Mechatronics Engineering The Evolution,
the Needs and the Challenges
Salas, Esthefanny
jesalasp@utn.edu.ec
Universidad Técnica del Norte
Abstract - Mechatronics should be seen to represent a
synergy and fusion of technologies, and should be
regarded as a philosophy supporting new way of
thinking and innovation. Thus, Mechatronics engineer
identifies with systems thinking, and the philosophy
that lies behind it. Mechatronics represents a unifying
paradigm that integrates, permeates, and comprehends
fundamental and modern engineering. It concentrates
on achieving the necessary synergy right through from
the conceptual stages of the design process. The growth
of interest in Mechatronics has identified a need for the
provision of engineers whose education and training
enables them to operate in an interdisciplinary manner.
Efficient structure of a Mechatronics engineering
degree program should integrate theory and practice of
the unified paradigm of Mechatronics engineering. It
should be designed to provide in-depth knowledge in
the fundamentals, design, and analysis. Furthermore,
implementing the engineering aspects related to
utilization, operation, maintenance, management,
personal and team based skills that are needed to design
and produce modern day
Mechatronical products and systems.
I. INTRODUCTION
The portmanteau ‘Mechatronics’ was first coined by
Mr. Tetsuro Mori, CEO and president of Seibu Electric
and Machinery Co Ltd. in 1969 when he worked for
Yaskawa Electric Corporation in Kitakyushu, Japan. At
this stage, the term Mechatronics used to reflect the
merging of mechanical and electrical engineering
disciplines and it may alternatively be referred to as
"electromechanical systems". The trademark rights of
the term Mechatronics were granted to Yaskawa in
1971. Yaskawa elected to abandon its rights on the word
in 1982. The word has since then taken a wider meaning
and is now being used widely to describe a philosophy
in science and engineering supporting new way of
thinking and innovation.
II. THE EVOLUTION OF MECHATRONICS
During the 1970s, Mechatronics was concerned
mostly with servo technology used in products with
mechanism that is controlled electronically, such as,
automatic door openers, vending machines, and auto-
focus cameras. Simple in implementation, the new
approach encompassed the early use of advanced
control methods. During this stage, technologies used in
Mechatronics systems developed individually and
independently of each other. With the development of
ever more sophisticated technologies, the technology
know-how has become a primary competitive factor,
and efficient technology management are extremely
important to keep track of the fast development in a
large number of fields. The introduction of the
microprocessor in the mid 1970’s has produced an
explosive development in new products that incorporate
the technologies associated with mechanical
engineering, electronics, and information processing.
Hence, there has been an increasing need for a new
approach to engineering. During the second half of
1970s and early 1980s, Mechatronics engineers did not
exist. It was wise to recognize that each engineer from
the traditional engineering disciplines has their
strengths and weaknesses, and that when working in a
team, they can interact, constantly learn from each
other, facilitate concurrency and, can master the
challenges of developing and manufacturing new smart
products, processes, and systems. Mechatronics
concurrency is about efficient and optimized approach
in designing and manufacturing ‘Smart’ products. By
‘Smart’, I mean the degree of cleverness that can impart
to the functioning capabilities of the product. For this,
team based approach has been adopted to embody
personal and team skills that industry needs to reach
high standards of excellence while improving personal
skills and quality of work. Such approach facilitates the
development of a practical base supported by traditional
theory to cover the key areas of practical design.
Mechatronics evolves as a design philosophy and a
methodology used for the optimal design to raise
synergy and provide a catalytic effect for discovering
new and simpler solutions to traditionally complex
problems. Such a methodology is a collection of
practices, procedures, and rules used by those who work
in a particular branch of knowledge or discipline.
Mechatronics emerged in Japan to describe the
Japanese practice of using fully integrated teams of
product designers and other members that represent
engineers with traditional engineering backgrounds,
manufacturing, purchasing, marketing personnel, etc. In
addition, Mechatronics at this stage reflects the way
people work to design and implement high
performance, simple and reliable solutions.
 In the 1980s, Mechatronics came to mean engineering.
