‫‪ISSN : 1819-2076‬‬ ‫‪ISSN : 1819-2076‬‬

‫اﻟـﻤﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﺮاﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ وهﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺪ ﺧﺎص ﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﻮي اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ ٢٥ — ٢٤‬ﺁذار ‪٢٠١٠‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻠﺪ ﺧﺎص ﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﻮي اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫‪Special Issue for the Papers Presented in 2nd Annual‬‬
‫‪ ٢٥ —٢٤‬ﺁذار ‪٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫‪Scientific Conference of the College of Engineering‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﺪد )هـ(‬ ‫‪24—25 March 2010‬‬
‫)‪Part (E‬‬

‫اﻟﻌﺪد ) هـ(‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺗﺼﺪر ﻣﻦ آﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫‪A Referred Scientific Journal Issued by‬‬

‫اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻠﺔ ‪j.mec_mat_eng@yahoo.com :‬‬ ‫‪Engineering College / University Of Babylon‬‬

 REPUBLIC OF IRAQ
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION
AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
UNIVERSITY OF BABYLON

Issn : 1819-2076
**************************************************************************************
The Iraqi Journal for Mechanical – and Materials Engineering
Babylon Univ./ Babylon/ Iraq P.O.Box(4) Tel: ++ 964 30 245387.(1155).
Email: - j.mec_mat_eng@yahoo.com
 LIST OF CONTENTS

No. Page
Title No.

‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬

Effect of Plate Load Test Curve Shape On Modulus Of

1 1-12
Subgrade Reaction Of Compacted Subbase Soil

Nonlinear Three Dimensional Finite Element Analysis

2 13-25
Of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam

‫ﺴﻠﻭﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل‬

3 26-41
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺭﺭﺓ‬
Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis Of Typical
4 42-51
Composite Beams

Development Of An Application Program For

5 52-60
Lengthwise Engineering Projects

6 ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻴﻥ‬ 61-74

Experimental Study Of Punching Shear For Reinforced

7 Lightweight Concrete Slabs Made With Plastic Waste 75-96

An Attempt To Relate Consolidation Properties Of

8 97-106
Baghdad Soil To Other Soil Properties
 The Effect Of Web Opening On Prestressed Concrete
107-123
9 Double Tee Beams Under Flexure

‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻁﻴﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬

10 124-133
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻭﺭﺓ‬

Effects Of Using Crumb Rubber In Hma Surface On

11 134-143
Skid Resistance Properties (Dry Method)

Study The Effect Of Kiln Dust Addition

12 144-156
On Clay Soils Properties

‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺭﺍﺀ‬

13 157-171
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻫﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬

A Suggested New Material Used For A-K

14 172-187
Prosthetic Socket Lamination

‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﺮاﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ وهﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬

 The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (E) 

NONLINEAR THREE DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENT

ANALYSIS OF STEEL FIBER REINFORCED
CONCRETE DEEP BEAM

Prof. S. A. Al-Ta’an, A. A. Mohammed, M. A. Al-Jurmaa

ABSTRACT
This study reports the details of the finite element analysis of three steel fiber concrete deep
beams and steel fiber reinforced concrete deep beams having steel fibers over full depth. Reinforced
concrete deep beams having a shear span to depth ratio of 2.65 and 1.59 that failed in shear have
been analyzed using the ‘ANSYS’ program. The ‘ANSYS’ model accounts for the nonlinearity,
such as, post cracking tensile stiffness of the concrete, stress transfer across the cracked blocks of
the concrete and load sustenance through the bridging action of steel fibers at crack interface. The
concrete is modeled using ‘SOLID65’- eight-node brick element, which is capable of simulating the
cracking and crushing behavior of brittle materials.

