Ain Shams Engineering Journal (2016) xxx, xxx–xxx

Ain Shams University

Ain Shams Engineering Journal

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Matrix converters and three-phase inverters fed

linear induction motor drives—Performance
compare
Essam E.M. Mohamed *, Mahmoud A. Sayed

Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt

Received 23 March 2015; revised 19 January 2016; accepted 21 February 2016

KEYWORDS Abstract In this paper, the system of the Linear Induction Motor (LIM) driven by direct AC–AC
Linear induction motors matrix converter is presented and its dynamic performance is briefly compared with the conven-
(LIM); tional LIM drives based on AC–DC–AC converter. Space-vector pulse-width modulation (SVM)
Three-phase inverter; and indirect field oriented control (IFOC) are applied to control the two employed converters.
Matrix converters; For the sake of comparison, the PI controllers are applied to control the primary (mover) speed
Space-vector PWM; and current considering the same parameter settings. The objective of this paper was to compare
Indirect field oriented control theoretically the dynamic performance of linear induction motor (single-sided LIM) drives driven
(IFOC) by three-phase voltage source inverters and the direct AC/AC matrix converters. The study com-
pares the dynamic performance in addition to the harmonics content and THD of the input and
output voltage and current for both converters. The simulation of each system has been imple-
mented using the MATLAB/SIMULINK platform.
Ó 2016 Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction permanent magnet motors, synchronous motors, and stepping

Linear motors are special electrical machines, in which
electrical energy is converted directly into linear mechanical
movement without the need for rotary to linear conversion.
There are many types of linear motors such as; DC motors,
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +20 1060707573.
E-mail addresses: essam.mohamed@eng.svu.edu.eg
(E.E.M. Mohamed), mahmoud_sayed@ieee.org (M.A. Sayed).
Peer review under responsibility of Ain Shams University.
Production and hosting by Elsevier
motors. Among these types, The Linear Induction Motor
(LIM) is considered one of the most promising types of linear
motors due to its high-starting thrust force, high-speed opera-
tion, simple mechanical construction, no need for a gear
between motor and motion devices, reduction of mechanical
losses and size of motion devices, silence operation, easy main-
tenance, no backlash, low friction, and suitability for both low
and high speed applications [1]. Therefore, LIMs are now
widely used in many industrial applications with satisfactory
performance including transportation, conveyor systems, actu-
ators, material handling, pumping of liquid metals, sliding
door closers, robot base movers, office automation, drop tow-
ers, and elevators [2,3].

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2016.02.002
2090-4479 Ó 2016 Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Please cite this article in press as: Mohamed EEM, Sayed MA, Matrix converters and three-phase inverters fed linear induction motor drives—Performance com-
pare, Ain Shams Eng J (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2016.02.002
2 E.E.M. Mohamed, M.A. Sayed

Nomenclature

kdr
kqr d–q secondary flux components np number of pole pairs

/i phase angle of the input waveform p differential operator
/o phase angle of the output waveform Rr secondary resistance per phase
kar
kbr a–b secondary flux components Rs primary winding resistance per phase
h reference vector position T0 ON interval of zero vectors
r leakage coefficient Tn ON intervals of active vectors
D viscous friction and iron-loss coefficient Tr secondary time constant
F1 end-effect force disturbance Ts switching period
Fe electromagnetic force V0: V7 switching vectors
FL external force disturbance Vdc dc link voltage
h pole pitch Venv instantaneous value of the rectified input volt-
ias
ibs a–b primary current components age envelope
isx supply input current, x denotes for r, s, or t Vs reference vector
icx converter input current, x denotes for r, s, or t Vas
Vbs a–b reference voltage components
Kf force constant Vas
Vbs a–b primary voltage components
Lm magnetizing inductance per phase v primary (mover) linear velocity
Lr secondary inductance per phase ve synchronous linear velocity
Ls primary inductance per phase vsl slip velocity
M total mass of the moving element

