ISSN: 2394 5303
Impact
Factor
Printing AreaTM
4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal
house; the relationship between a daughter-in-
law and mother-in-law and other family
members. These songs convey feelings of love,
friendliness but at times rage and abhorrence.
The relevance of these folk songs lies in bringing
out the quintessential nature of every occassion
or subject they deal with and in revealing the
deep feelings and emotions of the people related
to these events. Thus, a variety of traditional
and cultural songs sung on different occasions
present the folk songs of the region as an
assortment of multi-faceted folklore of Jammu
region.
Works Cited and Consulted
1. Deep, Shiv Ram, editor. Dogri Lok Geet
(Part 16). Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Arts,
Culture and Languages, 1989.
2. Dhar, Somnath. Jammu and Kashmir
Folklore. Marwah Publications, 1986.
3. Gupt, Om Prakash. Dogri Folksongs –
Collections and Analysis. Seemant Prakashan,
1979.
4. Literature,VIII. http://www.ciil-
lisindia.net/Dogri/Dogri_lite.html.
5. Shivanath. History of Dogri Literature.
Sahitya Academy, 1976.

sPrinting Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journalr
January 2018 039
Issue-37, Vol-05
09
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
SPIRITUALITY AND RESILIENCE
Aisha Siddiqa,
Research Scholar, Department of Education,
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.
Dr. Anis Jahan,
Associate Professor,
Department of Education, Aligarh Muslim
University, Aligarh, UP, India
==============***********===============
ABSTRACT
Spirituality refers to an inner path which
enables a person to discover the essence of his/
her being. It is the personal search which
connects the human being to a powerful divine
force existing in the Universe. Likewise, it has a
major role to play in helping people maintain
good mental health and also helps them to cope
with their life’s stressors. Psychological
resilience is an individual’s tendency to cope
with stress and adversity. This coping may result
in the individual’s “bouncing back” to a previous
state of normal functioning, or simply not a
showing any negative effects. Those who lack
this ability are slower to recover from setbacks
and may experience more psychological distress
as a result. The objective of the study is to
identify the relationship between the aspects
of spirituality and the resilience ability among
students, whether a change in the level of
spirituality has any influence on the level of
resilience possessed by them. Purposive
sampling is used and 146 adolescents between
15-18 years are taken from different schools of
Aligarh district of UP, India. The tools for
measuring resilience and spirituality are
Wagnild and Young’s Resilience Scale (1993)
UGC Approved
Sr.No.43053
ISSN: 2394 5303
Impact
Factor
Printing AreaTM
4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal
and Spirituality Attitude Scale (SAS) by Akbar
Hussain et al (2011). The results reveal that
students who have scored high on spirituality
are better able to cope with their life stressors,
are better able to adapt and have a positive
outlook towards their problem situations.
Key words: Spirituality, resilience,
mental health, stress, stressors
Introduction
The meaning of the term spirituality from
apsychological perspective hase volved throught
heyears. Earlier notion was that it is an acquired
and secondary aspect of human endeavor
(mostly embedded in religion) but now the
contemporary view is that it is an inherent,
distinct, and integral part of human experience
.Emerging the oriesrecognize the distinctiveand
complexnature of spirituality, as well as
emphasize its interconnectedness with
religiosity and other human experiences.
Moreover, spirituality is viewed as something
which has a signiûcant impact on human
behavior and as a critically important subject of
scientiûc study and professional practice in
psychology (Roehlkepartain, Benson, King, &
Wagener, 2006).
Psychologists view spirituality as a
universal phenomenon and an inherent aspect
of human nature that may have a biological
basis. They believe that it is developed
throughout one’s life;it emerges during early
childhood in the form of natural awareness and
gradually becomes a search for purpose and a
longing for transcendental meaning (Sperry, 2001).
Spirituality is much more than just a
comforting ritual to religious individuals. It has
the ability to have a positive impact on mood
and mental health. It generates optimism,
improves interpersonal relationships, creates
support systems and enhances the quality of life.
Scientific research is also emerging which
demonstrates modest, yet promising
connections between religiousness and
improved mental health.Spirituality provides a
sPrinting Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journalr
January 2018 040
Issue-37, Vol-05
sense of purpose, and allows people to connect
to something greater than themselves, and
enable us to release control. These abstract
gains then result into concrete ones through an
expansion of social networks and improved
health which eventually lead to stress reduction.