The reinforcement bars have been modeled discretely using ‘LINK8’ – 3D spar element.
The steel reinforcement for the finite element models is assumed to be an elastic-perfectly plastic
material and identical in tension and compression. The estimated deflection of beam at ultimate
load was much closed to the experimental data when the accuracy ratios of deflection were (95.7,
100, and 81.5%) for B1, B2, and B3, respectively. So that ‘ANSYS’ model correctly predicted the
diagonal tension failure and shear compression failure of concrete. The capability of the model to
capture the critical crack regions, loads and deflections for various types of shear failures in
reinforced concrete deep beam has been illustrated.

KEY WORD: Finite element, deep beam, aspect ratio, steel fiber, shear failure, ANSYS.

‫اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺨﻄﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ اﻻﺑﻌﺎد ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة ﻟﻠﻌﺘﺒﺎت اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﻔﻮﻻذﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﺎﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺠﺮﻣﺔ‬،‫ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬،‫ ﺳﻌﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻄﻌﺎن‬.‫ د‬.‫أ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ اﻋﺘﺎب ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻘﻮاة ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﻔﺎﻳﺒﺮ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ آﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ هﺬﻩ‬. ٢.٦ -١.٥٩ ‫ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ هﺬﻩ اﻻﻋﺘﺎب اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻓﻀﺎء ﻗﺺ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ‬، ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة‬
‫ ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎت اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ واﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻻﺟﻬﺎدات ﻋﺒﺮ ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎت‬، ‫ ﺷﻤﻞ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻼﺧﻄﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﻗﺐ اﻻﺣﻤﺎل‬،Ansys ‫اﻻﻋﺘﺎب ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
Solid ‫ ﺗﻢ ﻧﻤﺬﺟﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﻄﺎﺑﻮﻗﻲ‬، ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ واﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻻﺣﻤﺎل ﻋﺒﺮ ﺟﺴﻮر ﻗﻄﻊ اﻟﻔﺎﻳﺒﺮ ﻓﻲ اﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎت‬
Spar ‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻗﻀﺒﺎن اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﻨﺤﻴﻒ‬. ‫ اﻟﺬي ﻟﺪﻳﻪ اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎت وﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺤﻖ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد اﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ‬65
‫ ﺗﻢ ﻧﻤﺬﺟﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة ﻟﻘﻀﺒﺎن اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺎدة ﻣﺮﻧﺔ –ﺗﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻠﺪوﻧﺔ وﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ‬، ‫ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ اﻻﺑﻌﺎد‬Element link 8
،٩٥.٧) ‫ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻻود ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻻﻗﺼﻰ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ أذ آﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻘﺪار اﻷود هﻲ‬.‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺸﺪ‬
‫ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺪ وﻓﺸﻞ‬Ansys ‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺄن ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ‬، B3, B2, B1 ‫( ﻟﻠﻌﺘﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ‬%٨١.٥ ،١٠٠
‫ اﻟﻬﺒﻮط ﻟﻌﺪة ﺣﺎﻻت ﻣﻦ ﻓﺸﻞ‬-‫ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎت اﻻﺣﻤﺎل‬، ‫اﻟﻘﺺ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ وﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻤﺬﺟﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎت ﺑﺪﻗﺔ‬
. ‫اﻟﻘﺺ ﻟﻼﻋﺘﺎب اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ‬

13
 Prof. S. A. Al-Ta’an
Nonlinear Three Dimensional Finite Element Analysis Of A. A. Mohammed
Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam M. A. Al-Jurmaa

1. INTRODUCTION
A reinforced concrete beam with a span-depth ratio less than approximately 5 may be
classified as a deep beam. Structural deep beams have many useful applications, particularly at the
lower levels in tall buildings as transfer girders, foundation pile caps, and offshore gravity-type
structures [ACI-ASCE Committee 445-1998, Kong 1990]. Because of their proportions, the shear
capacity of deep beams is important in design, and their shear strength is likely to be significantly
greater than that predicted by the usual equations.

