Measurement of Acoustic Velocities, and Resistivity

Reservoir Rock Properties Laboratory

PE 3221-003 Wednesday 1:30 – 4:30

Group 5

April 19, 2017

Group Member Position Rating Signature

Fabio Vicente Manager/Editor 100%

William Coulter Technician 100%

David Lagunes Researcher 100%

Apolinario Malungo Analyst 100%

Cirilo Mauricio Scribe 100%

Academic Integrity Statement

On my honor, I affirm that I have neither given nor received any inappropriate aid on the

completion of this exercise.

Signed: (Manager) Date:

PE 3221-002 4/19/2017 Measurement of Acoustic Velocities, and Resistivity Group 5

Abstract

Four brine saturated and dry sandstone samples went through acoustic measurements in

the laboratory in order to analyze the behavior of P and S wave velocities through the samples.

Saturated samples had higher Vp and lower Vs values while dry samples had higher Vs values and

lower Vp values. For saturated samples Vp ranged from 3.84±0.13 to 4.10±0.046 Km/s while Vs

from 2.21±0.03 to 2.85±0.92 Km/s, and for dry samples Vp values had a range of 3.40±0.09 to

4.07±0.07 Km/s while Vs ranged from 2.19±0.02 to 2.80±0.04 Km/s. Taking this one step forward,

experimental procedures to calculate the resistivity of the cores were also conducted. Basically, all

core samples had resistivity values that increased with an increase in pressure. For the samples,

H1T had resistivity values that ranged from 4.60.5 to 5.00.6*m, V2T 4.90.5 to 5.40.6*m,

V1B 5.70.5 to 6.20.6*m, and H2T 5.40.5 to 5.90.6*m.

Introduction

Resistivity and seismic velocity measurements are crucial to the process of oil and gas

exploration. Reservoir characterization is difficult to predict with just core samples. Therefore,

indirect petrophysical properties must be estimated from the relationships given by resistivity and

velocity. The velocity is measured by the speed of waves (P-wave and S-wave) going through the

rock sample. The ultrasonic wave velocity in rock sample is related to its elastic coefficients,

internal structure and density (Kassab, 2015). There are many factors that can influence these

velocities that include heterogeneity, temperature, pressure, and most importantly, fluid contained

in the pore space. Hence, taking various measurements and using different techniques, as done in

this experiment, will increase the accuracy.

With resistivity measurements, values can be estimated for porosity, permeability and

water saturation. This can give us relationships between the properties obtained by both

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PE 3221-002 4/19/2017 Measurement of Acoustic Velocities, and Resistivity Group 5

measurements. Therefore, they exhibit variations in the dependence of the measured property on

the level of water saturation that is caused by changes in pore-scale fluid distribution (Knight,

1991). Hence, this gives us the ability to analyze rock behavior and characterize rock formations.

Procedure

Two horizontal and two vertical core samples 1 inch in diameter and approximately 1 inch

in length were tested. A pulse transmission technique (Schreiber et al., 1973) was used to measure

shear and compressional wave velocities. Core samples were placed inside a rubber sleeve and

receiving and source transducers were attached to opposite ends. The transducers contained

piezoelectric crystals that expand and create an acoustic wave when voltage is applied. The desired

compressional or shear wave emits from the piezoelectric crystal in the source transducer, travels

through the sample, and then is received by the piezoelectric crystal in the receiving transducer.

Voltages changes from the crystals are digitized and a travel time between the pulse onset and

receipt is recorded. For wet velocity measurements, the core samples were saturated overnight in

a 25,000 ppm NaCl brine solution with a density of 1.015 gm/cc.

Resistivity measurements were conducted on the samples saturated in the same 25,000

ppm NaCl brine. Resistivity was measured using a two-electrode system, samples were secured

in a rubber sleeve and silver wafers were placed on both ends to facilitate contact between the

samples and the electrodes. Measurements were taken at multiple frequencies from 100 Hz to

1,000 Hz.

Results and Discussion

The measured values of the Vp (P wave velocity) and Vs (S wave velocity) on saturated

and dry samples as a function of pressure were calculated using Eq. 1A and the findings are

represented in Table 1B. In addition, the values in Table 1B illustrated a trend in which the values

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PE 3221-002 4/19/2017 Measurement of Acoustic Velocities, and Resistivity Group 5

of both Vp and Vs increased with an increase in pressure on wet and dry samples due to the closing

of cracks, and boundaries of grains that harden the rock mineral frame. Also, for the density, it was

assumed a negligible change related to pressure, yet an increase of bulk density while going from

dry to saturated sample. However, as noticed in Table 1B and Fig. 1B, the dependence of wet and

dry velocities (Vs and Vp) on porosity is distinct to pressure, thus velocity increases with a

decrease in porosity. Taking this one step forward, wet Vp velocities are higher than dry Vp

velocities, and wet Vs velocities are lower than dry Vs velocities for this experiment. Nevertheless,

the difference is not only a simple function of porosity because the saturation increased Vp and

decreased Vs due to the difficulty that S waves present to cross liquid fluids.