The advances in digital electronics that have enabled the
possibility to invent, create, and improve systems that rely
on mechanical components to perform their intended
action. A synergistic integration of different technologies
started taking place, a notable example being in
optoelectronics (i.e., an integration of optics and
electronics). During this stage, the co-design concept of
hardware/software has been developed and used.
Mechatronics technology development has been driven
initially by the explosive trend in automation within the
automobile industry and the increased electronics content
in the vehicle and control of system features via software,
such as electronic engine controls and antilock-braking
systems. Industrial machinery and numerically controlled
systems, product integration and manufacturing in
consumer electronics, and by the semiconductor industry.
During the second half of the 1980s Mechatronics quality
product life cycles start to be compressed dramatically in
which new technology must be developed, manufactured,
and introduced to the marketplace, in cost effective
approach and quickly ahead of the competition, as early
market entry for the product provides a critical
competitive edge.
The adoption of Mechatronics design philosophy, and
concurrent practices by the industries require engineers
with a new range of skills, attitudes and abilities. Such
engineers are able to work across the boundaries of
constituent disciplines to identify and use the right
solution to the problem at hand. Engineer with good
management skills that enable them to work in and lead
design teams. This eventually guided academic
institutions towards creating dedicated Mechatronics
degree programs. They were aiming to develop
interdisciplinary and integrated approach to problem
solving where the most effective engineering solution can
be reached without bias from any given traditional
engineering discipline. Systems engineers were the first
who had to deal with such technical and complex issues
raised by interactions between software, mechanical
hardware and electronics. The relative complexity of
design had increased enormously with many thousands of
engineers working on the same mega project. The question
that remains is how to develop a curriculum and teach such
different philosophy within traditional engineering
departments.
With the beginning of the 1990s, Mechatronics came to
mean education and research identity as it emerged as
important engineering discipline. The most notable
features of the third stage are: the increased use of smart
functions in Mechatronics products and systems;
miniaturization of the product, enhance humancomputer-
interaction; shortening the development cycle time by
adopting the use of virtual prototyping and computer
simulation. Closely related topics of development during
the 1990s were: rapid prototyping; human-computer
interaction; optoelectronics, electronic manufacturing and
packaging; micro-electromechanical systems, advanced
manufacturing technology for polymer composite
structures, knowledge-based systems, material handling
technologies, etc. Furthermore, a new breed of intelligent
components and systems start to come out that combine an
optimum blend of all available technologies featured by,
innovation, shorter development cycles, better quality,
high reliability, better performance, compactness, and low
cost. In addition, the consideration of human factor during
the design process led to ease of product use, safety and
increased benefits to the end user. Individual devices such
as sensors and actuators have built-in intelligence
requiring local computer-based signal processing and
control functions. Engineers began to embed
microprocessors in mechanical systems to improve their
performance. Embedded systems and real-time software
engineering are accomplished through various types of
embedded micro-controllers, which are an indispensable
component of modern Mechatronic systems.
The early part of 1990s, highlight the beginning of new
era that merges innovatively Mechatronics as a technology
with modern communication and information
technologies. Information technology through software
starts to become a more important part of their work than
electronics. Information and communications
technologies were added to yield intelligent products that
are portable and could be connected within large
networks. This development made functions such as the
remote operation of robots, home appliances,
manufacturing, biomedical devices and health facilities
possible. In addition, recent fundamental and applied
developments in mini-, micro- and nano-scale
electromechanics (especially micro scale
electromechanical systems (MEMS) and micro-opto-
electromechanical systems (MOEMS)), control,
informatics, and power electronics have motivated and
accelerated such growth and have found a wide range of
applications. Microelectromechanical systems, such as the
tiny silicon accelerometers that trigger automotive air
bags, are examples of the latter use. Furthermore, after mid
of the 1990s, Mechatronics has gained a tremendous
international attention and its importance was widely and
globally recognized.
Since 2000, processor speed and advancements of
building memory capacity predicated the boom in in-car
navigation systems and other audio-visual consumer
electronic products, as well as passive and active safety
systems and more. Another important trend is the
increasing role that nanotechnology, and the incorporation
of living and non-living molecules into processes and
products, has begun to have a recognizable role, given
their value in improving strength, appearance, durability,
ability to be recycled and other functions.