In the past few decades, Indirect Field Oriented Control of
linear induction machines has been tremendously applied
through the literature to resemble the ideal performance of
separately excited DC machines by decoupling the flux current
component and the force current component to separate
between secondary flux and motion dynamics. By doing so,
the secondary flux-magnetizing current component is kept null
and the secondary force producing current component is kept
constant; hence, high dynamic performance is gained [4–7].
Voltage source inverters (VSIs) are extensively applied to
study the performance of linear induction motor drives. The
authors in [4,8–11] studied the performance of new vector con-
trol algorithms applying machine models that consider the
end-effect. In [12] Hamedani and Shoulaie studied the LIM
performance applying IFOC using five-level Cascaded H-
bridge (CHB) inverter with multi-band hysteresis modulation.
The Adaptive Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control of LIM has been
examined experimentally using hysteresis current control
(HCC) and IFOC by Chin et al. in [13]. In [14], Liu et al. stud-
ied the performance of Sliding Mode Current Control using
VSI and IFOC. In [15–17], the performance of LIM is studied
Figure 1 Structure of an experimental LIM [24].
using voltage-source inverters incorporated with new direct
thrust controller algorithms. Traditional voltage source invert-
ers have some drawbacks: the two stage operation that reduces
the reliability of the system, the bulky short life-time capacitor
on the rectification stage, high power losses, and high input
current THD [18].
On the other hand, direct AC/AC matrix converter over-
comes the previous mentioned drawbacks of traditional VSI.
The AC/AC matrix converters are applied to provide fully
controllable output voltages in a single conversion stage. Fea-
tures of matrix converters that make them an attractive solu-
tion for some applications include the following: bulky DC
capacitors free, which improves the system reliability, bidirec-
tional switches used in matrix converters which enable regener-
ative power process, unity input power factor which can be
obtained at the input side, decreased THD of input and output
currents in addition to the output voltage, and unlimited out-
put frequency range [18]. At the same time, matrix converters
have some drawbacks: the maximum ratio between the input
and output is limited to 86.7%, as well as the complexity of
the controller and converter structure [18]. In [19], the authors
proposed the use of carrier based PWM matrix converters in
controlling the LIM speed.
Space-vector pulse width modulation (SV-PWM), intro-
duced in [20] based on the principles of space-vectors, is
intended to approximate the demanded voltage based on the
Volt. Second. The operation of space-vector PWM has been
analyzed and detailed in [21]. The duty of SV-PWM is to gen-
erate the power converter controlling signals according to the
reference d–q voltage components calculated by the speed and
current control loops.
This paper presents a comparison of the linear induction
motor drive performance fed by a conventional three-phase
inverter and matrix converter drives. In both converters, the
switching signals have been obtained based on SVM and the
LIM speed is controlled based on IFOC. Section 1 provides
an introduction to LIM drives and control. Section 2 presents

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Matrix converters and three-phase inverters 3

Vdc FL+Fl Load force and

+ end effect
VSI LIM
v

Switching
6
ids*
signals
θe v
abc/dq Fig.3
θe iqs*
Vαs* Vqs* iqs* v
PI PI
SV-PWM -
dq/αβ * -
VSI Vβs* Vds
PI - ids* v*
DSP

(a) block diagram

Vdc

S1 S3 S5
vr isr icr
Cdc
va
ics
vs iss Ri vb
ist ict
vt Li vc Sx

Ci S4 S6 S2

(b) VSI
Figure 2 VSI fed LIM drive.

the dynamic model of the LIM considering the end effect. Sec-
tion 3 describes the Indirect Field Oriented Control of LIM.
iqs* Section 4 explains the Linear Induction Motor converter
iqs* vsl ve
θe topologies. Simulation results are given in Section 5. Finally,
ids*
Tr ids*
Σ π/h ∫ Section 6 presents the conclusions.

np 2. Dynamic model of LIM taking end effect into consideration

v A three-phase LIM is shown in Fig. 1. The primary (mover) is

simply a cut open and rolled flat rotary-motor primary. The
Figure 3 Calculation of electrical position, he [12]. secondary, usually consists of an aluminum sheet conductor
with an iron back for the return path of magnetic flux. The
primary and the secondary form a single-sided LIM. A simple

β
v3 v2
(010) (110)
β
II
I
2/3Vdc
III
v4 v1
(011) v0-v7 vs* (100)
(000-111) α (T2/Ts)V2 vs*
VI
IV (T1/Ts)V1
v5 V v6 (T0/Ts)V0 θ α
(001) (101)

(a) Switching and reference vectors (b) Synthesis of reference vector

Figure 4 SVM topology for VSI drives [21].