The values of bulk (K), shear (G) and Young’s (E) moduli as well as Poisson’s () and

Vp/Vs ratios were calculated using equations Eq. 2A, Eq. 3A, Eq. 4A, Eq. 5A and Eq. 6A

respectively. For saturated samples, K values ranged from 11±2 to 19±1 Gpa, G values from 10±1

to 19±1 Gpa, E values from 25±3 to 38±2 Gpa and  values from -0.0007±0.5 to 0.3±0.1. For dry

samples K values ranged from 5.2±0.4 to 15±1 Gpa, G values from 7.7±0.2 to 17.1±0.5 Gpa, E

values from 20.3±0.4 to 35±2 Gpa, and  values from -0.08±0.02 to 0.16±0.02.

In saturated samples, K, G and E values were higher at high pressures (2000psi-5000psi)

and lower at low pressures (500psi-1500psi) due to the increase in velocity values, but  values

were higher at low pressures. However, in dry samples, all K, G, E and  values were higher at

high pressures. Another trend noticed by the values of saturations in Tables 2B, 3B, 4B, Fig. 1B

and Fig. 2B was that the values of K, G, E and  increased with saturation, thus wet samples had

higher values than dry samples since a decrease in velocity of S waves did not overcome the

increase in density of the bulk. While analyzing porosity, K, G, E and  values were higher at

lower porosity values and higher pressures as illustrated in Tables 2B, 3B, 4B, Fig. 1B and Fig.

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PE 3221-002 4/19/2017 Measurement of Acoustic Velocities, and Resistivity Group 5

2B. In addition, the same tables enlighten the relationship of predicted porosities of Wyllie Time

average, which has a range of porosity values from 13.6±0.005 to 23.9 ±0.01 % and the Raymer-

Hunt-Gardner (22.72±0.003 to 27.31±0.006 %) to previous porosities.

Resistivity values as a function of pressure are presented in Table 2C, core H1T had

resistivity values that ranged from 4.60.5 to 5.00.6 *m, V2T 4.90.5 to 5.40.6 *m, V1B

5.70.5 to 6.20.6 *m, and H2T 5.40.5 to 5.90.6 *m. Resistivity values increased with an

increase in pressure because the cores tend to become more compacted and thus more resistant.

Also, in Tables 2C and 3C, the values calculated from Eq. 11A of the formation factor (F),

structure factor (a), and cementation exponent (m) can be found. The values of “a” range from

0.65 to 1.11, F from 162 to 212 and m from 2.08 to 2.41, and all values of a, F and m regardless

of the sample increased with an increase in pressure.

Fraction Sw
H1 V2T V1B H2T
Calculated a, m values @ 500
psia 0.99±0.05 0.89±0.05 0.89±0.04 0.87±0.04
a=1 and m=2 @ 500 psia 1.05±0.06 1.07±0.06 1.03±0.05 1.02±0.05
Measured Mass 0.105±0.008 0.094±0.003 0.102±0.002 0.092±0.002
NMR 0.097±0.002 0.103±0.001 0.104±0.003 0.104±0.002

Table 2- water saturation values are higher with a=1 and m=2 rather than with measured
values of a and m.

As noticed from Table 3C, an increase in the values of a and m provokes an increase in

water saturation, but affects the porosity of the sample very slightly to almost negligible if for

example m changes from 2.01 to 2.02. A relationship of the formation factor to previous

measurements of porosity and permeability can be seen in Tables 1C, 2C and 3; also, the same

tables compare those previous values to some empirical formulas such as Raymer-Hunt-Gardner’s

(Eq. 10A). In addition, comparisons between water saturation values using porosity, a and m

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PE 3221-002 4/19/2017 Measurement of Acoustic Velocities, and Resistivity Group 5

values measured using Eq. 11A and water saturation values using m=2 and a=1 are presented in

Tables 2 and 3C.

Fraction Porosity (Φ)

H1T V2T V1B H2T
FTIR 0.193±0.004 0.184±0.004 0.177±0.005 0.178±0.004
Unconfined Porosimeter 0.195±0.003 0.185±0.003 0.182±0.004 0.181±0.003
AP^08 @ 800 psi 0.1933±0.005 0.194±0.005 0.184±0.005 0.186±0.005
Sonic 0.24±0.01 0.139±0.005 0.22±0.02 0.23±0.01
Raymer-Hunt-Gardner 0.273±0.006 0.228±0.003 0.263±0.007 0.268±0.006
Effective (Φ) 0.19±0.02 0.18±0.01 0.18±0.02 0.18±0.01

Table 3- Porosity values do not suffer great changes with different means of measurements.

