MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Torque
The mechanics of materials deals
with the internal effects and
deformations that are caused by the
applied loads.
ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL FORCES
1. Axial Force (Normal Force)
The component of the
resultant force that is
perpendicular to the cross
section, tending to elongate or
shorten the bar, is called the
normal force.
A pull represents a tensile
force which tends to elongate
the member, whereas a push is a
compressive force which tends to
shorted it. It is denoted by P.
2. Shear Force
The component of the
resultant force lying in the plane
of the cross section, tending to
shear (slide) one segment of the
bar relative to the other segment,
is called the shear force. The
resultant shear force is usually
designated by V.
3.
The component of the
resultant couple that tends to
twist (rotate) the bar is called the
twisting moment or torque. It is
commonly given the symbol T.
4. Bending Moments
The component of the
resultant couple that tends to
bend the bar is called the
bending moment. It is often
denoted merely by M.
SIMPLE STRESSES
Simple stresses are expressed as
the ratio of the applied force divided by
the resisting area or defined by the
formula:
𝑭
𝝈=
𝑨
The stress is usually denoted by
the symbol sigma σ. The standard unit of
stress is commonly expressed in Mega-
Pascal (MPa) or N/mm2 in SI units and
pound-force per sq. inch (psi) in British
System of Units. Simple stress can be
classified as normal stress, shear stress,
and bearing stress depending on the
concentrated load F with respect to the
area of contact.
NORMAL STRESS

Normal stress develops when a

force is applied perpendicular to the
cross-sectional area of the material. If
the force is going to pull the material,
the stress is said to be tensile stress and
compressive stress develops when the
material is being compressed by two
opposing forces.

𝑷 P
𝝈𝑻 = P
𝑨

A
𝑷
𝝈𝑪 =
𝑨
P P

A
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS 1.1

1. The bar ABCD in the figure shown below consists of three cylindrical steel
segments with different lengths and cross-sectional areas. Axial loads are
applied as shown. Calculate the normal stress in each segment in psi. Ans: σAB=
3330 psi ( T ), σBC= 2780 psi ( C ), σCD= 4380 psi ( C )

2. For the truss shown in Fig. (a), calculate the normal stresses in (1) member AC;
and (2) member BD. The cross-sectional area of each member is 900 mm2. Ans:
σAC= 59.3 MPa ( T ), σBD= 74.1 MPa (C)
NAME: (Last, First, MI) CRS/YR/SEC: ___________ SCORE: _______

SUBJECT: ES 313 (MECHANICS OF MATERIALS) DATE: ________

PLATE NO. 1

1. An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a steel rod and a bronze rod as
shown in the figure shown below. Axial loads are applied at the positions
indicated. Find the maximum value of P in kilo-Newton that will not exceed a
stress in steel of 140 MPa, in aluminum of 90 MPa, or in bronze of 100 MPa.

2. Neglecting the self-weight of the truss as shown below, find the internal forces
acting on the members in KiloNewton if the area of the each member is 0.01
sq.m. Determine also the maximum stress of the member having the maximum
internal force in MPa. Let P=6kN, & Q=7kN. Note: P is perpendicular to AH & HN, &
Q is acting vertically downward.

2Q
P P

2P Q Q
2P

2P Q Q 2P
H

Q D J Q
P P
2m
B L

A N
C E I K M

6 panels @ 1m = 6m