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^ • r i*
T v 7 i} . * *
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ARISTOTLE
IN T H E ANCIENT
BIOGRAPHICAL TRADITION
By
INGEMAR DURING
GÖTEBORG
CONTENTS
Page
P r e f a c e ................................................................................................................. 7
2. H e s y c h iu s ....................................................... So
1
T h e M a n u s c r ip ts ......................................... 80
A P IZ T O T E A O Y Z BIO X K A I TA Z Y l ’f& iM M A T A A Y T O Y •. $2
Com m ents. P seu d o-H esych iu s . . . .■.............. : ...................... . 89 4
3. V ita M a r c i a n a ...........................................................................................
T h e M a n u s c r i p t ........................................................................................ 94
r E N O Z A P I Z T O T E A O Y Z .......................................... 96
C o m m e n ts...................................................................................................... i 0j
4. V ita v u l g a t a ............................................................................................... I2 o
T h e M a n u s c r ip ts ........................................................................................ I2o
rE N O Z A P I Z T O T E A O Y Z ....................................................................... I3 I
C o m m en ts......................................................................................................
C o m m en ts...................................................................................................... 231
Page
IX . A r isto tle ’s d icta on lea vin g A t h e n s ....................................... 341
several ty p e s of arran gem en t an d fin a lly decided upon the one chosen
here. T h is arrangem ent of th e m aterial in e v ita b ly leads to certain
repetition s for w h ich I a sk th e rea d er’s indulgence. I hope th a t the
freq u en t cross-references and th e In d e x testim on iorum w ill help the
reader to find w h a t he w a n ts to find.
In m ost cases each passage or clu ster of passages is p rovid ed w ith
a com m en tary. In m y com m en ts and in terp reta tio n s I h a v e follow ed
the sim ple m ethod applied in e v e ry c ritic a l trea tm en t of sources and
authorities. E a c h sta te m en t has firs t been exam ined sep a ra tely, w ith
due consideration g iv en to te x tu a l problem s, lan gu age, co n tex t, m ode
of transm ission, th e w rite r’s p e rso n a lity (if k now n ), tim e and tendency,
and so forth. I t has th en b een com pared w ith related te x ts and fu rth er
an alysed and in terp reted w ith th e u ltim a te aim of fin d in g ou t as m uch
as possible a b ou t tren d s and ten d en cy in th a t branch of th e b io grap h ical
trad itio n to w hich th e passage belongs. C ertain fa cts recorded in the
b io grap h ical trad itio n are of such a n atu re th a t w e can n ever p rove
w hether th e y are tru e or not. B u t w e m a y a d va n ce a step nearer the
tru th if w e can p ro v e th a t th e au th or (or his source) is biassed and
fin d ou t som ething a b o u t his prejudices or ten d en cy. In m ost cases it
is possible to evin ce th a t he follow s a certain trad itio n w hose general
ch aracter w e are able to determ ine. H ow ever, e v e ry b o d y fam iliar w ith
the an cien t b io grap h ical tra d itio n know s th a t th e m aterial is fragile
and often open to d ifferen t in terp retation s. I h a v e h o n estly tried to
m ake a clear d istin ction b etw een fa cts and h ypotheses and le ft m an y
questions open w ith a non liquet. B u t I am fu lly aw are how com
p licated and d ifficu lt th e problem s are and how e v a s iv e th e tr u th is.
T he reader w ill find th a t m y conclusions are often q u alified b y an
ad dition al “ p ro b a b ly ” or su b ject to oth er reservations.
I t is m y hop e th a t th e editions of th e V ita e A risto telis togeth er w ith
th e large collection of testim o n ia w ill p ro v e useful as a source book
for th e purpose of reference, q u ite irresp ective of th e appended
com m ents.
P a r t I V contain s a b rief o u tlin e of th e d evelop m en t of th e b io g ra
ph ical trad itio n from H erm ip pu s to P tolem y-el-G arib.
I h a v e of course had a g rea t m ass of m aterial to d raw upon in the
w orks of the m a n y scholars w h o h a v e w ritten on th e life of A ristotle:
B randis, Stah r, B la k esley , Zeller, B y w a te r, S hu te, B usse, B au m stark,
P raech ter, Jaeger, M u lv an y , W orm ell, H u b b ell, M oraux, and m any
ARISTOTLE IN THE BIOGRAPHICAL TRADITION ((
T H E M A N U S C R IP T S
F a m ily v.