Summary and Conclusions

Velocities of S and P waves were measured in both dry and saturated samples. Throughout

the measurements, the main observation was that Vp values were higher in saturated samples while

Vs values were lower in saturated samples. Vp values for dry samples had a range of 3.40±0.09-

4.07±0.07 Km/s while Vs ranged from 2.19±0.02 to 2.80±0.04 Km/s, and for saturated samples,

Vp ranged from 3.8±0.1 to 4.10±0.05 Km/s while Vs from 2.21±0.03 to 2.8±0.9 Km/s.

Nevertheless, resistivity values that increased with a pressure increase were also calculated. Also,

as a main observation, values calculated of F, a and m increased with pressure, and water saturation

increased as those values increased while porosity did not change much.

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PE 3221-002 4/19/2017 Measurement of Acoustic Velocities, and Resistivity Group 5

References

Kassab, Mohamed A., and Andreas Weller. "Study on P-wave and S-wave velocity in dry and

wet sandstones of Tushka region, Egypt." Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 24, no. 1

(March 2015): 1-11. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2015.02.001

Knight, Rosemary. "Hysteresis in the electrical resistivity of partially saturated sandstones."

Geophysics 56, no. 12 (1991): 2139-147. doi:10.1190/1.1443028.

http://library.seg.org/doi/abs/10.1190/1.1443028

Schreiber, E., O. L. Anderson and N. Soga, 1973, Elastic Constants and Their Measurement,

McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 196pp.

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PE 3221-002 4/19/2017 Measurement of Acoustic Velocities, and Resistivity Group 5

Appendix A - Equations

Eq. A1. Velocity

𝑙
𝑉=
𝑡𝑡

Eq. A2. Interval transit of the matrix

106
∆𝑡 =
𝑉𝑓𝑡/𝑠

Eq. A3. Shear Modulus

𝐺 = 𝜌𝑉𝑝2

Eq. A4. Bulk Modulus

4
𝐾 = 𝜌(𝑉𝑝2 − 𝑉𝑠2 )
3

Eq. A5. Young’s Modulus

9𝐾𝐺
𝐸=
3𝐾 + 𝐺

Eq. A6. Poisson’s ratio

3𝐾 − 2𝐺
𝑣=
6𝐾 + 2𝐺

Eq. A7. Wyllie et al. porosity

∆𝑡 − ∆𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
𝜙=
∆𝑡𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 − ∆𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

Eq. A8. Effective porosity

𝜌𝑤𝑒𝑡 − 𝜌𝑑𝑟𝑦
𝜙=
𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑

Eq. A9. Error

𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = √(𝐴𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝜕𝐴)2 + (𝐵𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝜕𝐵)2

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PE 3221-002 4/19/2017 Measurement of Acoustic Velocities, and Resistivity Group 5

Eq. A10. Raymer-Hunt-Gardner porosity

∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 1 1
(2 − ∆𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 ) ± √( ∆𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 ) − 4∆𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 [∆𝑡 − ∆𝑡]
𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝜙=
2

Eq. A11 Archie’s First Law

𝑅𝑜 𝑎
𝐹= = 𝑚
𝑅𝑤 ∅

Eq. A12 Archie’s Second Law

1⁄
𝑎𝑅𝑡 𝑛
𝐹=( 𝑚 )
∅ 𝑅𝑤

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 Appendix B - Velocity

Dry Samples Saturated Samples

Confining AP608
Vp Vs1 Vs2 Vp
Sample Pressure Porosity Vs1 Vs2
(Km/s) (Km/s) (Km/s) (Km/s)
(Avg) % (Km/s) (Km/s)
1500 19.2±0.5 3.7±0.1 2.52±0.03 2.34±0.04 3.9±0.1 2.4±0.6 2.23±0.03
H1T 3000 19.2±0.5 3.92±0.07 2.64±0.01 2.49±0.01 3.96±0.08 2.8±0.9 2.36±0.02
5000 19.1±0.5 4.07±0.07 2.72±0.04 2.57±0.01 4.03±0.04 2.8±0.9 2.4±0.1
1500 18.4±0.5 3.40±0.09 2.34±0.03 2.19±0.02 3.84±0.2 2.5±0.8 2.24±0.03
V1B 3000 18.3±0.5 3.79±0.07 2.58±0.02 2.43±0.02 4.0±0.1 2.6±0.8 2.37±0.03
5000 18.3±0.5 3.99±0.07 2.68±0.04 2.54±0.02 4.06±0.04 2.7±0.9 2.4±0.1
1500 18.5±0.5 3.6±0.1 2.56±0.03 2.30±0.03 3.9±0.1 2.2±0.5 2.21±0.03
H2T 3000 18.4±0.5 3.91±0.07 2.69±0.01 2.51±0.01 4.02±0.09 2.5±0.7 2.38±0.03
5000 18.4±0.5 4.05±0.06 2.76±0.04 2.60±0.02 4.10±0.05 2.7±0.9 2.4±0.1
1500 19.2±0.5 3.6±0.1 2.45±0.04 2.30±0.04 3.8±0.1 2.4±0.6 2.24±0.03
V2T 3000 19.2±0.5 3.79±0.07 2.65±0.01 2.50±0.02 4.02±0.09 2.5±0.7 2.37±0.02
5000 19.1±0.5 3.99±0.07 2.80±0.04 2.60±0.02 4.05±0.04 2.5±0.7 2.4±0.1