A series of studies on deep beams have investigated the influence of effective span-depth
ratio and different web reinforcements on the behavior of high-strength concrete deep beams and
embedment length of main tension steel on the behavior of lightweight concrete deep beams.[ Tan
1995, -Tan 1997] Siao investigated the shear strengths of short reinforced concrete walls, corbel,
and deep beams.[ Siao 1994, Ritter1899] Most of these studies are based on the analysis of
experimental results in light of strut-and-tie models introduced by [Ritter1899], and [Morsch1909]
and developed by [Schlaich and et al. 1987 ], and [Marti 1985]. Arch action is a dominant force
flow for a shear resistance in deep beams loaded in a compression zone. Deep beams transfer
applied top loads to the supports through the compression struts connecting the loads and support
points. The possible failure mode may be web compression or shear tension failure.

In general, it is difficult to prevent concrete from cracking because it is a non ductile and
brittle material. The formation of cracks, even micro cracks, from loading and environmental
effects, has been shown to lead to deterioration and in some cases failure. Micro cracks usually
form at the interface of coarse aggregates due to thermal and moisture activity in the cement paste
even before loading occurs. Upon loading, these micro cracks propagate and group to form cracks.
Short fibers evenly dispersed throughout the concrete increase the durability of concrete by
preventing the micro cracks from widening and spreading into larger cracks.

For more than twenty years now, steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) has been used in
shotcrete, precast concrete, slabs, concrete floors, and concrete repairs. It has gained acceptance in
the construction industry by continually exhibiting increased dynamic force resistance and effective
crack reduction, [ASTM 1996, Beaudoin 1990, Breen 1994].

The presence of fiber has a direct effect on the mechanical properties of concrete including
compression, direct tension, shear, and flexural strength. The fiber shares induced stress with the
concrete until the concrete cracks. Then, eventually the fiber carries all of the stress. There are
many advantages that suggest the reduction or replacement of conventional reinforcing steel with
steel fibers, such as the following:
• Enhanced flexural strength, shear strength, ductility and toughness.
• Impact and fracture resistance.
• Internal stresses are more evenly distributed throughout the structure because multi-
directional reinforcement is provided.
• Crack widths are minimal, if cracks are found at all, because fibers bridge the cracks.
• Decreased chance of corrosion due to crack control and the fact that fibers do not
provide a continuous path for corrosive currents to flow through.
• Savings in labor and time costs of a project because FRC placement is less demanding
than conventional rebar placement.

Hemmaty1998 used the ANSYS finite element program to study the modeling of the shear
force transferred between cracks in reinforced and fiber-reinforced concrete structures. [ Huyse et
al.1994], used the ANSYS program to study the finite element modeling of fiber-reinforced
concrete beams. [Wolanski 2004] studied flexural failure of reinforced concrete and prestressed
concrete beams by using ANSYS. The objective of this paper is 3D finite element analysis on the

14
Prof. S. A. Al-Ta’an et., al., The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (E)

SFRC (steel fibers reinforced concrete) deep beams ultimate behavior. For this purpose, SFRC
Deep beams without reinforced, and with reinforcement were analysis in finite element solutions
were obtained by using ANSYS. The experimental and finite element modeling results are
compared.

2. SPECIMENS DETAILS
Three Experimental steel fiber deep beams were analyzed in this study. The first beam was
containing steel fiber only, and the two beams letter were contain steel fiber with steel
reinforcement, as illustrated below:

2.1 Details of Steel Fiber Deep Beam (B1)

The first test deep beam had constant span and width of 600 mm and 75 mm, respectively.
The overall depth was 150 mm, such that, span to depth ratio of these beams was 4.0. The fiber
reinforced concrete with 1.0% steel fiber by volume, aspect ratio 100 were without tension and web
reinforcement. The beam notation (FC4) denotes the beams having span to depth ratio of 4.0 (i.e.
depth 150mm), [Shah 2004].