Relation between Spirituality and Resilience
Although earlier in the field of
psychology, spirituality was largely ignored but
resilience research has identiûed religion and
spirituality as factors of resilience (Werner,
1984, 1996). Researchers have described that
the protective aspects of religion and spirituality
are similar to protective processes that are found
in studies of resilience at individual, family, and
community levels (Crawford et al., 2006).
Conceptually, it has beensuggested that spirit
uality may facilitatere siliencein four majorways:
byhelping build attachment relationships, by
opening access to sources of social support, by
guiding conduct and moral values, and by
offering opportunities for personal growth and
development (Crawford et al., 2006).
Another perspective on religion as a
source of resilience is that it serves as a coping
mechanism for dealing with adversity (Van Dyke
&Elias,2007).In The Psychology of Religion and
Coping, Pargament (1997) argues that although
some religious beliefs may lead to negative
coping (e.g., feeling punished by God), there are
other aspects of religious faith (e.g., hope) that
serve to develop adaptive coping, especially in
times of hardships. Psychologists also believe
that religion and spirituality operate in several
ways in protecting individuals from harmful
behaviors and cultivating positive behaviors.
Religion serves as a meaningful system that
provides an understanding of life’s purpose in
the face of highly stressful situations (Park,
2007). Some authors have suggested that
spirituality and religion areuniversal impulses
in people. Wong (1998) stated:
Religion has been and remains one of
the most potent forces in human existence
UGC Approved
Sr.No.43053
ISSN: 2394 5303
Impact
Factor
Printing AreaTM
4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal
because it is rooted in human nature. Deep
within all people, there is a yearningfor
connection with the sacred and the
transcendent. Like an orphan, there is avoid, a
restlessness compelling individuals to search for
their parent, their destiny,and their home. Even
without being aware of it, people desperately
and secretlywant to believe in God, so that they
can have the faith and courage to face
theunknown, (p. 361)
Some individuals, particularly those who
identify themselves as agnostic or atheist,
wouldcertainly disagree with the universality of
those statements.At times individualstend to
develop a sense of purpose which is outside of
religion, butthen there are many individuals who
ûnd meaning through religious faith in a way
that helps them get through difficult life
situations. Similarly, the resilience literature
identiûes spirituality as one of the major
characteristics of resilience in adolescents,
because spiritual values help to maintain an
optimistic outlook on life and even alleviate one
to ûnd meaning in adverse situations
(Werner,1984,1996). Frankl (1963)asserted that
the search for meaning in life is essential for
psychological well-being and that a lack of
purpose in life may cause psychological
maladjustment. It is possible that the purpose
of life and meaning mediates the relation
between spirituality and various positive
outcomes (Van Dyke & Elias, 2007).
To sum up, the theoretical assumptions
of how spirituality acts as a source of resilience
have mostly focused on the inûuence of
spirituality on close relationships, social
support, moral conduct, personal growth,
adaptive coping, and the development of
meaning and purpose in life. It is further
suggested that these sources of support act as
protective factors in moderating the negative
effects of any hardship and as promoting factors
in improving the mental health, psychological
well-being, and academic learning.
sPrinting Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journalr
January 2018 041
Issue-37, Vol-05
Objectives
To study the difference in the level of
spirituality between boys and girls of secondary
school students.
To study the difference in the level of
resilience between boys and girls of secondary
school students.
To find out the relationship between
spirituality and resilience among the senior
secondary school students.
To find out the effect of spirituality on
the resilience of senior secondary school
students.
Hypotheses
There is a significant difference in the
level of spirituality between boys and girls of
senior secondary school students.
There is a significant difference in the level of
resilience between boys and girls of senior
secondary school students.
There is a significant relationship
between spirituality and resilience among the
senior secondary school students.
There is no effect of spirituality on the
resilience of senior secondary school students.
Methodology
Design: For the present study descriptive
survey method was used by the researcher with
a quantitative approach.
Sample: The sample for this study was
collected from two Senior Secondary Schools of
Aligarh district. A total number of 146 students
(60 boys and 86 girls) were selected from the
following schools.