Table 1B: Pressure, velocity and porosity values, and their respective errors. Velocity
increases with an increase in pressure while porosity decreases with an increase in pressure.
 PE 3221-002 4/19/2017 Measurement of Acoustic Velocities, and Resistivity Group 5

Saturated Dry Saturated

Vp/Vs Vp/Vs Fraction Porosity (Φ)
Raymer-
Confining Hunt-
Pressure (Avg) s1 s2 s1 s2 Wyllie Gardner
508 1.5±0.1 1.6±0.1 1.37±0.01 1.55±0.02 0.24±0.01 0.273±0.006
1012 1.6±0.1 1.73±0.06 1.48±0.05 1.55±0.02 0.19±0.01 0.251±0.007
1510 1.6±0.4 1.72±0.06 1.45±0.04 1.56±0.05 0.16±0.02 0.239±0.009
2012 1.4±0.5 1.7±0.04 1.47±0.02 1.58±0.02 0.16±0.01 0.237±0.005
3015 1.4±0.4 1.67±0.04 1.48±0.02 1.57±0.03 0.15±0.01 0.233±0.006
H1T 5019 1.4±0.4 1.64±0.07 1.49±0.03 1.58±0.02 0.139±0.005 0.228±0.003
510 1.5±0.1 1.8±0.1 1.36±0.01 1.54±0.02 0.22±0.02 0.267±0.007
1012 1.5±0.1 1.75±0.07 1.49±0.05 1.57±0.02 0.18±0.02 0.248±0.007
1510 1.5±0.5 1.70±0.07 1.45±0.04 1.55±0.05 0.16±0.02 0.24±0.01
2011 1.5±0.5 1.69±0.04 1.46±0.02 1.54±0.02 0.16±0.01 0.237±0.006
3016 1.5±0.5 1.67±0.04 1.46±0.03 1.55±0.03 0.14±0.01 0.231±0.006
V2T 5020 1.5±0.5 1.66±0.08 1.48±0.03 1.56±0.03 0.135±0.005 0.227±0.003
508 1.6±0.1 1.8±0.1 1.23±0.01 1.47±0.01 0.22±0.02 0.263±0.007
1011 1.7±0.1 1.74±0.06 1.37±0.04 1.51±0.02 0.19±0.02 0.251±0.007
1512 1.8±0.4 1.74±0.07 1.39±0.04 1.54±0.05 0.16±0.02 0.24±0.01
2012 1.8±0.5 1.7±0.04 1.41±0.02 1.55±0.02 0.15±0.01 0.234±0.005
3015 1.6±0.5 1.68±0.04 1.44±0.02 1.55±0.03 0.14±0.01 0.229±0.006
V1B 5020 1.5±0.5 1.66±0.08 1.46±0.03 1.56±0.02 0.13±0.005 0.224±0.003
509 1.6±0.1 1.6±0.1 1.55±0.01 1.47±0.02 0.23±0.01 0.268±0.006
1010 1.6±0.1 1.75±0.06 1.55±0.05 1.51±0.02 0.18±0.01 0.248±0.007
1510 1.6±0.4 1.71±0.06 1.47±0.05 1.56±0.05 0.16±0.02 0.240±0.009
2012 1.6±0.4 1.69±0.04 1.39±0.02 1.52±0.02 0.150.01 0.235±0.005
3015 1.6±0.4 1.69±0.04 1.42±0.03 1.51±0.03 0.14±0.01 0.229±0.006
H2T 5020 1.6±0.4 1.65±0.07 1.42±0.03 1.53±0.03 0.136±0.005 0.227±0.003

Table 2B- velocity ratios increase with saturation and porosity values decrease with
preasure.