150mm

600

Fig. (1) Dimensions of the SFC deep beam (B1)

2.2. Details of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam (B2)

The second test deep beam had constant span and width of 600 mm and 75 mm,
respectively. The overall depth was 150 mm, such that, span to depth ratio of these beams was 4.0.
As shown in Fig.(2). The fiber reinforced concrete with 1.0% steel fiber by volume, aspect ratio
100.the beam had a single 16 mm diameter mild steel bar as the main longitudinal reinforcement
and 6 mm diameter mild steel bars as horizontal web reinforcement, placed at 100 mm c/c. The
beam notation (FS4) denotes the steel reinforced beam having span to depth ratio of 4.0 (i.e. depth
150mm) , [Shah 2004].

6mm @100c/c
Web
150m
16mm (longitudinal Reinforcement)

600m

Fig. (2) Reinforcement details of the SFRC deep beam (B2)

span to depth ratio=4

15
 Prof. S. A. Al-Ta’an
Nonlinear Three Dimensional Finite Element Analysis Of A. A. Mohammed
Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam M. A. Al-Jurmaa

2.3. Details of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam (B3)

Fig.(3) shown the geometry, loading, and reinforcement for the beam was selected to
analyzed in the present study with steel fiber content equal (1.0%) and span to depth ratio equal to
(2.6). the beam were provided with 16mm diameter deformed bar (fy=440MPa) to serve as principal
tensile reinforcement. Web reinforcement comprised 5 mm diameter bars having average yield
strength of (375MPa). Steel fibers used were 30mm long and 0.5mm2 in cross section area, [Mansur
1991].

5mm @100c/c
Web Reinforcement
4#16mm (Longitudinal Reinforcement)
500

1300

Fig. (3) Reinforcement details of the SFRC deep beam

(B3) span to depth ratio =2.6

3. FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

Finite element failure analysis was performed by using the ANSYS program. ANSYS is
capable of handling dedicated numerical models for the nonlinear response of concrete under static
and dynamic loading. ANSYS was chosen because it provides a wide range of elements and
constitutive models for different materials including concrete.

3.1 Element Types

Concrete: Eight-node solid brick elements (Solid65) were used to model the concrete. These
elements include a smeared crack analogy for cracking in tension zones and a plasticity algorithm to
account for the possibility of concrete crushing in compression regions. The solid element has eight
nodes with three degrees of freedom at each node: translations in the nodal x, y, and z directions.

Steel plate and steel support: An eight-node solid element, Solid45, was used for the steel plates at
the supports in the beam models. The element is defined with eight nodes having three degrees of
freedom at each node translations in the nodal x, y, and z directions. The element has plasticity,
creep, swelling, stress stiffening, large deflection, and large strain capabilities. A reduced
integration option with hourglass control is available.

Steel reinforcement: A 3D spar element (Link 8) was used to model the internal reinforcement this
element allows the elastic–plastic response of the reinforcing bars. Two nodes are required for this
element. Each node has three degrees of freedom at each node: translations in the nodal x, y, and z
directions.

3.2. Material Properties

There are three material models in this study as motion below:
Concrete: Material Model Number 1 refers to the Solid65 element. The Solid65 element requires
linear isotropic and multilinear isotropic material properties to properly model concrete. The
multilinear isotropic material uses the von Mises failure criterion along with the Willam and
Warnke [23] model to define the failure of the concrete. EX is the modulus of elasticity of the
concrete (Ec), and PRXY is the Poisson’s ratio (υ). The modulus of elasticity was based on eq. (1)
[ACI-ASCE Committee 445-1998].

16
Prof. S. A. Al-Ta’an et., al., The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (E)

Ec = 4730 f c′ (1)
A nonlinear elasticity model was adopted for concrete. This nonlinear elasticity model is
based on the concept of variable module and matches well with several available test data. For our
concrete, the stress–strain relation was used for the material model in the finite element modeling.
The elastic modulus of concrete was calculated as Ec = 26615MPa by using the slope of the tangent
to the stress–strain curve through the zero stress and strain point. The Poisson ratio is taken as 0.2.
The ultimate uni-axial compressive strength of concrete was taken from the mean value of cylinder
test results as
fc’ = 34.4 MPa. The tensile strength of concrete was assumed to be equal to the value given below
[ACI-ASCE Committee 445-1998].

