Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
ON
“GEOTHERMAL ENERGY”
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
in
NIT KURUKSHETRA
ROLL NO 3127005
M.TECH (RES)
8. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
13.CONCLUSION
14.REFRENCES
INTRODUCTION
Geothermal energy is the energy that lies within the earth. It is one of the most
renewable sources of energy which is never going to extinct and can be found
almost anywhere - as far away as remote deep wells or may be closer to your
home.
Energy inside the earth is never going to deplete and will remain as a source of
heat, for millions and millions of years and we can harness that energy that is
going to be cheaper and can help us to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels
and global warming and public health issues that result from their use.
Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. The
Geothermal energy of the Earth's crust originates from the original formation
of the planet (20%) and from radioactive decay of minerals
(80%). The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature
between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction
of thermal energy in the form of heat from the core to the surface.
At the core of the Earth, thermal energy is created by radioactive decay and
temperatures may reach over 5000 degrees Celsius (9,000 degrees
Fahrenheit). Heat conducts from the core to surrounding cooler rock. The high
temperature and pressure cause some rock to melt,
creating magma convection upward since it is lighter than the solid rock. The
magma heats rock and water in the crust, sometimes up to 370 degrees Celsius
(700 degrees Fahrenheit).
Worldwide, about 10,715 megawatts (MW) of geothermal power
is online in 24 countries. An additional 28 gigawatts of direct geothermal
heating capacity is installed for district heating, space heating, industrial
processes, desalination and agricultural applications.
Geothermal power is cost effective, reliable, sustainable, and
environmentally friendly, but has historically been limited to areas
near tectonic plate boundaries. Recent technological advances have
dramatically expanded the range and size of viable resources, especially for
applications such as home heating, opening a potential for widespread
exploitation. Geothermal wells release greenhouse gases trapped deep within
the earth, but these emissions are much lower per energy unit than those of
fossil fuels. As a result, geothermal power has the potential to help
mitigate global warming if widely deployed in place of fossil fuels.
This low boiling point means that the steam will be capable of
powering turbines to produce electricity. After the couple used to drive
turbines, condensed and recycled back into the system.
History says that the first use of geothermal energy occurred more than 10,000
years ago in North America by American Paleo-Indians. People used water
from hot springs for cooking, bathing and cleaning.
The first industrial use of geothermal energy began near Pisa, Italy in late 18th
century.
Our planet, Earth, is covered with the thick outer shell called
crust, which is made up of many different rock layers and plates whose
components keeps on shifting and changing. Under Earth's crust, there is a
layer of hot and molten rock called magma. Heat is continually produced there,
mostly from the decay of naturally radioactive materials such as uranium and
potassium.
Nevada has hundreds of hot spots, covering much of the northern part of the
state. For this reason geothermal power stations can be found in Italy, New
Zealand, Iceland, Japan, the Philippines and the United States. These are all
areas that contain volcanic rock.
Deep underground there are rivers just like on the surface. They are
really hot, as the magma is close to the river or around them, warming the
surface of the rock. Geothermal plants are reliable and can be used 24 hours a
day, every day of the year. Because geothermal power plant sits on top of the
fuel source, they are less prone to the interventions in the production of
electricity due to weather, natural disasters or issues of transport; therefore it
is ideal for developing countries.
There four three types of geothermal steam plants depending on the way the
energy is generated:
1. Dry Steam Power Plant:
The first is the dry steam power plant which is used to generate power
directly from the steam generated inside the earth. In this case, we do
not need additional heating boilers and boiler fuel, as steam or water
vapour fill the wells through rock catcher and directly rotates the
turbine, which activates a generator to produce electricity. This type of
power plant is not common since natural hydrothermal reservoirs dry
steams are very rare.
The most common type of geothermal power plant, flash steam plants
use waters at temperatures greater than 360F.
As this hot water flows up through wells in the ground, it is collected in a
flash tank where drop in pressure causes the liquid to boil into steam.
The steam is separated from the liquid which is then used to run
turbines which in turn generate power. The condensed steam is
returned to the reservoir.
3. Binary Steam Power Plant : This type of plant uses high temperature
geothermal water to heat another fluid which has a lower boiling point
than water. This fluid vaporizes to steam, drives the turbines, then
condenses to liquid to begin the cycle again. The water, which never
comes into direct contact with the working fluid, is then injected back
into the ground to be reheated. Since the most resources are with lower
temperature the binary steam power plants are more common.
Below are few facts that many of you don't know. So, just have a look at them
and see how wind energy can become as the major source of power
generation if it is harnessed up to its potential.
1. Geothermal energy is the renewable source of energy because energy is
produced continuously inside the earth.
2. Geothermal energy is clean and safe and today supplies less than 10% of
world energy.
3. Geothermal energy has been in existence of over 100 years (since
ancient times) when people used to harness it for taking bath, heating
homes, cooking food etc.
4. The positioning of geothermal power stations is greatly affected by
geological activity. Areas with active volcanoes and earthquakes are
most suitable to extract geothermal energy.
5. Geothermal energy can be found in the form of volcanoes, hot springs
and geysers.
6. Basically three types of geothermal plants to extract energy from
beneath the earth: Dry steam, Flash steam, and Binary power plant.
