of us untiringly.

V.P.D.R, A.D.L.S, A.M.C.A, A.V.C.S, P.P.T.Y (2017)

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 ABSTRACT

This research aims to prove the importance of durability and practicality of the

materials that they would be using for the stability of houses in Barangay Calansayan.

This study was designed as phenomenological research. Through interview and focus

group discussion we were able to come up with their experiences that they’ve

encountered in verge situations. The responses are directly transcribed from recording of

mobile phone and jot down some key points for a guide. Through semi-structured

interview and observe homestead the researchers was able to found out that some parts

of the house of the residence were not that stable and not maintained properly. The main

solution to this problem is to prevent them on using too much cost of construction

materials instead there are alternative materials that they can use for their houses and

through this the residence would able to save money. From the materials theory, they

had researched for alternative types of materials that consider several environmental

factors as well as scientific correlations. It is the goal of our paper to improve the

community area to start planning for stronger and better homes and choosing the right

material for construction.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Acknowledgement i

Abstract ii

Table of Contents iii

List of Figures v

List of Tables vi

CHAPTER I: The Background of the Study 1

I. Introduction 1

II. Statement of the Problem 2

III. Significance of the Study 3

IV. Scope and Limitation of the Study 5

V. Theoretical Framework 5

VI. Conceptual Framework 7

VII. Definition of Terms 8

CHAPTER II: Review of Related Literature 9

I. Conceptual Literature 9

4
 II. Related Studies 13

III. Synthesis 16

CHAPTER III: Research Methodology 18

I. Research Design 18

II. Respondents of the Study 18

III. Instrument of the Study 19

IV. Ethical Consideration 19

CHAPTER IV: Discussion of Results and Findings 21

I. Open Coding 21

CHAPTER V: Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations 28

I. Summary of Findings 28

II. Conclusions 28

III. Recommendations 29

Bibliography 30

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Page

Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework of the Study 7

6
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Page

Table 1. Open codes of responses on questions that regard disasters 22

and other factors affecting the practicality of houses

Table 2. Open codes of responses on questions that regard the 24

financial status of the respondents

Table 3. Open codes of responses on questions that reparation 27

status of the house

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 CHAPTER I

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This chapter contains the problem and its background, statement of the problem,

significance of the study, scope and limitations of the study, theoretical framework,

conceptual framework, and definitions of terms.

I. Introduction

Housing is an essential and fundamental component of the overall land use activities

in both rural and urban areas. Housing has been universally acknowledged as one of the

basic needs for man’s survival. Housing goes a long way to determine not only the social

standard of a man but also that of a nation and a community (Eni, 1988, Ezirim, 2005).

As emphasized, slums are a manifestation of the two main challenges facing human

urbanization and the urbanization of poverty. Slum areas had the highest concentrations

of poor people and the worst shelter and physical environmental conditions (Nsing, Henry

Asaji 2016). There aren’t much that hinders Filipinos in creating a house of their own,

anywhere. There are formal laws, such as Republic Act No. 7279, which centers more on

helping the informal settlers than relocating them; this may be seen in Article VII- Renewal

and Resettlement.

The idea of affordable housing recognizes the needs of households whose

8
incomes are not sufficient to allow them to access appropriate housing in the market

without assistance (Milligan et al 2004, pi). Thus, the term ‘affordable housing’ describes

housing that assists lower income households in obtaining and paying for appropriate

housing without experiencing undue financial hardship (Milligan et al 2004, pi)

There are communities that take shelter certainly, as part of housing. Makeshift

housing were standard houses with meliorate surroundings or condition. Studies had

explained that many residents in urban areas live in inadequate housing facilities and in

neighborhoods that lacked the basic requirements of livable (Rojas, 2000). But some of

the makeshift house considering the good housing interacts with environmental

conditions that were one of the good aspects of housing.

This study implies the durability, practicality and the materials used in the house. In

relation to this, in Calansayan, San Jose, Batangas we were able to get the opportunity

to observe and evaluate the barangay wherein we can discover different experiences that

would help the research more interesting and helpful.

II. Statement of the Problem

The study aimed to look for make shift housing and find out the materials used for the

house, how sturdy it is and how one can ensure that a house is firm from any disaster.