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4 E.E.M. Mohamed, M.A. Sayed


linear encoder is employed to provide feedback of the primary Rs 1
r Lm np Lm p
pias ¼
þ ias þ kar þ vkbr
position. The electrical dynamic model of the LIM is modified rLs rTr rLs Lr Tr rLs Lr h
from the traditional model of a three phase, Y-connected 1
induction motor in stationary a–b frame and can be described þ Vas ð1Þ
rLs
by the following differential equations [22]:

FL+Fl Load force and

MC LIM end effect
v

Switching 9 ids*
SV-PWM signals
MC θe
abc/dq Fig. 3
θe iqs*
Vαs* Vqs* iqs* v
PI PI
- -
αβ/abc Vβs* dq/αβ *
Vds
PI ids* v*
-
DSP

(a) block diagram

Sra
Ssa a
va
Sxy Sta

vr isr icr Srb

iss Ri ics Ssb b
vs vb
ist ict Stb
vt Li
Src
Ci
Ssc c
vc
Stc
(b) MC
Figure 5 Matrix converter fed LIM drive.

(AAB)
β (BBC)
(CCA)
β
vs* (CAA)
(ACA)
(BAB)
II I (ABB)
(CBC)
(BCC) v1
III
VI α
(BAA)
vs*
v6
(CBB) IV V (ABA)
(ACC) (BCB)
(AAA) (CAC)
(BBB)
(CCC)
(ACC)
(BBA)
θ
(CCB)

α
(a) Switching and reference vector (b) Synthesis of reference vector
Figure 6 SVM topology for MC drives [28,29].

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Matrix converters and three-phase inverters 5


Rs 1
r Lm np Lm p where kf is the force constant which is equal to: kf ¼ 2L
p m
.
3n L p
pibs ¼
þ ibs þ kbr
vkar rh
rLs rTr rLs Lr Tr rLs Lr h With the implementation of the field oriented control, Eq.
1 (13) can be rewritten using Eqs. (10) and (11) as follows:
þ Vbs ð2Þ
rLs Fe ¼ KF iqs ð14Þ
Lm 1 np p where KF ¼ kf Lm ids .
pkar ¼ ias
kar
vkbr ð3Þ
Tr Tr h If the d-axis primary current (flux current component) is
kept constant at rated value, the electromagnetic force is
Lm 1 np p directly proportional to the q-axis current. In this case, if the
pkbr ¼ ibs
kbr þ vkar ð4Þ
Tr Tr h q-axis current is rapidly changed in response to the load vari-
ation, this will be followed by a rapid change in the motor
1 D 1
pv ¼ Fe
v
FL ð5Þ developed force and the LIM will exhibit a high dynamic
M M M performance.
where Tr ¼ Lr =Rr and r ¼ 1
ðL2m =Ls Lr Þ.
The longitudinal end-effect is approximated by Taylor’s
series and can be taken as an external load force, Fl, [22,23]: 4. Linear induction motor converter topologies

Fl ¼ h1 þ h2 v þ h3 v2 ð6Þ
The performance of the LIM is examined by two different
where h1, h2, and h3 are constants. This end-effect increases power converters, i.e. the VSI and the MC; hence, speed con-
with the speed of the primary (mover) [4,8]. Taking F1 into

Supply voltage (V)

consideration, Eq. (5) is rewritten as follows: 400
1 D 1 200
pv ¼ Fe
v
ðFL þ F1 Þ ð7Þ
M M M 0
-200
3. Indirect field oriented control of a LIM -400
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
15
In the field oriented control method, the dynamics of the
currents (A)