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Saturated Samples
bulk shear Young's Poisson
moduli (GPa) Moduli (Gpa) Moduli (Gpa) Ratio
s1 s2 s1 s2 s1 s2 s1 s2
10.93±2.41 12.89±1.28 11.91±1.54 10.44±1.41 26.21±2.92 24.67±2.68 0.1±0.07 0.18±0.04
15.23±2.94 17.64±1.61 12.33±1.85 10.52±0.6 29.14±3.64 26.33±1.32 0.18±0.06 0.25±0.02
17.22±9.61 19.27±2.48 13.18±6.97 11.64±0.36 31.51±13.74 29.07±0.98 0.19±0.18 0.24±0.02
13.01±14.59 19.29±1.34 16.93±10.9 12.22±0.42 35.43±19.94 30.27±0.93 0.04±0.4 0.23±0.01
-
12.18±15.29 19.11±1.57 18.31±11.4 13.12±0.33 36.6±21.58 32.03±0.83 0.0007±0.46 0.22±0.01
H1T 12.67±16.36 19.35±0.75 18.94±12.26 13.93±1.3 37.93±23.1 33.7±2.55 0.001±0.48 0.2±0.02
10.66±3.04 17.03±1.52 13.21±1.97 8.43±1.12 28.06±3.78 21.72±2.5 0.06±0.1 0.28±0.02
13.55±3.89 18.58±1.85 14.39±2.56 10.61±0.66 31.88±4.83 26.75±1.48 0.1±0.09 0.26±0.02
14.59±12.84 18.9±2.72 15.12±9.41 11.89±0.4 33.72±17.36 29.49±1.11 0.11±0.3 0.23±0.03
15.27±13.98 19.2±1.49 15.42±10.42 12.47±0.46 34.62±19.24 30.76±1.04 0.12±0.32 0.23±0.01
16.14±13.84 19.75±1.79 16.05±10.29 13.34±0.37 36.17±19.05 32.67±0.92 0.12±0.3 0.22±0.02
V2T 16.56±14.84 20.05±0.85 16.64±11.11 14.03±1.44 37.41±20.52 34.13±2.85 0.12±0.31 0.21±0.02
14.79±2.36 16.96±1.51 10.82±1.36 9.19±1.19 26.1±2.77 23.35±2.59 0.2±0.04 0.27±0.03
17.61±2.73 18.16±1.71 10.99±1.59 10.58±0.62 27.3±3.36 26.59±1.38 0.24±0.04 0.25±0.02
20.34±7.93 19.79±2.61 11.24±5.62 11.65±0.38 28.47±12.14 29.22±1.02 0.26±0.12 0.25±0.02
20.94±8.73 19.74±1.47 11.75±6.45 12.66±0.46 29.71±13.88 31.3±1.02 0.26±0.13 0.23±0.01
19.07±11 20.25±1.74 14.4±8.14 13.51±0.37 34.51±16.1 33.16±0.91 0.19±0.19 0.22±0.02
V1B 16.49±14.8 20.63±0.89 17.42±11.08 14.32±1.39 38.65±20.3 34.89±2.76 0.1±0.31 0.21±0.02
13.48±2.22 14.09±1.34 11.04±1.33 10.58±1.4 26.02±2.63 25.4±2.73 0.17±0.05 0.19±0.03
16.34±2.95 18.68±1.66 12.5±1.83 10.74±0.6 29.89±3.66 27.05±1.33 0.19±0.05 0.25±0.02
17.4±9.32 19.05±2.42 13.16±6.75 11.92±0.36 31.54±13.36 29.6±0.99 0.19±0.17 0.24±0.02
18.2±10.3 19.54±1.35 13.65±7.66 12.64±0.42 32.76±15.17 31.21±0.94 0.2±0.19 0.23±0.01
19.05±10.47 20.45±1.63 14.44±7.76 13.39±0.33 34.59±15.32 32.98±0.82 0.19±0.18 0.23±0.01
H2T 18.43±11.57 20.02±0.76 15.31±8.66 14.12±1.28 35.98±16.67 34.31±2.54 0.17±0.21 0.21±0.02

Table 3B- All moduli’s values increase with an increase in pressure, but the Poisson ratio
decreases with pressure.

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 PE 3221-002 4/19/2017 Measurement of Acoustic Velocities, and Resistivity Group 5