Specifically, it sought the answers to the following questions:

1. What are the possible factors that could affect the condition of the house?
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 2. What are the financial hindrances for improving the house?

3. What is the reparation status of the houses of the respondents?

III. Significance of the Study

The Philippines is a disaster prone country. People have to be prepared and so are

their houses/homes. The materials used in constructing the houses/buildings are one of

the factors that will affect its practicality and sturdiness. The analysis to be undergone

can open up to new and wider innovations on possible solutions for poor urbanization.

According to Kubelkova (2007), a study on poor knowledge can help us evaluate the

state and trends of urban developments.

The study looked into the condition of the houses and ways on how one can improve

their house condition. Cited below are some of the sensible reasons why this study is

important to the following individuals and localities that are affected by this study.

To Barangay Calansayan, Batangas. This study would serve as a reference to

barangay officials to create and start programs and plans to help citizens build stronger

and better homes.

To Local Government Units. This study would help the Local Government in

identifying depressed communities that need assistance in having a disaster-resistant

house.

To the respondents. This study is beneficial to the respondents for them to realize

10
the importance of choosing the right material to use for construction.

To the residents of Barangay Calansayan. The study will promote awareness to

residents regarding the practicality of their houses and choosing the right material for

construction.

To the engineers. This study will help the engineers to produce new innovations on

plans of house frameworks and on suggesting the possible construction materials for

houses.

To the architects. This study will help the architects, together with the engineers, to

make advancements on their plans on the frameworks that will further promote the

disaster resistance of houses.

To the carpenters. The output will help the carpenters as it will offer them further

knowledge on alternative materials that can be used for patching up or as a temporary

portion build-up of a house.

To the researchers. The study is a new learning experience for the researchers. It

enhances their knowledge and understanding about house practicality and materials used

in construction.

To future researchers. This study is useful for the researchers who will pursue studies

such as this one. This could be of help in adding more information for their studies and

can be used as a basis for the correct format of a study.

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IV. Scope and Limitations of the Study

The research to be conducted has a fairly wide coverage but has its bounds. Its range

include the study on the sturdiness of makeshift housing, the durability of materials, the

household’s financial sufficiency for housing needs, the presence of essential household

equipment and appliances, and the condition of the whole house itself. On the other hand,

some that are not under the scope are the general study on the internal prerequisites of

houses (i.e. electricity, water, and sanitation) since the focus was on the matters involving

the practicality and materials of the makeshift housing, direct consultation of ones’

financial needs on other conditions/needs, and other aspects that the researchers may

not be able to conspire for. Another is that the researchers have to abide by the ethical

considerations thus limiting them from stating the confidential information of the

respondents including their names.

V. Theoretical Framework

There are financial factors, dimension factors, land-area factors and many more that

can affect a practical house. According to the Materials Theory (Spaldin and Blatter,

2010), materials vary in a type of element combined to another. An example is the

materials that are multiple coupled, causing strain, and showing strong responses to

electricity which will be a downside for coastal areas. Another is the Transition-metal

oxides with strong correlations making it sturdy enough to withstand shock.

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 There is a wide range of transition metals, and some of them are common. If these

elements were combined, the price would be cheaper than wooden scaffolds and make

the houses sturdier. Metal rusts due to oxygen, so it is best to use transition-metal-oxides

to procure a material that will be less susceptible to breaking for a long time.

This theory helps in acknowledging financial and beneficial factors of the investor. Any

element chosen for materials will create an impact on the house’s strength. The science

explains the relativity of the components, and this would help in fortifying the house itself

instead of choosing random materials to create one that can be easily destroyed. As such,

the study will revolve around the theory wherein the materials that will consolidate

structure and durability would become practical to the investors.