10
highly coupled nonlinear structure of the induction machine
Supply

5
becomes linearized and decoupled. The decoupled relationship 0
is obtained by proper selection of state coordinates, under the -5
-10
hypothesis that the rotor flux is kept constant [1]. Therefore,
-15
the rotor speed is only asymptotically decoupled from the 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
rotor flux, and is linearly related to the torque current only 15
currents (A)

after the rotor flux becomes in the steady state. The flux model 10
Motor

5
of the LIM can be described in the d–q synchronous frame as
0
[24] follows: -5
Lm 1 p np p  -10
pkdr ¼ ids
kdr þ ve
v kqr ð8Þ -15
Tr Tr h h 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
15
Lm 1 p np p 
currents (A)

i qs & i *qs
pkqr ¼ iqs
kqr
ve
v kdr ð9Þ
d-q axis

10
Tr Tr h h i ds & i *ds
In an ideally decoupled induction motor, the secondary flux 5
linkage axis is forced to be aligned with the d-axis, and the field
0
orientation conditions can be applied. It follows that: 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
1000
kqr ¼ 0 and pkdr ¼ pkqr ¼ 0 ð10Þ
800
Force (N)

Fe
Using (10), the desired secondary flux linkage in terms of ids
can be found from Eq. (8) as follows: 400 FL & F l

kdr ¼ Lm ids ð11Þ

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Moreover, Eq. (8) can be combined with Eqs. (9) and (10) to
1
give the feed-forward slip velocity signal as follows:
Speed (m/s)

p np p iqs 0.5
v
vsl ¼ ve
v¼ ð12Þ
h h Tr ids 0 v*
v
The electromagnetic force can be described in the d–q syn-
-0.5
chronous frame as [24] follows: 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Fe ¼ kf ðkdr iqs
kqr ids Þ ð13Þ Time (s)

Figure 7 Dynamic performance of the VSI drive.

Please cite this article in press as: Mohamed EEM, Sayed MA, Matrix converters and three-phase inverters fed linear induction motor drives—Performance com-
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6 E.E.M. Mohamed, M.A. Sayed

trol loop and the d–q current regulators are kept unchanged. lated as shown in Fig. 3 [24,26,27]. The difference between the
For the two cases, the Clarke and Park transformations are two cases is in the SV-PWM block, which is changed according
applied based on the description given in [25]. The electrical to the employed power converter and the number of switches
position, he, used in Clarke and Park transformations is calcu- as detailed below.

2
1000 10
fs
Line voltage (V)

1
500 10

FFT (%)
0
0 10

-1
-500 10

f1=222 Hz, THD=86.7%

-2
-1000 10
2 3 4 5
0.3 0.302 0.304 0.306 0.308 0.31 10 10 10 10
Time (sec) Frequency (Hz)
2
15 10
Motor current (A)

10 1 fs
10
FFT (%)

5
0
0 10

-5 -1
10
-10 f1=222 Hz, THD=5.1%
-2
-15 10
0.3 0.302 0.304 0.306 0.308 0.31 2 3 4 5
10 10 10 10
Time (sec) Frequency (Hz)
15
2
10 f5&f7
10
Supply current (A)

0
10 fs
5
FFT (%)

-2
0 10

-4
-5 10

f1=50 Hz, THD=38 %

-10 -6
10
1 2 3 4 5
10 10 10 10 10
-15 Frequency (Hz)
0.3 0.305 0.31 0.315 0.32 0.325 0.33 0.335 0.34
Time (sec)
2
15 10

10
Input current (A)

0
5 10
FFT (%)

0
-2
-5 10

-10
-4
-15 10
1 2 3 4 5
0.3 0.305 0.31 0.315 0.32 0.325 0.33 0.335 0.34 10 10 10 10 10
Time (sec) Frequency (Hz)

Figure 8 VSI steady state performance.