f t = 0.62 f c′ (2)

The multilinear isotropic stress–strain implemented requires the first point of the curve to be
defined by the user. It must satisfy Hooke’s Law.
σ
E= (3)
ε
The compressive uni-axial stress–strain relationship for the concrete model was obtained
using the following equations to compute the multilinear isotropic stress–strain curve for the
concrete. MacGregor, (1992),

2 f c′
ε0 =
Ec (4)
E cε
σ=
ε 2
1+ ( )
ε0
where σ is the stress at any strain ε, MPA, ε is the strain at stress σ, and ε0 is the strain at the
ultimate compressive strength f’c.

The shear transfer coefficient for open cracks, βt, represents the conditions at the crack face.
The value of βt ranges from 0.0 to 1.0, with 0.0 representing a smooth crack (complete loss of shear
transfer) and 1.0 representing a rough crack (no loss of shear transfer). Shear transfer coefficient of
0.3 was used to derive the theoretical load–displacement relationship for comparison with
experimental results. In fiber reinforced concrete, the shear transfer at the cracks depends on the
matrix strength fiber interaction in the fiber pullout mechanism [Job 2006, Shah 1994, Burdet
1990].

Willam and Warnke developed a widely used model for the triaxial failure surface of
unconfined plain concrete. a constitutive model for the concrete suitable for FEA implementation
was formulated. This constitutive model for concrete based upon the Willam and Warnke model
assumes an appropriate description of the material failure. The yield condition can be approximated
by three or five parameter models distinguishing linear from nonlinear and elastic from inelastic
deformations using the failure envelope defined by a scalar function of stress f(σ) = 0 through a
flow rule, while using incremental stress–strain relations.

During transition from elastic to plastic or elastic to brittle behavior, two numerical
strategies were recommended: proportional penetration, which subdivides proportional loading into
an elastic and inelastic portion which governs the failure surface using integration, and normal
penetration, which allows the elastic path to reach the yield surface at the intersection with the

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 Prof. S. A. Al-Ta’an
Nonlinear Three Dimensional Finite Element Analysis Of A. A. Mohammed
Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam M. A. Al-Jurmaa

normal therefore solving a linear system of equations. Both these methods are feasible and give
stress values that satisfy the constitutive constraint condition. From the standpoint of computer
application the normal penetration approach is more efficient than the proportional penetration
method, since integration is avoided.

Steel plate and support: For the finite element models each load is distributed over a small area as
for the experimental beams. A 50mm thick steel plate modeled using SOLID45 elements, is added
at the support location, and load applied position in order to avoid stress concentration problems.
This provides a more even stress distribution over the support area and position of load. An elastic
modulus equal to 200GPa and Poisson’s ratio equal to 0.3 are used to plate.

Steel reinforcement: Steel reinforcement in the experimental beam was constructed with typical
steel reinforcing bars (fy = 440 MPa). Elastic modulus and yield stress for the steel reinforcement
used in tests were considered in the finite element modeling of reinforcement. The steel for the
finite element models is assumed to be an Elastic–perfectly plastic material and identical in tension
and compression. Poisson’s ratio of 0.3 is used for the steel reinforcement. Material properties for
the concrete and steel reinforcement are summarized in Table 1.

Table (1) Material properties of beam tested [21, 22]

Beam No. Ec Vf fc’ ft fy Es

MPa % MPa MPa MPa MPa
B1 23051 1 23.75 2.8 440 200,000
B2 23249 1 24.16 3.0 440 200,000
B3 26615 1 34.4 3.28 440 200,000

3.3. Geometry and Meshing

The dimension of the full-size SFRC deep beam (B3) is 90*500*1300 mm. The span
between the two supports was 1050 mm. As shown in Fig. (3), by taking the advantage of the
symmetry of the beam, a quarter of the full beam was used for finite element modeling. This
approach reduced computational time and computer disk space requirements significantly. The
quarter of the entire model is shown in Fig. 6. To obtain satisfactory results from the Solid65
element, a rectangular mesh is recommended. Therefore, the mesh was setup such that square or
rectangular elements were created as shown in Fig. 5. The necessary element divisions are noted.
The meshing of the reinforcement is a special case compared to the volumes to satisfactory the full
bond between concrete and reinforcement. Each concrete mesh element is a prism with 25 * 25 * 25
mm.