The start of the 21st century is marking the identity of
Mechatronics as an engineering and science discipline.
The interdisciplinary Mechatronics filed has experienced
phenomenal growth since the beginning more than 35
years ago due to the rapid advances in enabling
technologies: actuators, sensors, power electronics,
motion devices, solid state devices, integrated circuits,
microprocessors and microcontrollers, digital signal
processors, high performance computer aided design,
system intelligence, and computation intelligence
software and techniques. Today, the term Mechatronics
encompasses a large array of technologies and it
represents most of the research issues of modern design.
The Mechatronics design methodology is not only
concerned with producing high quality products, but
maintaining these products as well. This area referred to
as life cycle design consideration. The life cycle design
factors include delivery, reliability, maintainability,
serviceability, upgradeability, and disposability. Life
cycle factors should be considered during all stages of
Mechatronical product design and manufacturing,
resulting in products that are designed from conception to
retirement
Due to the intensive demands for high performance
electromechanical systems, designers apply Mechatronics
concept because the performance of such systems has been
examined, assessed, and optimized.
Modern engineering encompasses diverse
interdisciplinary areas, and accordingly it is critical to
identify new directions in research and engineering filed
that address, pursue, and implement interdisciplinary
development. Mechatronics provides interdisciplinary
leadership and support current gradual changes.
Mechatronics represents a new philosophy to engineering
design that is likely to be of increasing importance to the
success of a wide range of industries as well as academic
institutions. It became and remains a significant design
trend that has impacted the nature of both the
productdevelopment process and technological change,
both in effect as well as pace. Mechatronics has a
significant and increasing impact upon engineering and
engineering education as a defining approach to the
design, development, and new way of thinking. Hence, it
is important for both industry and academic institutions to
work together in order to tune the required infrastructures
to support and enhance the identity of Mechatronics as
engineering science discipline and to help engineers
gaining the required skills.
III. MECHATRONICS: THE CONCEPT AND
THE SYNERGY
The term Mechatronics has prompted many debates on
its proper definition and scope. Mechatronics represents a
synergy and fusion of technologies. It is a unifying
paradigm, which integrates, permeates, and comprehends
fundamental and modern engineering. Mechatronics has
evolved into a way of life in engineering practice, and
theory and design. It pervades virtually every aspect of the
modern world. As the new discipline is evolving, there is
no need in the time being to have a bounded definition, as
this will hamper the progress and the evolution of
Mechatronics.
It is important to note that the Mechatronics concept is
not just about achieving technological integration but it
involves aspects of organization, training, management
(projects, products, market demands, and administration),
recycling, and sustainable development. Therefore, while
emphasizing the integration at the system level of the core
technologies, there is much in common with a concurrent
engineering approach to product development. This brings
together the more traditional view of Mechatronics, as the
integration of electromechanical systems, with the more
recent advances in intelligent paradigms. In addition,
utilizing the Internet and fusing Mechatronics with
information networks will end the geographic and
physical needs of the global corporation.
Mechatronics is a way of thinking about designing
innovative systems, processes and products that teaches
engineers to integrate computation, mechanization,
actuation, sensing and control functions that are
synergistically designed to achieve the improved quality
and performance benefits of system level integration.
Mechatronics systems, processes, and products enable the
implementation of a scalable architecture in which
functional elements are equipped with local control,
diagnostics, and communication features. This allows for
optimum freedom of mechanical design, energy savings,
recycling capability, and lower overall system
manufacturing costs. Mechatronics is essential in the
design of intelligent products; it allows engineers to
transform their conceptions into reality.
Mechatronics has come to mean the synergetic and
interdisciplinary field of engineering that successfully
fuses mechanics, electrical, electronics, and informatics
and intelligent systems, control systems and advance
modeling, optics, systems engineering, artificial
intelligence, intelligent computer control, precision
engineering, virtualization and virtual environments into a
unified framework that enhances the design of products
and manufacturing of processes. The synergies in
Mechatronics engineering enables a higher level of
productivity, precise performance, high functionality,
robustness, power efficiency, flexibility and modularity,
improved quality and reliability, intelligence,
maintainability, better spatial integration of subsystems
(embodied systems), miniaturized system size, life cycle
design consideration, shorten time for development,
dealing with complexity, and cost effectiveness for wide
range of intelligent products and applications.