VI. Conceptual Framework

Input Process Output

Possible factors that Interview Assessment of the

could affect the influence of using
condition of houses Focus makeshift housing 13
Group on household
members
Financial hindrances Discussion
Suggestion of
for improving the affordable quality
house materials for
reparations on
Reparation status of damaged house
the houses of the Recommendation
Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework of the Study

Figure 1 showed the diagram of conceptual framework used in the study. Through

thorough research and examination on the specified area of immersion, the researchers

will aim to identify the possible factors that could affect the condition of the houses and

ask the respondents of their reasons for using makeshift housing. Furthermore, they will

also consult the respondents with regards to their financial hindrances for improving their

houses. Likewise, the reparation status of the houses of the respondents will be inquired

through an interview or focus discussion. The information that will be assimilated are to

be the basis for the assessment of the influence of using makeshift housing on household

members, suggestion of affordable quality materials for reparations on damaged house,

and recommendation on the call for volunteer engineers and other experts to inspect

makeshift houses.

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VII. Definition of Terms

Presented on this part of the study are the terms used and its conceptual and

operational definitions.

Building Materials. Used to construct a house/building.

Durability. Ability of a material or building to maintain its intended function for its

life expectancy.

Household. Occupants of a house.

Long-term. Lasting for; involving a long period of time.

Makeshift. Serving as a temporary substitute.

Practicality. Designed or constructed for actual use; capable of being used.

Stable. In good condition; not easily moved

Sturdiness. Strongly built.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

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 This chapter presents the related studies regarding makeshift housing. Concepts

about practicality and sustainable materials will also be tackled. The researchers aimed

to know how practicality and proper construction materials could affect the lives of the

people from Barangay Calansayan, San Jose Batangas, specifically.

I. Conceptual Literature

The conceptual literature of this study covered the concepts related to makeshift

housing. The following were tackled: definition of practicality, building materials, benefit

of sustainable construction materials to households, effective home maintenance, and

proper ways of home maintenance.

Defining Practicality

In today’s generation, it is now more important that you should know how to be

practical in many different ways. Setting our minds that there are still things that could be

useful and can help our daily living.

It could develop in numerous ways that can have lifelong benefits. Gaining practical

experiences takes place into education to make more significant. Real world challenges

you on balancing your being practical in all things when it comes to life, career and

community involvement.

Those who engage in service learning tend to be more satisfied with their lives. Serving
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others makes the server feel good. Volunteer work has been found to enhance five

aspects of personal well-being: happiness, life satisfaction, sense of control over life,

physical health, and positive mood (Thoits and Hewitt 2001). Those who engage in

shared tasks such as community service feel greater life satisfaction, personal control,

vitality, and social support later in life (Harlow and Cantor 1996).

Building materials

When it comes to materials you can apply the practicality also. Being wise on choosing

the materials that can be used in other parts of the house. There are also different kinds

of building materials that could be used to be more accessible into the community.

Further, recycling building elements is also very socially sustainable. An

organization such as Habitat for Humanity ReStore sells recycled building materials to

communities for discounted prices. This means that individuals and families that

otherwise may not be able to afford safe housing are able to purchase quality products at

low prices. This also allows houses to be built at lower costs, meaning that more people

will have access to affordable housing that they own. (Andrew Silver, 2014)

Benefit of sustainable construction materials to households

Using sustainable materials for construction is very beneficial to the people and the

environment. Materials with a longer life relative to other materials designed for the same

purpose need to be replaced less often.

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 Sustainable materials are used for various reasons; it lasts longer, hence it has an

extended timeframe before it is broken, it reduces the use of natural resources required

for manufacturing, people spend less money for replacement, repairs, and labors.

The combinations of materials used to build the main elements of our homes — roof,

walls and floor — are referred to as construction systems. They are many and varied, and

each has advantages and disadvantages depending on climate, distance from source of

supply, budget, maintenance requirements and desired style or appearance. Important

factors that may influence your choice of construction system include its durability, life

cycle environmental impact, life cycle cost effectiveness, role in improving thermal

performance, and reuse or recycling potential, as well as local availability of materials and

skills needed to construct the system (McGee, 2013).

By using sustainable building materials in your home, you will be conserving energy

and saving money in the long run. How you ask? Energy is conserved two-fold—

One, you conserve energy on a larger scale by using sustainable materials whose

manufacturing results in less waste products that fill the world’s landfills. Two, you

conserve your homes energy by using materials that are more efficient, such as low-flow

toilets, green insulating materials that result in a better insulated home, on-demand water

heaters, and programmable thermostats (Little, 2014).

