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LTE stands for Long Term Evolution and it was started as a project in 2004 by
telecommunication body known as the Third Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP).
The main goal of LTE is to provide a high data rate, low latency and packet
optimized radio access technology supporting flexible bandwidth deployments.
Same time its network architecture has been designed with the goal to support
packet-switched traffic with seamless mobility and great quality of service.
LTE is the successor technology not only of UMTS but also of CDMA 2000.
LTE is important because it will bring up to 50 times performance
improvement and much better spectral efficiency to cellular networks.
LTE introduced to get higher data rates, so it’s an ideal technology to support
high date rates for the services such as voice over IP (VOIP), streaming
multimedia, videoconferencing or even a high-speed cellular modem.
LTE uses both Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex
(FDD) mode.
LTE supports flexible carrier bandwidths, from 1.4 MHz up to 20 MHz as well
as both FDD and TDD.
LTE systems support (MIMO) Multiple Input Multiple Output transmissions,
which allow the base station to transmit several data streams over the same
carrier simultaneously.
All interfaces between network nodes in LTE are now IP based.
Quality of Service (QoS) mechanism have been standardized on all interfaces
to ensure that the requirement can still be met when capacity limits are
reached.
Works with GSM/EDGE/UMTS systems utilizing existing 2G and 3G spectrum
and new spectrum. Supports hand-over and roaming to existing mobile
networks.
LTE Network structure
1. LTE Air Interface EUTRAN (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network).
2. LTE Evolved Packet core EPC.
Network Interfaces
1. Uu (between the UE and the eNodeB) [Data-Signaling].
2. X2 (between 2 eNodeBs) [Data-Signaling].
3. S1 (eNB and MME) [Signaling].
4. S1u (eNB and SGW) [Data].
5. S10 (Between2 MMEs) [Signaling].
6. S6a (MME and HSS) [Signaling].
7. S11 (MME and SGW) [Signaling].
8. S4 (SGW and SGSN) [Data].
9. S5/S8 (SGW and PGW) [Data-Signaling].
10. S3 (MME and SGSN) [Signaling].
11. Gx (PGW and PCRF) [Signaling].
12. SGi (PGW and IP Networks) [Data].
First LTE EUTRAN
It is a radio access network standard meant to be a replacement of the UMTS, HSDPA and HSUPA.
Unlike HSPA, LTE's E-UTRA is an entirely new air interface system. It provides higher data rates,
lower latency and is optimized for packet data. EUTRAN (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio)
consists of eNB (Base station). EUTRAN is responsible for complete radio management in LTE.
The Air interface between LTE network and UE supports high data rate owing to OFDM and
multiple antenna techniques employed (MIMO). Where OFDMA is used from network to UE air
interface (downlink) and SC-FDMA is used from UE to network air interface (uplink).
The only Entity of the LTE EUTRAN is its Radio Base Station RBS (The ENodeB).
ENodeB
eNB embeds its own control functionality, rather than using an RNC (Radio Network
Controller) as does a Node B.
When UE powered is on, eNB is responsible for Radio Resource Management, i.e. it shall do
1- The radio bearer control.
2- Radio admission control.
3- Allocation of uplink and downlink to UE etc.
When a packet from UE arrives to eNB, eNB shall
1- Compress the IP header.
2- Encrypt the data stream.
3- Adding a GTP-U header to the payload.
4- Sending it to the SGW. Before the data is actually transmitted the control plane has to be
established.
5- ENB is responsible for choosing a MME using MME selection function.
6- The QoS is taken care by eNB as the eNB is only entity on radio.
7- Other functionalities include scheduling and transmission of paging messages, broadcast
messages, and bearer level rate enforcements also done by eNB.
Procedure
The EUTRAN which contains the Evolved Node B (eNodeB) provides connectivity between the
User Equipment (UE) and EPC over the LTE UTRAN UE interface (LTE Uu) and S1-U interface for
user data and S1-MME for signaling. The X2 interface is used to carry signaling between eNodeBs
and optionally user when the ‘Data forwarding at intra LTE handover’ feature is used.
The Serving Gateway (SGW) and Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW) in the EPC provide
connectivity for user plane data from the eNodeB to the external IP Networks over the S5/S8
interface between the SGW and PGW and SGi interface between the PGW and the external IP
Networks. The Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) which handles policy control decisions
and flow-based charging control communicates with the PGW over the Gx interface. The SGW
uses the S11 interface to communicate with the MME and S4 to communicate with the Serving
GPRS Support Node (SGSN) in the GPRS Network.
The Mobility Management Entity (MME) is the control node in the EPS and uses the S11 interface
to signal to the SGW, the S1-MME to signal to the eNodeB and the S6a to signal to the Home
Subscriber Server (HSS). Communication between MMEs is supported by the S10 interface as
illustrated in the Figure above.
LTE APNs
The name of a gateway between a 4G mobile network and another computer network, frequently
the public Internet.
A mobile device making a data connection must be configured with an APN to present to the carrier.
The carrier will then examine this identifier to determine what type of network connection should
be created.
More specifically, the APN identifies the packet data network (PDN) that a mobile data user wants
to communicate with. In addition to identifying a PDN, an APN may also be used to define the type
of service that is provided by the PDN.
APN is used in3GPP data access networks, e.g. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), evolved packet
core (EPC).
LTE Terminologies
Type of LTE Cells
SC: Serving Cell
MN: Monitoring Neighbor
The MN is a possible Candidate to be a SC by a Handover Procedure at any time.
EARFCN
A number reflects the center frequency of an LTE carrier. But it’s not the exact
frequency.
CI (Cell Identity)
Identifies a cell within a particular network.
RSRP(Reference Symbol Received Power)
Represents the mean measured power per reference symbol.
RSRQ(Reference Symbol Received Quality)
Provides an indication of the reference signal quality
These two types of measurements are used in the handover evaluation process, the intra LTE
handover can be set to trigger on the RSRP value or the RSRQ value.
LTE Identifiers
The site Data as it appears from the TEMS LTE Serving Cell window
LTE Throughput
The Main channels used for carrying downlink and uplink user Data traffic are
LTE handover
There are three types of mobility procedures for intra LTE handover:
Intra RBS Handover
Used when both the source and target cells reside in the same RBS.
X2 Based Handover
Used when an X2 relation exists between source and target cell. Usually this occurs when both
cells are served by the same MME.
S1 Based Handover
Used when no X2 relation exists between source and target cell.