Mechatronics is a new philosophy to the design that is
inherently technology independent and which
concentrates on achieving the necessary integration from
the earliest stages of the design process. The design of
Mechatronical systems must ensure an effective transfer
of complexity between individual technologies, both for
individual elements within the system and for the system
as a whole. The adoption of such an integrated, inter or
trans-disciplinary approach to engineering design implies
a greater understanding of the design process.
Mechatronics methodology is the optimized collection of
practices, procedures, and rules.
IV. HUMAN FRIENDLY &
ADAPTIVE MECHATRONICS
(HFAM)
Researchers in the area of Mechatronics have stated
that, the goal of modern technologies, is to have smart
living environment that facilitate better life and to assist
human well being while maximizing performance [8].
This will lead to have human friendly and environmently
conscious Mechatronic technology that work coopeatively
with human being. To have intelligent mechanical systems
that can adapt themselves to the level of the skills or
dexterity of human user, assist to improve the user's skills,
and help the human-machine system to achieve best
performance. It appear natural to design machines that can
cooperate in an intelligent way with their human users,
thus enable human to make bes use of the machine
capabilities. Such human oriented machinary will have
novel features in their behavior relevant to their interaction
with humans [9]. This implies that the enabling
Mechatronics systems have to understand human behavior
and interact intelligently, adaptively, seamlessly and
mutually for the sake to optimize the performance. This
will be achieved by using new methods and techniques
with learning and adaptive properties that reflect the
complexity of the working environment and the design
requirements for the interactive cooperation between
human and machine.
Therefore, the design of such products and processes
has to be the outcome of interdisciplinary activities and
embodied with personal and team technical competence
needed for high class standards of excellence. An
important characteristic of Mechatronic devices and
systems is their built-in-intelligence functionalities and
flexibility. The increased functionality and smartness
mean the ability to identify and respond to changes in the
environment and user's needs. The new flexibility in
Mechatronics design is based upon a number of design
choices with respect to the way to partition the design into
core functionalities, select the suitable technology, and the
way to implement it. The solution of tasks for designing
Mechatronic products and systems should be performed
on every technological level that takes part in that design.
Herewith, the interrelations during the design process play
an important role because of the interrelated influence
from each technological level [10]. This means that
simultaneous engineering has to take place with the goal
to create synergetic effects. In addition, In order to
improve this situation, there is an urgent need for theories,
models and tools, which facilitate modeling, analysis,
synthesis, simulation and prototyping of
multitechnological systems both at the sub-systems level
and at the system level as a whole. The key to an integrated
Mechatronics design methodology is modeling and
simulation.
V. MECHATRONICS AS ENGINEERING
DISCIPLINE
We are living in a modern world where consumer and
engineering products as well as services are getting more
diverse in nature. Time and economy are the essence,
particularly in the high-tech environment where
integration of expertise, knowledge, and exploitation of
technology must be carried out at a rapid pace. In order to
achieve the needed operational quality and efficiency,
current and future engineering workplace requires skills of
graduates that go beyond those taught in traditionally
designed university programs. Creative response to the
need to provide education and training for a new breed of
engineers who are proficient in the combined application
of systems design as well as mechanical, electronic and
computer-based control to managing sophisticated
manufacturing processes and technology-intensive
operations; developing high value-added products of
Mechatronics nature, and providing quality
interdisciplinary engineering services. Mechatronics
discipline is attracting students to be part of the new era of
industrialization to support advanced product
development, and to enable the interdisciplinary engineer
to look forward to a high quality of job satisfaction with
enhanced employment prospects. This new concept
requires strong scientific background and experimental
techniques as well as a broad knowledge in engineering.
This trend enhances the need for Mechatronical
professionals. Mechatronics is hence the word that means
to open a new road toward the bright future.