To summarize it all, Sustainable building materials save you money, make your home

longer lasting, make your home more valuable, and lessen harmful environmental

impacts.

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Effective Home Maintenance

Taking care of a house is one of the most important responsibilities of an owner.

Regularly checking the house’s condition will keep the routine going and will surely assure

tenants about the house.

Maintenance is generally defined as the work that is done on a regular basis to keep

your building in good working condition: sweeping the halls, lubricating hinges and locks,

or servicing the burner and boiler annually. Most maintenance tasks are performed by the

building’s super, but certain jobs may be done by the officers, the maintenance and repair

committee, outside contractors, or the tenants themselves (UHAB, 2010).

We need to start treating materials in the same way as energy efficiency – something

that impacts many different disciplines in a project, and which requires coordination, early

planning and critical thinking to achieve desired results. In the short term, project teams

can leverage their product selection efforts to reward ingredient transparency and help

mainstream this practice among manufacturers. The ultimate goal of transparency is for

manufacturers to invest more effort in creating healthier products. In the long term, teams

will need to arm themselves with knowledge to accurately evaluate a product’s benefits

and risks based on the information disclosed by the manufacturer (Campbell, 2016).

Proper Ways of Home Maintenance

People usually remember to check the condition of their houses because they have a

maintenance calendar and a checklist where everything that should be covered and

checked is written there.

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 In order to maximize your efficiency and actually get all of these tasks done, you might

want to create a home maintenance calendar for yourself. Whether online or on paper,

you can jot down small, regular tasks for each weekend and not be too overwhelmed.

We’ve listed tasks that need to be done monthly, quarterly, and biannually. We’ve also

given you a list of tasks to be completed seasonally. Not every expert agrees as to which

task needs to be done in which season, so this isn’t a black and white list, necessarily.

Do what works for you and your schedule, and as long as all these things get

accomplished, your home will be happy for years and years to come (Anderberg, 2013).

II. Related Studies

The use of makeshift housing does not only exist in the Philippines, but are found

internationally. Therefore, there are numerous studies that center upon the need to

architecturally build a house that’s durable, safe and easy for the investor’s money.

One of the significant studies that can be applied for this research is a study created

by Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing (PATH) (2002). It centers upon the

house’s architecture, mainly after studying a typical American house. It is meticulous on

detail, from windows, houses and rooms, and have calculated multiple events that may

affect the house’s durability (e.g. termites). It first centered on the materials that will be

viable for the architecture in order to create a perfect durable house.

From another study that centers on Ikom Urban, Henry Asaji Nsing (August 2016)

have centered on the actual makeshift housings, as well as the basic factors affecting the

20
stability of said housings. From rents for the land, conditions of basic human liabilities,

conditions of housing structure, as well as the work effort of the respondents, had been

listed to form a recommendation that includes the possibility of using aluminum, asbestos

sheets, zinc, and many more as materials. The author had also provided a

recommendation for the house planning, especially in creating a schematic that will

formulate a low-income durable house.

For Ibuchim Ogunkah and Junli Yang (January 2012), they created a study that

centers on the factors affecting material selection; either for green vernacular buildings or

design-decision type of process. There are many statistical researches conducted by the

duo as they delve into qualitative and quantitative data that will be helpful for their study.

From the data they have gathered, some of the factors that affected the investor in buying

needed materials are: architects, engineers and basic assumption without consultation of

a professional other than their own experience including others’. This study had become

efficient for understanding how people buy materials for makeshift houses in order to

make their own, durable.

Another study is conducted by Joseph Warnes (December 2012) that centers around

the design and construction of disaster-resistant and low-cost replacement house. He had

observed many communities devastated by different natural phenomenon and had

conducted this study for the benefit of said poverty-stricken community which are mostly

found in North America. His study surrounds the concept with architectural details,

structural details as well as an experimental house used to test said hypothesis. Of

21
course, the study included the use of well-structured and planned house, as well as the

wise and efficient use of materials.

Finally, the last significant study by Mahendran and Zahir Hussain (2010) centered

upon rural houses that should withstand cyclones. The research had observed the

common problems of a makeshift house during said disaster, and had listed them off to

be given solution in due time. Along the way, the study gives information about the

available design that may withstand not only cyclones, but also earthquakes. It has been

listed in full description, with a neatly elaborated plan printed along with the paper.

