Revision for Per-unit Systems

Equations:

Once you have any two components from the four components (
, you can find the other two. Generally, we assume the largest rated power in the
system as the base power (BMVA), and define a voltage bases (BKV) in each zone in the system
based on the voltage ratios of the transformers. Note that the zones are separated by
transformers.

Then, the base current and base impedance will be calculated as following:

Sometimes we need to transform the given per-unit values of impedances from the old bases
to the new base, so the following equation could be used,
Example:

Given the following 3-phase power system:

Generator (G1) 200 MVA, 20 kV, Xd = 15%

Transformer (T 1) 150 MVA, 220Y/22 kV, Xd = 10%

Transformer (T 2) 150 MVA, 220Y/22 kV, X = 10%

Transmission Line (T.L) X = j100 Ω

Load Z = 50+j10 Ω

- Find the simplified equivalent circuit based on per unit quantities.

Solution:

Assume that the base MVA of the system is the largest MVA of all system components,
which is equal to 200 MVA. In addition, assume that the base voltage in G1 zone is the rating of
generator (G1), which is 20kV. Based on the ratings of the two transformers T1 and T2, the base
voltages become as following:

1- G1_zone : Assumed 20 kV.

2- T.L_zone : (G1-base-voltage) * (T1-ratio) = 20 kV*220/22 = 200 kV
3- Load_zone : (T.L-base-voltage) * (T2-ratio) = 200 kV*22/220 = 20 kV
 Once the base voltages are defined for each zone, the per-unit values of all impedances and
reactances could be calculated as following:

Generator (G1)

Transformer (T 1)

Transformer (T 2)

Transmission Line (T.L)

Load

Finally, the impedance diagram is shown in the following figure,

j0.1613 pu j0.5 pu j0.1613 pu

j0.15 pu

25+j5 pu

EG1

Now, you can do all circuit analysis (e.g. KCL, KVL,..etc) for this simplified circuit, and then
you can get the actual values of any quantity (Voltage, Current, Power) by multiplying its per-
unit value by the base value of its zone. However, this last step is not always required because
most Electrical Engineers are used to deal with per-unit quantities all the time.