There is a need to produce engineers who can engage a
challenging problems and complex tasks with initiation
and enthusiasm. Produce engineers that can reason
effectively, accurately, and creatively using an integrated,
flexible and usable knowledge base. Produce engineers
that have the skills of free inquiry, able to solve complex
and large-scale problems from a system perspective. Have
engineers that can monitor and asses their own adequacy
to achieve a desirable outcome given a challenge; address
their own perceived inadequacies in knowledge and skills
efficiently and effectively as a member on a team; be
knowledgeable of computer and information tools used in
industry and communicate well. The aim is to develop
those precious synthesis skills that would enable the
student to consider information from many sources and
assimilate, and convert them to useful and tangible
product blueprints.
The growth of interest in Mechatronics has identified a
need for the provision of engineers whose education and
training enables them to operate in an interdisciplinary
manner. Mechatronics engineering represents a
fundamental shift away from the engineering specialist to
an engineer with expectation to solve openended problems
while fusing mechanical, electronic and computer
technologies. The need for Mechatronic education has
grown due to the increase in the number and importance
of such systems and devices. Structure of the
Mechatronics program should provide synthesis
experiences and motivation, and integrate theoretical and
practical skills. The Mechatronics engineering program
should be designed to provide in-depth knowledge in the
fundamentals, design and analysis, along with
implementing the engineering aspects related to
utilization, operation, maintenance and management of
Mechatronic systems, processes and devices.
Mechatronics engineering degree program should be
designed to incorporate foundational subjects in physics,
mathematics and statistics, computation and IT, static and
dynamic, fluid power, electrical and electronics,
measurements, and materials. With core subjects in
modeling and simulation, control systems and analysis,
embedded systems and microcontrollers, sensors and
perception, real-time and intelligent systems, engineering
design and smart products, robotics, and computational
intelligence. In addition, it should include supporting
subjects in management, product development and
marketing, and engineering practices. The supporting
subjects have are designed to provide graduates with the
unique skills required to tackle problems that span the full
electro-mechanical spectrum integrated with information
and communication technologies. A strong feature of the
course should emphasis on practical and project work that
allows students to consolidate their learning and develop
planning and communication skills that are considered an
integral part of the engineering profession. The aim is to
equip the students with a broad foundation and the
learning skills and then to build on that foundation on their
own as they may have to in their professional future. These
objectives have to be enhanced by:
a. Enable students to comprehend fundamental concepts
of Mechatronics design through various stages of the
development process. This includes problem
formulation and structuring, problem solving and
ideation, analysis, ergonomic and economic factors,
appraisal of benefit and cost, uncertainty and
assessment of risk, decision making and
communication. Developing an awareness of the
integrative nature of Mechatronics design through the
experience of balancing range of factors;
b. Integrating theoretical and practical knowledge skills
through think and learn approach while encouraging
active education attitude.
c. Developing essential managerial personal skills
needed to design and produce modern day
Mechatronic artifacts.
d. Coordinate interdisciplinary projects, to make
tradeoffs among the available technology options
with respect to reliability, performance, cost,
schedule, and risk, Enabling student to carry out
subjectspecific and interdisciplinary projects,
e. Supporting and enhancing innovative and creative
design abilities to conceive and develop new ideas
and a practical appreciation of the product
development process through appropriate
group/individual activities. Students should be trained
to have a leading role in initiating ideas and teaching
them strategies for synthesis and decisionmaking.
f. Showing by example that a teamwork approach can
often synergistically improve overall group
performance. Enhance the ability to work as an
effective member of a design team, i.e., to learn
teamwork skills,
g. Building up student confident by enabling them to
take responsibility in making decisions through out
the development process
h. Prepare students to work in a high technology
environment, and emphasizing on real world hands on
experience rather than idealized abstractions. This
should be reflected by the use of some of the widely
available software and hardware at industry. It is
aimed that graduates be immediately useful to their
employers and to boost their confident at early stages
of employment.