An extra related study is conducted by Panupong Panudulkitti’s: “Urbanization and

Poverty Reduction Outcomes” (2008). It may be used in the research paper for extra

factors that may affect the affects quality of a house. Panupong’s study centers on the

income of the poor as well as its relation to infrastructure. It has also centered on the

consumption behavior of the respondents, therefore creating a line with the said subject

relative to the investor’s capacity to buy or create a house

III. Synthesis

As had been stated in the related studies and the conceptual literature, considering

the weight of a makeshift housing’s practicality and materials to an ordinary resident’s

basis of living, it is a matter of concern that needs further recognition and examination.

Just as the Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing (PATH) (2002) agreed

therewith, of all the issues that must be considered when building a home, durability has

perhaps the broadest impact on long-term performance, the most complex set of physical
22
interactions, and the largest potential economic consequence. Durability is the significant

factor to be considered especially that it is the basis of the strength that can cope up with

the possible and imminent disaster risks in the Philippines (i.e. natural phenomena.) As

Mahendran and Zahir (2010) stressed, natural phenomena truly are the recurring

enemies or villains of residential infrastructures whose impact can however be lessened

by proper construction styles. This is likewise supported by Yang and Ogunkah (2012)

who conducted the study on the quality of materials that are essential for a fundamentally

durable and stable house that meets the basic shelter need of households. These said

research focused on the significance of resilience of the build-up of houses against

perceivable odds.

The key concepts on the conceptual literature and related studies that were mentioned

are very much connected and similar to the subject matter of makeshift housing. Different

authors in the conceptual literature stated the very foundation and rationale of the study

on the effectivity of sustainable makeshift housing on numerous aspects. Moreover, in

the related studies, different authors made their points and meticulous details on the

significance of sturdiness that can counter the possible problems such housings can

encounter.

The resemblance of the study to the mentioned research was that this aimed for the

deduction of the weight of the practicality and makeshift housing on households and the

evaluation on the state and trends on urban developments. However, the difference of

this study to the presented ones on this literature review is that this very study is dedicated

23
most specifically to the case in Barangay Calansayan, San Jose. The presented ones

took the broader road of examination on larger areas. And these said background studies

nevertheless are very substantial to give support and prior knowledge for the researchers.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods utilized by the researchers in completing the study.

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 I. Research Design

This study used phenomenological research, and collected data from the participants

with the use of an interview. The data was generated from the given questions relating to

the durability, practicality and the materials that was used in their houses which was asked

by the researchers. The interpretation of the data was conducted upon the result of the

interviews.

II. Respondents of the Study

The researchers were able to interview five people from Barangay Calansayan, San

Jose. One of them already has a job, the other is still applying for one, and the rest are

students; all interviewees however have their own houses to live in. The respondents

were selected because they used makeshifts in housing structures thus they are able to

provide the necessary information that the researchers will need for processing and

assessment in order to come up with the proper action plans that will address their

housing problem.

III. Instrument of the study

The method used in gathering data was through an interview. The questions asked

were about the interviewee’s house practicality and the materials used to build their

house.

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 An open-ended interview was done to get responses from residents who lives in a

makeshift house. Their responses were focused on experiences with natural disasters,

problems and difficulties encountered, repairs and such necessity, and future plans for

the house.

The interviewees were asked to answer the same questions along with a follow-up

question depending on their answers. Positive and negative answers were equally

acknowledged as both focus on the participant’s thoughts, feelings, experiences,

knowledge, opinions, skills, and preferences.

IV. Ethical Considerations

The study practices human rights and will not violate any form of law as it will act upon

legal activity and honesty.

The data acquired should not be altered for the sake of the study. The various

information acquired from the sources had been found lawful and valid to be used as

evidences in the research. Fraudulent data should not be found, as well as scripted,

fabricated or falsified interviews.

The participants had been enlightened about the basic information on the study being

conducted. They had been given a clear indication about the reason why they were

chosen as a participant in this study.