') T h e S w e d is h E m b a s s y in A n k a r a a n d C o n s u la te G e n e ra l in I s t a n b u l h a v e
k in d ly a ssiste d m e in o b t a in in g a m ic ro film . T h e n a m e o f t h e sc rib e is g iv e n a s
A g a p io s (n o t liste d b y G a r d t h a u s e n ) : X ( qi <tx ) e yoQ t(Tjf ejiwv 7rovt]fi(iTwv
fiy ia tqioq fiorjOEL p o i r w a<b dovAw ' A y a n lw zdj (p o ssib ly : axaTehq. o r nxexAq.). O n e
lin e, c o n ta in in g a n o th e r n o te , is ille g ib le . I n th e m o n o g ra m A g a p io s is c le a r ly
le g ib le , th e se c o n d n a m e u n c e r ta in . M y fr ie n d . P r o fe s s o r P . M o ra u x , h a s in sp e c te d
t h e m a n u s c r ip t a n d c o n fir m s t h e re a d in g s . H e te lls m e t h a t t h e w a te r m a r k s
are th o se fo u n d in C. M . B r iq u e t (L es F ilig r a n e s, 1507) N o . 12 0 19 ( B o lo g n a 1310 )
an d 12030 (B o lo g n a 1309), fu r t h e r t h a t t h e m s is on p a p e r, 2 2 9 x 1 5 6 m m , 1 5 7 ff.
w it h 29 t o 3 7 lin e s p e r p a g e . I t seem s f a ir ly c e r ta in t h a t t h e m s is w r it t e n in th e
fir s t q u a r te r o f t h e X l V t h c e n tu r y , n o t m a n y y e a r s a ft e r P .
ARISTOTLE IN THE BIOGRAPHICAL TRADITION 15
Fam ily w.
W = V a tica n u s gr. 140, s. X I V .
H = L au ren tian u s 69.35, s. X I V .
E = P ala tin u s gr. 182, s. X V .
Ia = M arcianu s gr. 1030 (olim 394), S. X V .
Ib = B arberin u s I 21 (olim 275), pars posterior, S. X V I (called
F 2 b y M artini).
Y = A n gelicau u s 97, s. X V I .
L on ger version:
0 = V a tica n u s gr. 96, S. X I I I . Inc. f. 6 i b ' AoiaroreXrjg i n negL-
nvroc nM rcovog = D L V 2, ex p l. D L V 21 ovdetQ <piXoQ. In V a t. gr. 93
(V7) we possess an abrid ged tran scrip t of 0 , w ritten A . D . 1338.
D escribed b y B ied l, pp. 52 — 70.
Shorter version:
U = P arisinus suppl. 134, S. X I V .
A —■A th o u s Mon. D ion ysii 90, S. X I V .
47 <*, 6
(28 ) (Lg flEQOQ, 6XoflEQ&g
vnaXEuto/ievov (B alone w rong), vnoXeujiofievog
(3 3 ) exovti , EXOiV
E7i£i, eni
(34) dtTTov, 8e ijtro v
(9 ) eig fo r ngog
(n ) EVETVXOflEV for jlf.QLETVyO/XF.V
(J 7 ) dnocpEQExai for dvaqiFOErm
(18) yXvxstg 6e xovg xagnovg
S i for re
(19) Se I om.
accen ts and sim ilar sm all thin gs), and U sen er’s ju d gm en t is still valid:
“ quid prim a m anus d ed erit nunc a u t p lan e in certu m a u t va ld e dubium .
T h e best c o p y of P is Co; i t reproduces readings w h ich h a ve after
w ard s been o b literated in P and th u s helps us to restore th e original
readings of th is m anuscript:
M3 Svelv deavaatg
5 fj om.
24 ä om.
38 äßyfi
47 d
ARISTOTLE IN THE BIOGRAPHICAL TRADITION
71 om. (sic)
84 ü om.
143 x a i 1 om.
144 ã post ãr]fioxQirov om.
B
F
INGËMAR DÜRING
20
The tw o earliest and b est rep resen tatives of the v u lg a ta are V and W .
V is w ritten in an archaizin g h an d w ritin g and seem s to be m uch earlier
than it is; b oth are from th e X l V t h cen tu ry. W is gen erally held to
be copied d irectly from P. I t c ertain ly stan ds closer to P th a n V does,
and V on der M uhll rig h tly says “ v id e tu r flu xisse ex P ” . T h e critical
apparatus shows, how ever, th a t W som etim es differs from P. T his
could be explained b y assum ing th a t W has ad opted a certain selection
22 INGEMAR DURING
(5) t exo<; lo a e a i P , n o t B F
(9) tjg ’ A 6rjvr)<uv n ot V
i m vixt) o n ly in B P Co Q W
(17 ) adgog n ot F
(18) re p o st naXiv not P , iXEXEcngiaaQ not B
(19) t e 6veo)tg>v o n ly in B F
8eZ an te a xo n slv o n ly in B F
(20) 8vo awfiaaiv not V
') S ee B ie d l, p . 50 a n d p . 1 1 8 . I f w e a ssu m e w it h V o n d er M iih ll a n d B ie d l
t h a t t h e e x c e r p ts fr o m D io g e n e s a n d th e so -c a lle d P s e u d o -H e s y c h iu s w e re m ad e
a t th e sam e tim e , t h e c o m p ila to r m u s t h a v e u se d th e S u d a ; lie c a n n o t th e re fo re
b e e a r lie r th a n t h e X l t h c e n tn r y .