Dry Samples
bulk shear Young's Poisson
moduli (GPa) Moduli (Gpa) Moduli (Gpa) Ratio
s1 s2 s1 s2 s1 s2 s1 s2
6.38±0.36 9.6±0.43 11.27±0.06 8.86±0.18 21.29±0.45 20.33±0.38 -0.055±0.02 0.14±0.013
10.62±1.31 11.99±0.83 12.06±0.76 11.03±0.09 26.25±1.49 25.33±0.44 0.088±0.041 0.14±0.018
10.65±1.79 13.23±1.81 13.68±0.37 11.73±0.41 28.73±1.55 27.18±1.12 0.05±0.053 0.15±0.037
12.08±0.89 14.67±0.8 14.38±0.33 12.44±0.15 30.89±0.83 29.1±0.45 0.073±0.023 0.16±0.014
13.08±1.27 15.28±1.29 15±0.15 13.35±0.2 32.56±0.91 31.02±0.69 0.085±0.029 0.16±0.022
H1T 14.47±1.35 16.66±1.26 15.87±0.41 14.23±0.2 34.88±1.09 33.24±0.67 0.098±0.028 0.16±0.019
5.15±0.35 8.02±0.39 9.84±0.1 7.69±0.16 18.04±0.49 17.49±0.35 -0.083±0.024 0.13±0.014
9.44±1.1 10.76±0.73 10.37±0.62 9.38±0.11 22.79±1.23 21.82±0.39 0.098±0.038 0.16±0.02
9.33±1.52 11.3±1.54 12.03±0.33 10.55±0.37 25.25±1.33 24.14±1.02 0.049±0.052 0.14±0.038
10.47±0.82 12.34±0.74 12.97±0.31 11.56±0.17 27.53±0.79 26.43±0.49 0.061±0.025 0.14±0.016
11.96±1.25 14.16±1.26 14.61±0.2 12.95±0.23 31.15±0.99 29.78±0.74 -0.055±0.02 0.14±0.024
V1B 13.94±1.38 15.97±1.29 15.72±0.44 14.2±0.24 34.29±1.16 32.86±0.75 0.09±0.03 0.15±0.021
2.3±0.29 7.07±0.35 12±0.08 8.43±0.16 13.17±1.07 18.1±0.36 -0.451±0.044 0.07±0.016
7.19±1.3 10.28±0.71 12.94±0.82 10.62±0.09 24.26±1.9 23.7±0.45 -0.062±0.067 0.11±0.02
8.75±1.66 12.4±1.67 14.37±0.39 11.63±0.39 27.86±1.94 26.58±1.1 -0.03±0.066 0.14±0.037
10.42±0.88 13.93±0.77 15.31±0.36 12.68±0.16 30.84±0.99 29.19±0.47 0.006±0.029 0.15±0.015
12.23±1.26 15±1.27 15.89±0.16 13.82±0.21 33.27±1.07 31.71±0.73 0.046±0.032 0.14±0.023
H2T 13.79±1.35 16.32±1.25 16.67±0.43 14.77±0.21 35.65±1.2 34.05±0.71 0.069±0.031 0.15±0.02
8.53±0.34 7.46±0.42 7.97±0.04 8.77±0.19 18.23±0.19 18.91±0.42 0.143±0.011 0.07±0.018
10.42±1.1 9.84±0.75 9.7±0.6 10.13±0.08 22.21±1.19 22.63±0.47 0.144±0.033 0.11±0.022
10.89±1.9 12.98±1.93 13.03±0.38 11.47±0.44 27.95±1.51 26.58±1.2 0.072±0.054 0.15±0.04
9.2±0.91 12.33±0.79 14.69±0.38 12.35±0.17 28.78±1.1 27.78±0.53 -0.02±0.034 0.12±0.018
10.84±1.3 13.13±1.31 15.32±0.17 13.61±0.22 31.25±1.22 30.34±0.86 0.019±0.039 0.11±0.029
V2T 11.81±1.46 14.9±1.33 17.07±0.51 14.76±0.23 34.57±1.56 33.28±0.84 0.012±0.042 0.12±0.025

Table 4B- All moduli’s values increase with an increase in pressure, but the Poisson ratio
decreases with pressure

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PE 3221-002 4/19/2017 Measurement of Acoustic Velocities, and Resistivity Group 5

20
Dry samples (s1) 20 Dry samples (s2)

Bulk Moduli (GPa)

Bulk Moduli (GPa)

15 15

10 "H1T 10 "H1T
V1B V1B
5 5
"H2T "H2T
0 0
500 2500 4500 V2T 500 2500 4500 V2T
pressure (psi) pressure (psi)

Dry samples (s1) 20 Dry samples (s2)

20

Shear Moduli (GPa)

Shear Moduli (GPa)

15
H1T H1T
10 10
V1B V1B
5
H2T 0 H2T
0
500 2500 4500 6500 V2T 500 2500 4500 6500 V2T
pressure (psi) pressure (psi)

Dry samples (s1) 40

Dry samples (s2)
40
Young Modulii

Young Modulii

30 30
"H1T "H1T
20 20
V1B V1B
10 10
"H2T "H2T
0 0
V2T V2T
500 2500 4500 500 2500 4500
pressure (psi) pressure (psi)

0.2 Dry samples (s1) Dry samples (s2)

0.20
Poisson Ratio
Poisson Ratio

0.0 0.15
"H1T 0.10 "H1T
-0.2 0.05
V1B V1B
0.00
-0.4 "H2T "H2T
-0.6 V2T V2T
pressure (psi)
pressure (psi)

Fig. 1B- All moduli’s values increase with an increase in pressure and increase with
saturation.