Information about the people will not be disclosed publicly, as was agreed upon by
26
both source and researcher. They will remain anonymous for the sake of confidentiality.

CHAPTER IV

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS AND FINDINGS

This chapter presents the results of the collection and analyses of data in the form of

transcribed interviews after the coding techniques are applied. Likewise, this chapter

presents the evaluation of significant findings with respect to the problems in the study

supported by related literatures and studies. Textual discussions and corresponding

analyses are presented during the open coding phase.

27
 I. Open Coding

The responses of the interviewees were transcribed and were primarily subjected to

open coding. Questions raised during the interview focused on the issues regarding the

conditions of the houses of the respondents, their financial hindrances for improving their

house and the reparation status of their houses.

Factors Affecting the House Condition

Referring to the answers of the respondents, there are two identifiable factors that may

affect the condition of the house and these are the living factor and the nonliving factors.

The living factor refers to the termites that eat up the wood which the respondents use as

makeshifts either for patching-up or for temporary substitutes of their house parts. On the

other hand, the nonliving factors include typhoons, the age of the houses, and the

materials that make-up their structures. One respondent stressed, “Noong may bagyo,

natikwasan na kami ng isang yero.” The fact that typhoons can be a factor that will affect

the condition of the house can be supported by the statement of Mahendran and Zahir

(2010) that natural phenomena truly are the recurring enemies or villains of residential

infrastructures whose impact can however be lessened by proper construction styles. And

as for the construction of the respondents’ houses, they have similarly said that the main

materials of their houses are cement and galvanized sheet or “yero”. Through time

28
however, they experienced the weathering of some parts in their houses implying that

age is likewise a factor to the condition of houses.

Listed on the table below are the responses to questions that regard disasters and

other factors affecting the practicality of houses with their corresponding open codes:

Open Code Participants’ words/statements

Termites as a living Kaso yung itaas(ceiling) ay kailangan ngang palitan na at

factor affecting the inaanay na

house condition

Ay pagkakita ko aba ay pagiba na

Pero ireng inaanay doon, nilagyan ko muna ng Baolilai

(pesticide)

Typhoon as a nonliving Noong may bagyo, natikwasan na kami ng isang yero

factor affecting the

house condition Awa ng Diyos, hindi pa naman kami binaha sa loob

Age of the house as a 25 years nang nakatayo ang bahay na ito kaso nga yung itaas

nonliving factor kailangan nang palitan at inaanay na

affecting the house

29
condition

Materials of the house Ang main materials ng bahay namin ay semento at yero

as a nonliving factor (observation: wood were used as makeshifts )

affecting the house

condition Matibay tibay pa naman ang bahay gawa nga ng gawa sa

semento

(observation: wood were used as makeshifts to patch-up areas

which does not have cement)

Table 1. Open codes of responses on questions that regard disasters and other factors

affecting the practicality of houses

Financial hindrances for improving their house

The respondents were also asked about their financial standing and the researchers

were able to know that insufficient finance was also a reason for the use of makeshifts as

substitute materials. One of the very important statements was that “Kaya di pa kami

nakakapagpaayos ng bahay ay gawa nga noon (illness of the respondent’s husband) at

yun nga eskwela muna.” Although the respondent wants to improve their house condition

with the use of better materials, there was not enough fund to invest on such so they

settle on the makeshifts which are more affordable. Such circumstance can be supported

by the statement of Miligan (2004) that the idea of affordable housing recognizes the
30
needs of households whose incomes are not sufficient to allow them to access

appropriate housing. Moreover, they shared some of their ways to support their housing

needs, which were done with some difficulty especially that they have their financial

hindrances.

Listed on the table below are the responses to questions that regard the financial

status of the respondents and their corresponding open codes:

Open Code Participants’ words/statements

Insufficient salary Yung konting sabog sa amin nung kasal, naibili namin ng yero

to support

housing needs Kulang pa ang sweldo kaya kami ay utang ng utang

Limited job to Mananahi ako tapos ang asawa ko ay nagmamaneho ng jeep

support housing ng magulang niya

needs

Wala na akong katuwang sa trabaho

Nag-aaplay pa lamang ako ng trabaho

Prioritizing other Ito mismong tinatayuang lupa ay pamana ng magulang ng

31
needs first before asawa ko. Pero itong nasa unahan naming iyan, hindi na amin

housing yan dahil nung nagkasakit nga ay ipinagbili.