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Matrix converters and three-phase inverters 7

4.1. Voltage source inverter drives
Conventional three-phase voltage source inverters (VSIs)
have been traditionally applied to develop controlled magni-
tude and frequency AC voltage. Fig. 2(a) shows a block dia-
gram of VSI fed LIM drive. Fig. 2(b) depicts the rectifier
and the VSI stage. The input supply voltages are rectified
and smoothed using a three-phase full-wave rectifier and
smoothing capacitors respectively. The VSI consists of six
switches connected as three-leg bridge inverter. The control
signals of the VSI are obtained by the control loops which
consist of a speed PI controller, and two d–q axis currents
PI regulators. The d–q voltage references are then employed
to calculate the switching periods of the VSI using the a–b
transform and the SV-PWM VSI block. The SV-PWM
VSI block is implemented based on the description given
in [21]. While the voltage reference vector represents a rotat-
ing vector with variable magnitude, the three-phase voltage
source inverter can compose specific eight switching state
vectors according to eight switching patterns as depicted in
Fig. 4.
and (20), the switching states reduce to 27 switching state.
These switching states are presented in a regular hexagon as
shown in Fig. 6. These states will be subdivided into three
groups [28,29]. First group (six states): when each input phase
is connected to only one of the output phases. The produced
vectors have the same amplitude and different angles. This
group of switching states is unused. Second group (eighteen
states): when two of the output phases share the same input
phase, the output vectors have the same angle with different
amplitudes. Third group (three states): when all the output
phases share one input phase, which produce zero vectors.
Fig. 6 presents the eighteen active vectors in addition to the
three zero vectors. Each sector has six different switching
states located at the edges and three zero states in the center.
The MC controlling signals are calculated by the speed and
current regulators control loops as applied in the previous sec-
tion. The SV-PWM MC is implemented to approximate the
reference voltage vector Vs in a time averaging fashion. In each

Supply voltage (V)

The duty cycles of the inverter are calculated according to 400
the space-vectors theory proposed by Broeck et al. [21]. The 200
reference voltage vector is approximated in average Volt. Sec- 0
ond by applying the two active state vectors and two zero state
vectors. For reference vector Vs \h, as shown in Fig. 4, the ON -200

intervals of two adjacent vectors and two zero-vectors are cal- -400
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
culated so that [21]: 15
10
currents (A)

Tn Tnþ1 T0 5
Vs ¼ Vn
Supply

þ Vnþ1 þ V0 ð15Þ 0
Ts Ts Ts
-5
The ON intervals of the active vectors (Vn and Vnþ1 ) and zero -10
vector (V0) can be calculated as follows: -15
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
pffiffiffi jV j p  15
Tn ¼ 3Ts s sin
h ð16Þ
currents (A)

10
Vdc 3 5
Motor

0
pffiffiffi jVs j -5
Tnþ1 ¼ 3Ts sinðhÞ ð17Þ -10
Vdc
-15
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
T0 ¼ Ts
ðTn þ Tnþ1 Þ ð18Þ 15
i qs & i *qs
currents (A)

where
d-q axis

qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 10
V s ¼ V 2
as þ V bs .
2
ids & i *ds
5
Tn and Tn+1: ON intervals of active vectors.
Ts: Switching period. 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
T0: ON interval of zero vectors (divided equally between V0 1000
and V7). 800 Fe
Force (N)

400 FL & F l
4.2. Three-phase AC/AC matrix converter
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Fig. 5(a) shows the control block diagram of a three-phase to
1
three-phase matrix converter fed linear induction motor drive.
Speed (m/s)

Fig. 5(b) shows the matrix converter configuration, which con- 0.5
v
sists of nine bidirectional switches that allow any output phase v*
0
to connect with any input phase. Each output phase is con- v
nected to the three input phases through three bi-directional -0.5
switches, Sxy. For the nine bi-directional switches of matrix 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

converters, the available switching states equal 29, i.e. 512 Time (s)
switching state. Applying the two contrarians given in (19)
Figure 9 Dynamic performance of the MC drive.