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 PE 3221-002 4/19/2017 Measurement of Acoustic Velocities, and Resistivity Group 5

Saturated samples (s1) Saturated (s2)

30.00 30.00
Bulk modulli (Km/s)

Bulk modulli (Km/s)

20.00 H1T 20.00 H1T
V2T V2T
10.00 10.00
V1B V1B
0.00 H2T 0.00 H2T
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
pressure (psi) pressure (psi)

Saturated samples (s1) Saturated samples (s2)

20 16
Shear modulli (GPa)

Shear modulli (GPa)

H1T 14 H1T
15
V2T V2T
12
V1B V1B
10 10
H2T H2T
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
pressure (psi) pressure (psi)

Saturated samples (s1) Saturated samples (s2)

40 40
Young modulli (GPa)
Young modulli (GPa)

35 H1T 35 H1T
V2T V2T
30 30
V1B V1B
25 H2T 25 H2T
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
pressure (psi) pressure (psi)

Saturated samples (s1) Saturated samples (s1)

0.350 0.300
0.300 0.250
Poisson Ratio

Poisson Ratio

0.250 0.200
0.200 H1T 0.150 H1T
0.150 V2T 0.100 V2T
0.100 V1B 0.050 V1B
0.050 0.000
H2T H2T
0.000 -0.050 508 1012 1510 2012 3015 5019
508 1012 1510 2012 3015 5019 pressure (psi)
pressure (psi)

Fig. 2B- All moduli’s values increase with an increase in pressure and increase with
saturation.

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Appendix C – Resisivity

Porosity
Confining Porter and
Pressure Humble Chevron Carothers Rosales
Samples (psi) (%) (%) Philips(%) (%) (%) K (md)
512.166 22.1±0.3 21.7±0.27 21.15±0.24 19.8±0.21 20.5±0.012 2782.7±1393.8
1012.21 21.7±0.3 21.2±0.26 20.68±0.24 19.3±0.21 20.1±0.012 2382.6±1150.5
1512.26 21.6±0.3 21±0.27 20.45±0.24 19±0.21 19.9±0.012 2204.7±1072
2012.31 21.5±0.3 20.9±0.27 20.3±0.24 18.9±0.21 19.8±0.012 2094.6±1018.6
3017.3 21.3±0.3 20.7±0.28 20.08±0.25 18.6±0.22 19.6±0.012 1941.5±966.8
H1T 5019.94 21.2±0.3 20.5±0.28 19.91±0.25 18.4±0.22 19.4±0.012 1826.8±904.3
509.715 21.3±0.3 20.7±0.26 20.07±0.23 18.6±0.2 19.6±0.011 1934.8±899.9
1009.76 20.9±0.3 20.2±0.25 19.54±0.23 18±0.2 19.1±0.01 1604.5±718
1509.81 20.6±0.3 19.9±0.26 19.25±0.23 17.7±0.2 18.9±0.01 1448.1±651
2012.31 20.5±0.3 19.8±0.26 19.12±0.23 17.6±0.2 18.8±0.01 1381.2±622.5
3014.85 20.4±0.3 19.6±0.27 18.94±0.24 17.4±0.21 18.6±0.01 1294.7±600.8
V2T 5019.94 20.3±0.3 19.5±0.27 18.74±0.24 17.1±0.21 18.4±0.01 1202.8±554.5
507.263 19.9±0.3 19±0.24 18.3±0.21 16.7±0.18 18±0.009 1018.8±408.4
1012.21 19.6±0.3 18.7±0.23 17.93±0.21 16.3±0.18 17.7±0.008 886.8±345.2
1509.81 19.4±0.3 18.5±0.24 17.69±0.21 16±0.18 17.5±0.008 807.1±315.6
2009.86 19.3±0.3 18.4±0.24 17.56±0.21 15.9±0.18 17.4±0.008 766.3±299.8
3014.85 19.2±0.3 18.2±0.24 17.38±0.22 15.7±0.18 17.2±0.008 714.4±285.2
V1B 5019.94 19.1±0.3 18.1±0.24 17.24±0.22 15.5±0.18 17.1±0.008 675.6±269
509.715 20.5±0.3 19.8±0.24 19.08±0.22 17.5±0.19 18.7±0.009 1359.6±573.9
1009.76 20.2±0.3 19.4±0.24 18.64±0.21 17±0.18 18.3±0.009 1156.9±471.8
1507.36 20±0.3 19.1±0.24 18.39±0.22 16.8±0.18 18.1±0.009 1056.8±433.8
2012.31 19.9±0.3 19±0.24 18.26±0.22 16.6±0.18 18±0.009 1004±412.6
3017.3 19.7±0.3 18.8±0.25 18.03±0.22 16.4±0.19 17.8±0.009 918.7±386.4
H2T 5019.94 19.5±0.3 18.6±0.25 17.79±0.22 16.1±0.19 17.6±0.009 838.1±348.8

Table 1C- - Porosity values do not suffer great changes with different means of
measurements.