Kaya di pa kami nakakapagpaayos ng bahay ay gawa nga

noon (illness of the respondent’s husband) at yun nga

eskwela muna.

Debt as a Kulang pa ang sweldo kaya kami ay utang ng utang.

hindrance to

support housing

needs

Table 2. Open codes of responses on questions that regard the financial status of the

respondents

Reparation status of the house

Due to the damages of the external factors affecting the housing condition, the

practicality and durability of the houses are likewise influenced. Although there is the

desire to better and improve their homes, the respondents expressed acceptance that

advanced materials for their housing reparation and improvement will not be much of a

priority first saying “ay naayon kami ng ganito na lamang kahit inaanay na yung ilan dine.

Hindi na nirerepair muna (referring to major reparations).”

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 The respondents however have their own means of lessening the severity of such

damages and these they have shared to the researchers. As expected, the common way

of the respondents for reparation is the use of makeshift housing. The very evident

materials that they both use are wood. One uses such as a temporary substitute material

for their ceiling and both the respondents has wood as a makeshift for the wall.

One of the respondents shared that another difficulty they have is that their wood

makeshift is infested with termites. This, they have temporarily solved with the use of a

pesticide saying,” pero ireng inaanay doon, nilagyan ko muna ng Baolilai (pesticide) at sa

ngayon ay naayos naman.”

Listed on the table below are the responses to questions that reparation status of

the respondents and their corresponding open codes:

Open Code Participant’ words/statements

Desire to repair the house Sa totoo lamang kapag natapos ang aking anak

gusto ko pa sana ipaayos ireng bahay. At yun nga

pasira na yung kabiak.

Use of makeshifts as a Iyan (points at the wood for makeshift) kaso nga’y

reparation method or inaanay na

temporary substitute

(observation: wood were used as makeshifts to

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 patch-up areas which does not have cement)

Extermination of pests to Ay naayon kami ng ganito na lamang kahit inaanay

prevent the damages on na yung ilan dine. Hindi na nirerepair muna. Pero

getting worse ireng inaanay doon, nilagyan ko muna ng Baolilai

(pesticide).

Naayos naman. Ay pag nakita ko aba ay pagiba na,

nung nilagyan ko ng Baolilai ay tumigil kaya naari ari

pa.

Table 3. Open codes of responses on questions that reparation status of the house

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This Chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions and recommendations.

I. Summary of Findings

The group has 5 respondents; all are residents of Barangay Calansayan, San Jose

Batangas. All the interviewees however have their own house to live in. Since all the

houses are old and in need of repairs, the possible factors that could affect the condition

of the house are disasters such as strong typhoons, earthquakes and flash floods. The
34
respondents does not have a stable job and is below minimum wage, which is why it’s

difficult for them to save extra money for the repairs of their houses. For the reparation

status of the respondents, the chances are very low due to their condition.

II. Conclusions

The disadvantage of this is, since all of the respondents have low income that they get

from their sources and is not enough to cover all the expenses they have for the repairs

of the house, they just ignore its damages. Also, they lack of knowledge on practicality on

materials that they will use on their houses.

The advantage they have is that local government from Brgy Calansayan can provide

programs such as monetary assistance programs and programs that will give awareness

for their residents on practicality and innovative alternative used of the materials for their

houses. Though this does not necessarily depend on the monetary services from the

government since there are projects that can be done wherein engineers, carpenters,

architects, and other experts can volunteer to help the people in establishing a more

durable and stable house of their own and to also give them new knowledge about

makeshift houses and on what materials that is best to use for people who’s on a budget.

III. Recommendations

The researchers discovered that the residents of barangay calansayan is lacking of

knowledge and skills when it comes to practicality of materials. Since the houses built are
35
not in the standards, the local government must make an inspection on the houses on

most of the isolated areas and then give them recommendations and suggestions on how

to rebuilt, repair and reconstruct their houses using practical and durable materials so

that their houses will last longer, this will reduce expenses used for house care.

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