Number of Students
S.no. Name of the School
Boys Girls
1 Al-Barkaat Public School 30 40
2 Aligarh Public School 30 46
Procedure: The participants were asked
to fill in a set of questionnaires, which consisted
of spirituality as well as resilience scales.
Tools used for measurement:
UGC Approved
Sr.No.43053
ISSN: 2394 5303
Impact
Factor
Printing AreaTM January 2018 042
4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-37, Vol-05
1. Spirituality Attitude Scale (SAS) was contribution of a single independent variable in
developed by Akbar Hussain et al (2011). This relation the dependent variable. Here the
scale has two sub-dimensions (sense of purpose, contribution of spirituality to resilience was
maintenance of discipline) with 31 item calculated.
statements. The options to answer the Results
statements ranges between (1-5) i.e. from Obj no.1: To study the difference in the
strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5). Some level of spirituality between boys and girls of
statements were negatively worded and some secondary school students.
were positively worded. Positive statements Table 1 Mean difference of boys and
were scored in the same direction, while girls with respect to their level of spirituality
negative statements were scored in the reverse Level of Spirituality N Mean SD df t-value

direction. The reliability of the scale was Boys 60 108.05 16.56

calculated by Cronbach’s Alpha which was found Girls 86 121.41 13.99
144 -5.27

to 0.84 and 0.82 for both factors respectively.

2. Resilience Scale (RS) was developed
by Wagnild and Young (1993) which consists of
25 statements. The responses to all are ranged
on a seven point likert scale ranging from
Strongly Disagree (1) to Strongly Agree (7) and
all statements are positively worded. While
developing the instrument, Wagnild and Young
had recognized five inter-related components
that were a part of resilience. Even though the
statements were identified with these
components, the total score was used in the
study. The internal consistency reliability
coefficient of this scale in a number of studies
ranged from 76 to 91.
Analysis techniques:
Correlation and multiple regression
analysis was used the present study.
Correlation is a statistical technique that
Table 1 shows the difference between
boys and girls in relation to their level of
spirituality. The mean value of level of
spirituality among males is 108.05 with a
standard deviation of 16.56 whereas the mean
value of spirituality among females is found to
be 121.41 with standard deviation of 13.99. The
t-ratio obtained is -5.27 which statistically
significant and the p-value is less than 0.05. This
means that there is a significant difference
between males and females with respect to their
level of spirituality.
Obj no.2: To study the difference in the
level of resilience between boys and girls of
secondary school students.
Table 2 Mean difference boys and girls
with respect to their level of resilience
Level of Resilience N Mean SD df t-value

shows whether pairs of variables are related or Boys 60 126.41 16.12

independent of each other. The coefficient of
correlation (r) shows the degree of relationship
between the two variables used.It ranges from
-1.0 to +1.0. The closer r is to +1 or -1, the more
closely the two variables are related. And if r is
close to 0 it means there is zero relation between
the variables. Pearson product moment
correlation was used to find out the relationship
between spirituality and resilience.
Linear regression analysis is a technique
which allows the researcher to find out the
sPrinting Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journalr
144 -4.00
Girls 86 136.37 13.89
Table 2 shows the difference between
males and females in relation to their level of
resilience. The mean value of level of resilience
among males is 126.41 with a standard
deviation of 16.12 whereas the mean value of
resilience among females is found to be 136.37
with standard deviation of 13.89. The t-ratio
obtained is -4.00 which statistically significant
and the p-value is less than 0.05. This means
UGC Approved
Sr.No.43053
ISSN: 2394 5303
Impact
Factor
Printing AreaTM January 2018 043
4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-37, Vol-05
that there is a significant difference between spirituality contributed 50 percent of the
males and females with respect to their level of variance in resilience. Since the significance
resilience. value of .000 indicates that the probability is very
Obj no.3: To find out the relationship low that the variation explained by the model is
between spirituality and resilience among the due to chance. As a result we can conclude that
senior secondary school students. the changes in resilience resulted from significant
Table 3 Product moment coefficient of changes in spirituality. Thus, we can say that
Correlation between spirituality and resilience spirituality had a positive effect on resilience.