i. Transport new ideas accurately and convincingly by
strengthening the ability to communicate technical
results to specialists and non-specialists, intercultural
communication techniques and building up
confidence in negotiation and presentation.
j. Understand of design management process with
particular emphasis on product quality, reliability and
economic aspects. Understanding manufacturing
technology and its influence on product design,
k. Develop student’s confidence in addressing
openended problems while exposing them to
Mechatronic principles of product design.
l. Supporting student initiatives and motivate them to
develop teamwork, design, communication, time and
cost management skills, to work and think in a
pragmatic goal-oriented and methodical manner, and
achieving professional and leadership skills,
m. Provide students with experience in a variety of
dynamic processes of Mechatronics engineering by
giving them the necessary tools and techniques, and
encourage students to gain a deeper understanding of
engineering processes while developing an attitude of
self-learning amongst students while appreciating the
life-long learning paradigm, i.e., developing attitude
of reflective practice and life long leaning,
n. Create and use methods of student assessment and
program evaluation, and provide the structure to
support these activities. Engineering curricula
requires new and unfamiliar approaches to teaching,
training and assessment. This requires staff that can
lead and motivate their students
o. In-depth understanding of the practice of product
design or the utilization, operations and maintenance
of modern engineering equipment in manufacturing,
through appropriate optional subjects; and
p. Keep constant contact with industry and public
institutions in order to ensure that the degree program
and continuing education courses remain up-to-date
and future oriented. Close links with industry is
especially important for an engineering discipline in
general and Mechatronics Engineering in particular.
q. Develop a framework for sustainability in terms of
achieving a long-term balance between competing
economic, social and environmental needs by leaning
the environmental, sociological, economic impacts of
engineering work to lead engineers into the
formulation and management of an interdisciplinary
team as a normal part of their project planning, design
and implementation activity.
r. Observe the close interrelation between the properties
and performance of engineering materials and the
design process. To expose to new generation
materials exhibiting smartness, and the selection of
materials based on properties needed. The
theoretical and practical components of the
curriculum should be integrated so that the topics for
the lectures emerge from the direction that the (small,
medium, and large) projects are taking. The projects
should be designed to lead students to develop a
greater interest in engineering and the teaching, and
reflects more closely real needs. Progress and
 diversity are featured the projects. This enables the
student to build upon the knowledge and skills that
they have developed during previous stages while
subjecting them to new challenges through diversity.
There was a significant evidence of the educational
and motivational benefits of incorporating projects
into earlier years of degree programs. This increases
students’ curiosity, physical understanding and
insight. It is important to strengthen and sustain the
quality and integrity of a targeted Mechatronic
program by having a peer review and professional
self-regulation. At the same time, an internal review
process presents an invaluable opportunity to analyze
how to conduct affairs and where to improve, where
necessary, the ways things been done.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Mechatronics is engineering science discipline that is
opening new roads toward bright future. In reality,
Mechatronics opens up enormous technological
possibilities that would never be possible by adopting a
traditional single disciplinary or classical sub-system
based approach. Mechatronics describes the process by its
outcome, and this insight naturally lends itself to the
concept of total quality.
Mechatronics realizes the potential for new devices that
became possible by synergizing new and different
technologies. Mechatronics is not just about achieving
technological integration but it involves aspects of
organization, training, management, and developing
personal skills. The industry is now demanding engineers
with great deep and wide range of knowledge, properly
trained and supported by concurrent practices through
problem and project based curriculum to meet the
challenges of interdisciplinary demand. Accordingly,
there is a critical need to identify new directions in
Mechatronics engineering education, evaluate its
curriculum, as well as to address and implement new
initiatives. Mechatronics education should be given a
significant attention, with focus on the importance of
Mechatronics approach as a philosophy and practices to
the design and development process strengthened by
balanced basic and applied theories. This will help to
formulate Mechatronics as engineering science discipline
and enhance the way in which Mechatronic paradigm can
be used to coherently solve specialized and complex
problems.
Finally, adopting and understanding the philosophy of
Mechatronics as a way of thinking in solving complex,
problems, developing effective solutions and design, and
managing resources should be considered by other
engineering and non-engineering curriculums too.
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