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8 E.E.M. Mohamed, M.A. Sayed

sampling period, two active adjacent vectors and one zero vec- jVs j
T1 ¼ Ts sinðhÞ
tor are selected from the 27 possible converter output vectors Venv
jVs j p 
[28,29]. The ON intervals of the active and zero vectors can ð19Þ
be calculated by (19) T6 ¼ Ts sin
h
Venv 3
T0 ¼ Ts
T1
T6

2
750 10 fs /2
fs
500
1
10
Line voltage (V)

250

FFT (%)
0
0 10

-250 -1
10
-500 f1=218 Hz, THD=89.6%
-2
-750 10
2 3 4 5
0.3 0.302 0.304 0.306 0.308 0.31 10 10 10 10
Time (sec) Frequency (Hz)
2
15 10

10 fs /2
1
Motor current (A)

10
5 fs
FFT (%)

0
0 10

-5 -1
10
-10 f1=218 Hz, THD=9.1%
-2
-15 10
2 3 4 5
0.3 0.302 0.304 0.306 0.308 0.31 10 10 10 10
Time (sec) Frequency (Hz)
15 2
10

10 f10
1
Supply current (A)

10
5
FFT (%)

0
0 10

-5 -1
10

-10 f1=50 Hz, THD=21.5 %

-2
10
1 2 3 4 5
-15 10 10 10 10 10
0.3 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36
Frequency (Hz)
Time (sec)
2
10
15

10
Input current (A)

0
5 10
FFT (%)

-2
-5 10

-10

-15 -4
10
0.3 0.305 0.31 0.315 0.32 0.325 0.33 0.335 0.34 1 2 3 4 5
10 10 10 10 10
Time (sec) Frequency (Hz)

Figure 10 MC steady state performance.

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Matrix converters and three-phase inverters 9

where 5. Simulation results and discussion

T1 and T6, ON time of the two adjacent active vectors.
T0, ON time of zero vector. 5.1. System configuration
Venv, the instantaneous value of the rectified input voltage
envelope.
Figs. 2 and 5 depict the block diagram of linear induction
motor fed by a conventional three-phase VSI and a three-
The Indirect Space Vector Modulation proposed by [30]
phase direct AC/AC matrix converter, respectively. Appendix
and further described in [28,29] applied to calculate the exis-
A gives the parameters of the LIM, and the PI controllers
tence function for each switch is expressed as follows:
 and the settings of the Simulink models. For the sake of com-
1 Slm closed parison, the simulation has been performed under the same
Slm ðtÞ ¼ l&m 2 f1; 2; 3g ð20Þ
0 Slm opened modeling parameters and simulation settings, i.e. the same PI
controller parameters, the same Simulink settings, and the
In order to avoid short circuit that might be occurred between same load and speed profiles. Appendices B and C present
the input phases and open circuit of the output phases, one and the Matlab Simulink models of the MC and the VSI drive sys-
only one switch per column must be ON. tems respectively.
Sm1 þ Sm2 þ Sm3 ¼ 1 m 2 f1; 2; 3g ð21Þ
5.2. Dynamic performance of the LIM driven by VSI
The input three-phase voltage can be formulated as follows:
2 3 2 3
er cosðxt þ /i Þ Fig. 7 shows the simulation results of the supply voltage, LIM
6 7 6 7
4 es 5 ¼ Vm 4 cosðxt þ /i
2p=3Þ 5 ð22Þ three-phase current, reference and actual d–q axis currents, and
et cosðxt þ /i þ 2p=3Þ the supply current, the load force and electromagnetic devel-
oped force, and reference and actual LIM speed. It is clear
where /i is the phase angle of the input waveform. that, the load force and the electromagnetic developed force
The output three-phase voltage can be formulated as agree well.
follows: Also, the reference and actual LIM speed in addition to the
2 3 2 3
va cosðxt þ /o Þ reference and actual d–q axis current of the LIM are in close
6 7 6 7 agreement. Fig. 8 shows the harmonic spectrum of the LIM
4 vb 5 ¼ Vm 4 cosðxt þ /o
2p=3Þ 5 ð23Þ
line voltage, LIM line current, the supply current, and the
vc cosðxt þ /o þ 2p=3Þ VSI input current. It is clear that the harmonic spectrum of
where /o is the phase angle of the output waveform. the line voltage has high frequency components resulting in
The relation between the input and the output waveforms THD equals 86.7%. Also, the LIM line current is sinusoidal
can be formulated as follows: waveforms and its harmonic spectrum shows low THD, of
5.1%. Since the first stage has uncontrolled rectifier the supply
2 3 2 32 3 current has significant low order odd harmonics of 5th, 7th,
va Sra Ssa Sta er
6 7 6 76 7 11th, 13th, . . ., due to the limited effect of the input filter on
4 vb 5 ¼ 4 Srb Ssb Stb 54 es 5 ð24Þ the VSI input current as it has been designed to remove high
vc Src Ssc Stc et switching harmonics; hence, about 27% of 5th harmonic and
10% of 7th harmonic are present in both the supply current
The input current equation is obtained as follows:
2 3 2 3T 2 3 and input current of the VSI drive with 38% of THD.
ir Sra Ssa Sta ia
6 7 6 7 6 7 ð25Þ 5.3. Dynamic performance of the LIM driven by matrix
4 is 5 ¼ 4 Srb Ssb Stb 5 4 ib 5
converter
it Src Ssc Stc ic