Variables df Calculated r P Discussions
The statistical tests above showed the
Spirituality
144 .712 0.000
verification of hypothesis in the study. All the
Resilience null hypotheses were rejected as there existed
a strong relationship between spirituality and
Table 3 shows the relationship between resilience among senior secondary school
the level of spirituality and the level of resilience students. There also existed a significant
among the senior secondary school students. difference between male and female level of
The coefficient of correlation is found to be .712 spirituality. Females were found to have higher
significant 0.01 level, which is considered to be level of spirituality as compared to males.
a strong correlation between the two variables. Similarly, significant difference was found
This means that there is a significant among male and female level of resilience. Here
relationship between spirituality and resilience. also, females were found to possess higher level
Obj no.4: To find out the effect of of resilience as compared to males. And finally
spirituality on the resilience of senior secondary it was observed that there was a strong effect
school students. of spirituality on resilience. It means that the
Table 4 Model summary of “Resilience” stronger the spiritual experience possessed by
(Dependent Variable) the students the more influence it will have on
Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate the level of resilience possessed.
The findings of this study are in line with
Spirituality .712a .507 .503 10.98212
the research results that have been done before,
a. Predictors: (Constant), Spirituality which stated thatdimensions of religiousness/
b. Dependent Variable: Resilience spirituality were significantly related to
Table 5 ANOVA Table indicating a resilience. (Long, 2011). Another study also
significant relationship between the variables illustrated a clear association between spiritual
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. well-being and adolescent resilience but the
Regression 17975.585 1 17975.585 149.043 .000
b
data was collected through different sources
Residual 17488.020 145 120.607
both qualitative as well as quantitative.(Smith,
Total 35463.605 146
Webber &Defrain2013).
Similar study was conducted by Peres et
a. Dependent Variable: Resilience al (2007) in which they tried to find out the role
b. Predictors: (Constant), Spirituality of spirituality in fostering resilience among
Table 4 shows the simple regression trauma survivors. Gnanaprakash (2013)
analysis between spirituality and resilience of examined the existing relationship between
secondary school students. The square of R was spirituality and the ability to cope with stress
observed to be .507 which indicates that among university post-graduate students.The
UGC Approved
sPrinting Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journalr Sr.No.43053
ISSN: 2394 5303
Impact
Factor
Printing AreaTM
4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal
results of this study showed that students who
had scored on spirituality were better able to
cope with their stressors, were better able to
adapt and have a positive outlook towards their
problems.
In Indonesia, research on the contri-
bution of religiosity/ spirituality to resilience
was conducted on two ethnic groups. The results
stated that there was no religious contribution
to the study of resilience. This kind of result is
against the findings of our study.
The limitation of this study is that it was
conducted on senior secondary students only.
So the findings cannot be generalized to primary
and secondary school students. Further, this
study has a limited diversity of participants.
Most of the students in the research sample
were Muslims, so the results can be more
generalized to this faith.
The study concluded that spirituality has
a significant effect on resilience. It can be
predicted from this study that increasing various
dimensions of spirituality, a higher level of
resilience will be possessed by the students. The
practical implication of this research is the need
to consider spirituality as an important factor
as it develops students’ resilience. The
development of spirituality will help them face
different stressors of life whether related to
family, hostel and even personal problems. This
will help them adapt to the social demands they
face in hostel as well as academic demands.
Some efforts have been made by the schools
such as providing counselling facility in each
school. Counsellors should emphasize upon the
involvement of spirituality when handling issues
related to students’ resilience. Students’
involvement in spirituality makes a difference
in cultivating educational aspirations and
achievements.Research has already revealed
the importance of spirituality and religiosity
among adolescents that is related to mental
health problems, psychological well-being, and
academic performance. Spirituality therefore has
sPrinting Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journalr
January 2018 044
Issue-37, Vol-05
become an important goal to achieve in the
healthy and wholesome personality
development of an individual.
References
1. Crawford, E., Wright, M.&Masten, A.
S. (2006). Resilience and spirituality in youth. In
E.C. Roehlkepartain, P. E., King, L.Wagener., & P.
L. Benson (Eds.), The handbook of spiritual
development in childhood and adolescence (pp.
355 – 370).Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
2. Frankl, V. E. (1963). Man’s search for
meaning: an introduction to logotherapy. Oxford,
England: Washington Square Press.