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Confining
Pressure Temperature Rcore Formation Fraction
Samples (psi) (°C) Rw (Ohm*m) (ohm*m) Factor sonic Φ
512.166 25.7986 0.288±0.00000002 4.6±0.5 16±2 0.24±0.01
1012.21 25.6718 0.288±0.00000002 4.7±0.5 16±2 0.19±0.01
1512.26 25.6567 0.288±0.00000002 4.8±0.5 17±2 0.16±0.02
2012.31 25.6975 0.288±0.00000002 4.9±0.5 17±2 0.16±0.01
3017.3 25.783 0.288±0.00000002 4.9±0.5 17±2 0.15±0.01
H1T 5019.94 26.0618 0.286±0.00000002 5.0±0.5 17±2 0.139±0.005
509.715 26.1173 0.286±0.00000001 4.9±0.5 17±2 0.22±0.02
1009.76 26.2277 0.285±0.00000001 5.1±0.5 18±2 0.11±0.02
1509.81 26.3734 0.284±0.00000001 5.2±0.5 18±2 0.16±0.02
2012.31 26.4838 0.283±0.00000001 5.3±0.5 19±2 0.16±0.01
3014.85 26.7108 0.282±0.00000001 5.3±0.5 19±2 0.14±0.01
V2T 5019.94 27.1037 0.28±0.00000001 5.4±0.5 19±2 0.135±0.005
507.263 25.8278 0.287±0.00000002 5.7±0.5 20±2 0.22±0.02
1012.21 25.8661 0.287±0.00000002 5.9±0.5 20±2 0.19±0.02
1509.81 25.916 0.287±0.00000002 6.0±0.5 21±2 0.16±0.02
2009.86 25.9833 0.286±0.00000002 6.05±0.5 21±2 0.15±0.01
3014.85 25.837 0.287±0.00000002 6.2±0.5 21±2 0.14±0.01
V1B 5019.94 26.2284 0.285±0.00000002 6.2±0.5 22±2 0.13±0.005
509.715 25.2393 0.291±0.00000002 5.4±0.5 19±2 0.23±0.01
1009.76 25.2806 0.291±0.00000002 5.6±0.5 19±2 0.18±0.01
1507.36 25.3873 0.29±0.00000002 5.7±0.5 20±2 0.16±0.02
2012.31 25.4639 0.29±0.00000002 5.8±0.5 20±2 0.15±0.01
3017.3 25.6635 0.288±0.00000002 5.8±0.5 20±2 0.14±0.01
H2T 5019.94 26.0513 0.286±0.00000002 5.9±0.5 21±2 0.136±0.005

Table 2C- Resistivity and formation factor values increase with pressure.

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PE 3221-002 4/19/2017 Measurement of Acoustic Velocities, and Resistivity Group 5

Calculated Fraction Sw
Samples a m Calculated a, m values a=1 and m=2
0.67 2.20 0.99±0.05 1.05±0.06
0.75 2.33 1.4±0.07 1.30±0.09
0.83 2.42 1.8±0.1 1.5±0.1
0.91 2.42 1.9±0.09 1.6±0.1
0.98 2.43 2.1±0.1 1.6±0.1
H1T 1.06 2.41 2.2±0.1 1.7±0.1
0.65 2.05 0.89±0.05 1.07±0.06
0.73 2.08 1.18±0.07 1.29±0.08
0.81 2.32 1.57±0.1 1.4±0.1
0.89 2.38 1.78±0.09 1.5±0.1
0.97 2.43 2.0±0.1 1.6±0.1
V2T 1.04 2.45 2.2±0.1 1.7±0.1
0.68 2.05 0.89±0.04 1.03±0.05
0.75 2.13 1.13±0.06 1.18±0.07
0.83 2.21 1.44±0.09 1.35±0.1
0.91 2.29 1.66±0.08 1.43±0.09
0.99 2.37 1.94±0.1 1.5±0.1
V1B 1.07 2.45 2.23±0.09 1.6±0.1
0.72 2.01 0.87±0.04 1.02±0.05
0.80 2.09 1.2±0.06 1.26±0.07
0.88 2.17 1.44±0.09 1.4±0.1
0.96 2.25 1.68±0.08 1.45±0.09
1.04 2.33 1.98±0.1 1.6±0.1
H2T 1.11 2.41 2.17±0.09 1.6±0.1

Table 3C- Saturation values are higher with a=1 and m=2 rather than with measured values
of a and m.

17