655mm
45mm

Fig. (4) The quarter of beam Fig.(5) Finite element mesh of the
model quarter SFRC deep beam

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Prof. S. A. Al-Ta’an et., al., The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (E)

3.4. Nonlinear Solution

In nonlinear analysis, the total load applied to a finite element model is divided into a series
of load increments called load steps. At the completion of each incremental solution, the stiffness
matrix of the model is adjusted to reflect nonlinear changes in structural stiffness before proceeding
to the next load increment. The Newton–Raphson equilibrium iterations for updating the model
stiffness were used in the nonlinear solutions. Prior to each solution, the Newton–Raphson
approach assesses the out-of-balance load vector, which is the difference between there storing
forces (the loads corresponding to the element stresses) and the applied loads. Subsequently, the
program carries out a linear solution using the out-of-balance loads and checks for convergence. If
convergence criteria are not satisfied, the out-of-balance load vector is re-evaluated, the stiffness
matrix is updated, and a new solution is carried out. This iterative procedure continues until the
results converge.

In this study, convergence criteria for the reinforced concrete solid elements were based on
force and displacement, and the convergence tolerance limits were initially selected by analysis
program. It was found that the convergence of solutions for the models was difficult to achieve due
to the nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete. Therefore, the convergence tolerance limits were
increased to a maximum of five times the default tolerance limits (0.5% for force checking and 5%
for displacement checking) in order to obtain the convergence of the solutions.

4. COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND FINITE ELEMENT RESULTS

The load–deflection responses for the beam from the test are plotted with the finite element
results in Fig. 6. The ultimate loads from the finite element and experimental models are calculated
as 465 kN and 546 kN, respectively. as illustrated in Table (2). The midspan deflection at the
ultimate load of the SFRC beam recorded in the tests, and finite element solutions are close to each
other as shown in Fig. 6. In general, the load–deflection plots for the beam from the finite element
analyses agree quite well with the experimental data. The finite element load–deflection curve is
slightly different from the experimental curve. There are several effects that may cause this
situation. First of all, microcracks are present in the concrete for the tested beam and could be
produced by drying shrinkage in the concrete and/or handling of the beam. On the other hand, the
finite element models do not include the microcracks.

B1 B2

Fig. (6) Experimental and FEM load-deflection responses

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 Prof. S. A. Al-Ta’an
Nonlinear Three Dimensional Finite Element Analysis Of A. A. Mohammed
Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam M. A. Al-Jurmaa

Table (2) Comparison of test results

Beam Notation Experimental Theoretical Experimental Theoretical

Load (kN) Load (kN) Ultimate Ultimate
Deflection Deflection
(mm) (mm)
B1 65 65 1.4 1.34
B2 80 80 1.3 1.3
B3 570 465 4 3.25

The other is that perfect bond between the concrete and steel reinforcing is assumed in the
finite element analysis, but the assumption would not be true for the tested beam. In ANSYS,
stresses and strains are calculated at the integration points of the concrete solid elements.