3. Gnanaprakash, C. (2013). Spirituality
and Resilience among Post-Graduate University
Students. Journal of Health Management. 15(3),
383-396.
4. Kallampally, G.A., Oakes, K.E., Lyons,
H.Z., Greer, J.M., & Gillespie, C.K, (2007).
Gender, psychological resilience, acculturation
and spirituality as predictors of Asian Indian
American marital satisfaction. Journal of
Spirituality in Mental Health, 10, 35-52.
5. Kim, S. &Esquivel, G. B. (2011).
Adolescent Spirituality and Resilience: Theory,
Research and Educational Practices.Psychology
in the Schools, Vol. 48(7).
6. Koenig, H. G., McCullough, M. E., &
Larson, D. B. (2001). Handbook of religion and
health. New York: Oxford UniversityPress
7. Long, Shelley L (2011). The relation-
ship between religiousness/spirituality and
resilience in college students. ProQuest
Dissertations and Theses; 2011. ProQuest.
8. Masten (2007). Resilience in
developing system : Progress and promise as
the fourth wave rises. Development and
Psychopathology, 19, 921-930.
9. Park, C. L. (2007). Religiousness/
spirituality and health: A meaning systems
perspective. Journal of Behavioral Medicine,30,
319 – 328.
10. Park, H. (2001). Religiousness as a
predictor of academic performance among high
UGC Approved
Sr.No.43053
ISSN: 2394 5303
Impact
Factor
Printing AreaTM
4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal
school students. Journal of Research inChristian
Education, 10(2), 361 – 378.
11. Pearce, M. J., Little, T. D., Perez, J. E.
(2003). Religiousness and depressive symptoms
among adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and
Adolescent Psychology, 32, 267 – 276
12. Peres et al. (2007). Spirituality and
Resilience in Trauma Victims.Journal of Religion
and Health. 46(3), 343–350.
13. Rahmawati, S. W. (2013).Role of
Religiousness/Spirituality in Resilience of
Fisheries College Cadets.Journal of Educational,
Health and Community Psychology.3(1).
14. Roehlkepartain, E. C., Benson, P. L.,
King, P. E., & Wagener, L. M. (2006). Spiritual
development in childhood andadolescence:
Moving to the scientific mainstream. In E. C.
Roehlkepartain, P. E. King, L. Wagener., & P. L.
Benson(Eds.). The handbook of spiritual
development in childhood and adolescence (pp.
1 – 15). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
15. Smith, L., Weber, R., &Defrain,
J.(2013). Spiritual Well-Being and Its
Relationship to Resilience in Young People: A
Mixed Methods Case Study. Sage Open. April-
June. (pp. 1-16)
16. Sperry, L. (2001). Spirituality in
clinical practice: Incorporating the spiritual
dimension in psychotherapy and counseling.
New York: Brunner-Routledge.

sPrinting Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journalr
January 2018 045
Issue-37, Vol-05
10
“SITE SELECTION FOR GROUND
WATER RECHARGE USING REMOTE
SENSING & GIS - A CASE STUDY OF
ANWI & HIWRA VILLAGE OF
JALNA DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA
(INDIA)”
Prof. Ashok Tejankar
Head, Dept. of Geology,
Mr. Rohan K. Pathrikar
Research Student
Dept. of Geology,
Deogiri College, Aurangabad (M.S.)
==============***********===============
ABSTRACT
Water is a vital resource to the mankind
for their survival & the chief resource of fresh
water is in the subsurface of the earth which is
infiltrate by the rainfall occur in every year. The
distribution of groundwater beneath the earth
varies widely. For a development of any
particular area water plays a very important role
but the water supply & distribution schemes are
not adequate to fulfil the demands in that area.
So to meet these demands a particular model
should be developed with the help of Geographic
Information System (GIS) & Remote sensing by
analyzing the rainfall, geology, geomorphology
in that particular area. For this purpose Anwi &
Hiwra village of Jalna District, Maharashtra has
been chosen as a study area. The average
rainfall in the study area is 700 mm. This is the
seasonal rain fed area, hence needs better
management. Sustainable developments and
management of the basin is influenced by
topography of the area and geomorphologic
features.
UGC Approved
Sr.No.43053