The LIM driven by matrix converter is carried out in the Mat-

Supply voltage (V)

400 lab Simulink environment in order to investigate its dynamic

200 performance. Fig. 9 shows the simulation results of the refer-
ence and actual LIM speed, LIM three-phase currents, refer-
0
ence and actual d–q axis currents, supply currents and
-200
voltages and the load force and electromagnetic developed
-400
0.3 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.4
force. It is clear that there is a closed agreement between the
waveforms of the load force and the electromagnetic developed
VSI force, the reference and actual LIM speed, and the reference
Supply current (A)

10 MC and actual d–q axis current of the LIM. Moreover, the unity
5
input power factor at the supply side has been achieved since
0 the supply current and voltage are almost in-phase as shown
-5 in Fig. 11. Fig. 10 shows the harmonic spectrum of the matrix
-10
converter output line-to-line voltage, LIM line current, the
0.3 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.4 supply current, and the MC input current. It is clear that the
Time (sec) harmonic spectrum of the line voltage has high frequency com-
ponents with little higher magnitude resulting in THD equals
Figure 11 Supply currents for MC and VSI converters.

Please cite this article in press as: Mohamed EEM, Sayed MA, Matrix converters and three-phase inverters fed linear induction motor drives—Performance com-
pare, Ain Shams Eng J (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2016.02.002
10 E.E.M. Mohamed, M.A. Sayed

89.6%. In addition, the LIM line currents have sinusoidal Appendix A. Linear induction motor drive parameters
waveforms and its harmonic spectrum shows a THD of
9.1%. The supply current has a near sinusoidal waveform with
lower THD of 21.5%. It can be seen in Fig. 10 that, the input
filter improves the supply current shape of the MC drive, LIM
where the MC input current has a quasi-square switched and Stator 5.37 Ω Pole pitch, h 0.027 m
the supply current has near sinusoidal waveforms. resistance, Rs
Mover 3.75 Ω Total mass of the 2.78 kg
5.4. Features comparison resistance, Rr mover, m
Primary 0.02846 H Viscous friction and 36.045 kg/
inductance, Ls iron-loss coefficient, D s
Comparing the two drives dynamic performance shown in Secondary 0.02846 H Force constant, kf 593.35 N/
Figs. 7 and 9, it can be seen that the two drives track both inductance, Lr Wb A
the speed and load demands. The supply current of the VSI Magnetizing 0.02419 H Rated secondary flux, 0.056 Wb
drive has a non-sinusoidal waveform with high harmonic con- inductance, Lm
tents due to the uncontrolled rectifier action. On the other Number of 8 Rated line current, Ir 14.2 A
hand, high force ripples are noticed in the developed force of poles, np
Rated load 650 N –
the matrix converter drive, which can be related to the high
switching ripples found in the d–q current components due
Converters
to the rough nature of the MC switching operation. However,
the d–q current components track well their demanded refer- MC VSI
ences. In addition, the THD of the supply current is smaller Input side filter 7.3 mH Input side filter 7.3 mH
than that in case of using conventional VSI. The supply cur- inductance, Li inductance, Li
rent of the matrix converter has a sinusoidal waveform and Input side filter 13.2 lF Input side filter 13.2 lF
unity input power factor operation has been gained. inductance, Ci inductance, Ci
Input side filter 47 Ω Input side filter 47 Ω
resistance, Ri resistance, Ri
6. Conclusions
– Smoothing capacitor, 200 lF
Cdc
This paper has presented the matrix converter for the linear
induction motor drives. The dynamic performance of the PI controllers
matrix converter has been compared with conventional AC/ Speed regulator d–q axis current regulators
DC/AC converter in order to investigate its validity in control-
kp 3 500
ling the LIM speed. Both converters have been controlled
ki 500 1000
using field oriented control. The SVM has been used to gener-
ate the proper PWM signals of both converters. MATLAB/ SIMULINK
SIMULINK software has been used to simulate both convert-
Sampling time, Ts 5 ls Phase supply voltage, 220 V
ers with the LIM model. Simulation results prove that the
Vs
matrix converter as a LIM drive has shown better THD in
Switching frequency, 10 kHz Supply frequency, f 50 Hz
the output voltage and the input current than that in the con- Fs
ventional drives. However, the dynamic performance of both
converters looks the same.