Crack patterns obtained from the finite element analysis at the last converged load steps as
shown in Figs. (7a-d), which shows that numerous cracks occur at midspan of the finite element
model of four load levels, the cracks begin at the region of maximum bending moment at load 84
kN, then the cracks have spreader toward the support and upward and the remained crack zone
looks likes an arch. This is in agreement with the simulation of deep beam with a strut (concrete)
and tie (the tension steel with almost constant stress). Fig. 8 shows cracking signs in the finite
element model. A side face of the quarter beam model is used to demonstrate cracking sign. As
shown in Fig. 10a, at the bottom of the beam at midspan, principal tensile stresses occur mostly in
the x direction (longitudinally). When the principal stresses exceed the ultimate tensile strength of
the concrete, circles as cracking signs appear perpendicular to the principal stresses in the x
direction. Therefore, the cracking signs shown in Fig. 8a appear as vertical straight lines occurring
at the integration points of the concrete solid elements. Hereafter, these are referred as flexural
cracks. For a concrete structure subjected to uni-axial compression, cracks propagate primarily
parallel to the direction of the applied compressive load since the cracks result from the tensile
strains developed due to Poisson’s effect [23, 24]. Similar behavior is seen Fig. 8b in the finite
element analysis. Loads in the z direction result in tensile strains in the y direction by Poisson’s
effect. Thus, circles appear perpendicular to the principal tensile strains in the y direction at the
integration points in the concrete elements near the loading location. These are referred as
compressive cracks.

Fig. 8c shows cracking signs where both normal and shear stresses act on concrete elements.
At the location shown in Fig. 10c, normal tensile stresses generally develop in the x direction and
shear stresses occur in the xz plane. Consequently, the direction of tensile principal stresses
becomes inclined from the horizontal. Once the principal tensile stresses exceed the ultimate tensile
strength of the concrete, inclined circles appearing as straight lines perpendicular to the directions
of the principal stresses appear at integration points of the concrete elements. Hereafter, these are
referred as diagonal tensile cracks.

In our SFRC deep beam at a sufficiently high load, the concrete fails to resist tensile stresses
only where the cracks are located. Between the cracks, the concrete resists moderate amounts of
tension introduced by bond stresses acting along the interface in the direction. This reduces the
tensile force in the steel. There was no evidence that the reinforcing steel failed before overall
failure of the beam tests. This is confirmed by the finite element stress analyses. Maximum stresses
for the last converged load step are shown for the beam. Figs. 9 and 10 show the maximum stress
locations in the SFRC beam by element solution and by nodal solution, respectively.

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Prof. S. A. Al-Ta’an et., al., The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (E)

Fig. (7) FEM cracks at different loads values. [B3]

Fig. (8) Cracking signs in FEM: (a) flexural cracks; (b) compressive cracks;
and (c) diagonal tensile cracks.

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 Prof. S. A. Al-Ta’an
Nonlinear Three Dimensional Finite Element Analysis Of A. A. Mohammed
Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam M. A. Al-Jurmaa

B2 B1

B3

Fig. (9) Maximum compressive and tensile stress (MPa)

for nodal solution

B2 B1

B3

Fig. (10) Maximum compressive and tensile stresses (MPa)

for element solution

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Prof. S. A. Al-Ta’an et., al., The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (E)

5. CONCLUSION
Based on the comparison of the SF and SFRC deep beams with the corresponding
experimental data, Finite element failure analysis was performed by using the ANSYS program.
Eight-node solid brick elements (Solid65) were used to model the concrete. Internal reinforcement
was modeled by using 3D spar elements (Link 8). Following conclusions were drawn.

• The predicted load in deep beams at various stages was found to be in good agreement with the
test data. Where the estimated deflection of beam at ultimate load was much closed to the
experimental data when the accuracy ratios of deflection were (95.7, 100, and 81.5%) for B1, B2,
and B3, respectively.
• The failure mechanism of a SF and SFRC deep beam is modeled quite well using FEA, and the
failure load predicted is very close to the failure load measured during experimental testing.
• Deflections and stresses at the centerline along with initial and progressive cracking of the finite
element model compare well to experimental data obtained from a reinforced concrete beam.
• The effective coefficient on behavior of deep beam is the ratio of length span to beam depth (l/d)
where increase of (l/d) decreased the ultimate load failure, and the shape of failure closed to flexural
failure.
• The beams failure began on all deep beams as flexural failure and transformed gradually to shear
failure when the load further increased.

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Nonlinear Three Dimensional Finite Element Analysis Of A. A. Mohammed
Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam M. A. Al-Jurmaa

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