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Main Topics
About Semantics
Sentences, Utterances,
and Propositions
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LANGUAGE
Phonetics
Words > Morphology Semantics : LITERAL
Phonolog
phrases Pragmatics : CONTEXTUAL
y Synatx
clauses
A.
1. A human can be referred to as a male, female, child, adult, baby,
bachelor, father or mother.
2. Let’s talk about rights and lefts. You’re right, so I left.
3. The doctor said to his patient: “ say no more, i’m going to take an
amazing care of you, So, don’t be worry.
4. It is very cold
B.
1. Have you got any cash on you.
2. Who do you think you are? (the addresse do an impolite in a formal
way)
3. It is very cold.
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Utterance
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Exercises
‘Fine’ Utterance
‘Brlghrgrhgr’ Not an
utterance
‘Knslhunpoiuytsdfghj’ Not an
utterance
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Sentence
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Exercises
Please turn on the A/C Sentence
As usual Not a
sentence
Sincerity turns into a luxury when it should
be a standard Sentence
Proposition
Proposition
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Definition
Proposition
A boy is playing football Two plus two makes five
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Not all true beliefs are knowledge, not all unknown beliefs are false
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Declarative
Interrogative
• Is used to ask questions. Questions the truth of the 1. You said something.
proposition. Doesn’t assert the truth of the proposition. 2. What did you say?
3. Tell me what you said.
Imperative 4. Tell me now!
In a particular v x x
regional accent
In a particular v v x
language
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Most Abstract
Proposition
Sentence Sentence
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Example:
1. The door is closed.
‘The door’ is part of the world represented in the expression. In this
case, probably the classroom’s door.
2. Have you locked the door?
‘the door’ in this expression is probably your room’s door.
‘The door’ in the 1st and 2nd example probably have different reference.
So, the same expression can, in some cases, be used to refer to
different things.
Constant Vs Variable
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Some Rules
Different words can have the same sense (almost-nearly, likely-
probable)
The same words can have different sense (bank-river bank)
Every expression has sense but not every expression has reference
(almost, and, or, above)
The same word with different composition can have either different or
the same sense.
example: He took over the case
He took the case over
The chicken is ready to eat
The chicken is ready to eat the seed.
Every expression, even a single word, has sense but not always has a
proposition.
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