Appendix B. Linear induction motor drive SIMULINK MODEL-MC

Discrete, Vd* Vd_Ref Sru g1

v*
Ts = 5e-06 s.
V* Vq* Vq_Ref Ssu g2
powergui U

V v Stu g3
theta theta
vabc
fl

CONTROLLER MC-SVPWM Srv g4 iabc

fl
v
Ssv g5 va
fe
LIM
Stv g6 vess
Vabc V vb
A van
Srw g7
vbn
Iabc Vabc
A Ssw g8 vc vcn
a A
B a Iabc
Stw g9

b b B B a R

C W
c c C b S

C T
Input filter c

Matrix Converter

Please cite this article in press as: Mohamed EEM, Sayed MA, Matrix converters and three-phase inverters fed linear induction motor drives—Performance com-
pare, Ain Shams Eng J (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2016.02.002
Matrix converters and three-phase inverters
Appendix C. Linear induction motor drive SIMULINK MODEL-VSI
Discrete, v*
Ts = 5e-06 s.
v*
powergui
V v
Vabc
A
Iabc
B a
a A
A Vabc
Iabc
A +
b b B B a +
b B
C V
c C
c C c C
Input filter
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Mahmoud A. Sayed was born in Qena Pre-
vector-modulated three-phase matrix converter. IET Power Elec-
fecture, Egypt, in 1974. He received the B.Sc.
tron 2012;5:1374–8.
and M.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering
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from Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt, in
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1997 and 2001, respectively, and the Ph.D.
tronics, IEEE transactions on, vol. 49; 2002. p. 276–88.
degree from the Nagoya Institute of Tech-
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nology, Nagoya, Japan, in 2010. Since 1999,
commutated cycloconverters. In: Industry applications society
he has been with the Department of Electrical
annual meeting, 1989., conference record of the 1989 IEEE; 1989.
Engineering, Faculty of Energy Engineering,
p. 871–76.
Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt. Currently,
he is an Assistant Professor in the Department
of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, South Valley
Essam E.M. Mohamed was born in Qena,
University, Qena, Egypt. His research interests include series and shunt
Egypt, in 1974. He received the BSc and the
compensation of electrical distribution systems for voltage regulation
MSc degrees in electrical power and machines
and loss reduction using series and shunt PWM converters in addition
engineering from Faculty of Energy Engi-
to renewable energy applications and machine drives. He is a member
neering, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt, in
of the IEEE Power Electronics Society.
1997 and 2003 respectively. He received the
Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the
University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United
Kingdom in 2011. In 1999, he joined the
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty
of Energy Engineering, Aswan University, as
a Demonstrator, as a Lecturer Assistant in 2003, and as a Lecturer in

Please cite this article in press as: Mohamed EEM, Sayed MA, Matrix converters and three-phase inverters fed linear induction motor drives—Performance com-
pare, Ain Shams Eng J (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2016.02.002