7. Geothermal energy is used for heating homes and offices, generate
power, grow plants in greenhouses, under roads and sidewalks to
prevent ice formation.
8. Geothermal energy is one of the greatest sources of energy available on
the planet but due the geological reasons, we are not able to harness
the energy everywhere.
9. Geothermal energy has very low emissions of greenhouse gases and the
other gases that are produced during the process of extraction are not
harmful to the environment.
Advantages of Geothermal Energy
As our reliance on fossil fuels have started to increase, geothermal energy is
seen as the new source of power generation by digging out the heat stored
inside the earth. Though not used fully due to factors such as location and high
costs but in the years to come when fossil fuels would start to diminish, it will
turn out to be the cheapest source of power generation. Geothermal energy
suffers from its own advantages and disadvantages as described below.
Geothermal energy can be used very effectively in both on- and off-grid
developments, and is especially useful in rural electrification schemes.
Geothermal Energy Scenario: India and the
world
Potential
GEOLOGY
The exposed rocks in the area belong to Kulu and Rampur Groups separated by
a Thrust called Kulu Thrust. Kulu Group of rocks are exposed near Beas and
Pārbati confluence in the eastern part of the area occupied by garnitiferous
biotite schist, quartzite, augen gneiss/gneiss, phyllites with bands of
carbonaceous phyllites and limestone. Rampart Group of rocks constitutes
mainly quartzite with phyllites and basic flows. Thermal manifestations are
mainly associated with uartzite of Rampur Group but springs are also reported in
Kulu Group of rocks.
GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY
Resistivity and refraction seismic methods were employed at
Manikaran and Kasol besides The geophysical surveys in Manikaran
suggest that, there are narrow conductive zones, which possibly
correspond to the channels through which the geothermal fluids are
being fed to the reservoir. Geophysical survey has concluded that
highly jointed, sheared and fractured Quartzite, lying underneath the
Pārbati Valley, forms the main shallow geothermal reservoir for
thermal fluids, both in the Kasol and Manikaran sectors.
GEOCHEMISTRY
Thermal Spring and drill hole discharge were collected and analyzed for HCO3,
CO3, Cl, SO4, F, Ca, Mg, K besides pH, B, SiO2 and specific conductance and
total dissolved solids. The chemical analysis from thermal springs and drill
holes water of the area shown, that there is hardly any chemical difference
between the two waters. Cl content varies from 50 to150 mg/l at Manikaran
where as at Kasol it goes up to 60mg/l. HCO3 varies from 40mg/l to400 mg/l at
Manikaran and at Kasol it goes up to 300 mg/l. SiO2 do not exceed more than
110 mg/l in spring or drill hole discharges in the entire valley. The calculated
sub surface or reservoir temperature comes around 100+10°C.
DRILLING
A total 21 drill holes were drilled in the area, 10 at Manikaran, 8 at Kasol , 2 at
Jan and one at Balargah in a stretch of 40km. The depth of drill holes ranges
from 57.40m to 707m. 9 holes at Manikaran and 3 at Kasol developed artesian
condition at various depths with maximum discharge temperature at the
surface has been noticed around 93°C. Down hole temperate measurement
was carried out and the maximum recorded temperature is 101°C in one of the
hole at Manikaran at depth between 20-40m. The thermal logging in drill hole
has been carried out on different occasions and the maximum recorded
temperature in the Manikaran is around 109°C, against the calculated base
temperature by geo-thermometer 100±10°C.
UTILISATION
A test run on 4kW electrical power generation by binary cycle was success fully
carried out. The binary plant was based on Freon gas and the geothermal fluid
was used from drill hole at Manikaran. At Kasol, space heating in a Forest Rest
House was also conducted using thermal water.
CONCLUSION
Geothermal power can become a valuable source of energy if
properly harnessed. Continued energy shortages have created
added interest in geothermal energy for both power generation
and direct applications. The technology is expensive and it is
necessary that for real breakthrough the cost be reduced
substantially.
It is concluded by the Geologist that there are more than one
type of geothermal energy. The most common type is the hydrothermal
energy. Different methods must be used to determine the existence of
geothermal reservoirs and its type. The detection process may be expensive as
it requires drilling up of wells and testing temperatures deep underground but
once the plant is set up it can serve as an outstanding source of renewable
energy. So it is very important for all countries to look for availability of
geothermal resources in their territory. As proper utilization of geothermal
energy can greatly enhance a nation’s net production of electrical energy or in
other words can significantly reduce the consumption of fossil fuels used up by
conventional methods of producing electrical energy.
Development of geothermal energy has some
implications on the environment. Environmental problems associated
geothermal developments are physical disturbance of site, noise, disposal,
groundwater contamination, by fluids and air pollution especially by
hydrogen sulphide.
Additional and often less manageable problems relate
to serious social, economic and institutional impacts that generally
accompany large scale geothermal development. Which follows as a result
of low cost geothermal power development plans should include careful
ground work to mitigate impact on areas with geothermal resources.
REFRENCES
WEBSITES
• http://www.eere.energy.gov
• http://www.nrel.gov/clean_energy.html
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
• http://www.renewableoil.com/pages/applications.html
• www.google.com