24 INGEMAR DÜRING
T h is m akes D iogen es’ w ork appear m ore d isord erly, not to sa y sloppier,
th a n it rea lly is. I t is h a b itu a l to sneer a t D iogenes as an insipid and
stu p id author, b u t h ow far can w e go in g iv in g him cred it for all ldnds
of negligence? Is he responsible for o b vio u sly erroneous readings like
(3) S evoxgart)(v), (17 ) negtdxovTOQ adgoQ, (20) ylXot;, (31) <piXoao<piac,
or for th e com plete disorder in p arag rap h 33? I f so, how old are these
errors? T h e te x ts w hich he ex cerp ted w ere of course not w ith o u t
te x tu a l errors, and w e m u st ex p ec t th a t he inherited m an y of these
an cien t errors, perhaps even w ith o u t n oticin g them . T h e assum ption
th a t h e w as stu p id is m a in ly based on th e epigram s w ith w hich h e has
adorned his work: th e y b e a t th e record in b ath o s and b ad taste. But
th is m an ifestatio n of in sip id ity does not giv e us th e rig h t to dismiss
him once and fo r all as an ign oran t ass. H e is a ch ild of his tim e; he
deserves to be lau ghed at, b u t he has u n d o u b ted ly collected for us a
m a terial w ith o u t w hich our know ledge of th e h isto ry of ancien t philo
sop h y w ou ld b e m u ch poorer; h e has traced and used som e excellen t
sources, and he h as p u t his m aterial in a to le ra b ly good order. He
should be com pared w ith m en like P h avorin u s, G ellius and A then aeus,
and n ot w ith w riters of distin gu ished excellence. H is w ork is a m otley.
A n editor of th e te x t of a com p ilation lik e D iogen es’ w ork can never
be sure w h eth er he is restoring th e au th or-com piler's original te x t, or
m a k in g it b ette r th a n or d ifferen t from the original.
S IG L A
B = N ea p o lita n u s I I I B 29, s. X I I .
P = P arisinus gr. 1759, s. X I I I ex.
F = L au ren tian u s 69.13, s. X I I I ex. ( = B y w a te r, M artini L)
0 = V a tica n u s gr. 96, s. X I I I
w = consensus W h.
h = consensus H E I Y I h
ARISTOTLE IN THE BIOGRAPHICAL TRADITION 27
v = consensus udzm .
u = VU.
U = U rbin as gr. 108, s. X V .
d = D G S T E d itio A ldina.
D = N eap olitan u s I I I B 28, s. X V .
G = L au ren tian u s 69.28, s. X V .
S = P ala tin u s gr. 261, s. X V I .
T = U rbin as gr. 109, s. X V .
z = Z M atr K C X fr.
Z = L obkow icen sis V I , f. c. 38, s. X V .
M atr = M atritensis 4676, s. X V .
K = V indobonensis 59, s. X V .
C = C an tabrigien sis Coll. T rin ita tis 442 (R. 9.18.), s. X V .
X = V a tic a n u s R egin ae S u eciae 103, s. X V I .
fr = E d itio F ro ben ian a = Cod. A u rigalli.
m = M AN .
M M arcianus gr. 896 (olim 393), s. X I V .
A = A rund elianu s 531, s. X V .
N M onacensis 159, s, X V I .
v u lg = consensus w v.
pi plerique
Did. Didym os Kom m enlar zu Demosthenes, P ap . Berol. 9780. Ed.
H . D iels e t W . S ch u b art. (Berl. Klassikertexte I. Berlin 1904).
A th . = A th en aei Deipnosophistae, ed. K a ib e l 1887 — 90, G u lick 1927 — .
A P IZ TO TEA H Z
AajSetf n a g ’ a v ro v fiaOtjrrjv B ||
(5 ) (paaiv : tpaal S i F || texoq om . u }\ Eocteai : eaaate B u HaaiE F |i (bxv-
fia)QG£ F 7, || x a l a n te €yh>eto om . u || doiaQ : defeat z || yaXaidyqa B P ||ila v -
TO&anfi iaroqLa oiti. F , su p p l. F * in te r col. || e n o U i F ||
(6 ) ixreiV E B 1 P 1 F, su p p l. in B F |] (paVEgqi D ie ls : <p <iv ] eqqq [Aoy]^ij[c D id .
ipavEQtbz B P F v u lg . || tiL o tei i 7tEtOot O r th | <5oIMjqv v e l SoAlcoq z ||
32
INGEMAR DÜRING
B Fp I Z
B P F w zm
TrleL Huvarw
K albd u d r
BeT*k‘ 11 WWyuTo*
d ö d ra ro »
A th A
’ ; ,»«1
n Bcrjjk* r f e i,
s t r v t i f < -'» - 4 » . m . us
Z T ä T .A t h - A 11 CT£fi A t h - A C E e p it . aoC ( B ) P F v u l e .
O ,W ■' ^ 1 CT£Z 01 W U a m o w itz : gvat ex C o (m certu m ) P bexa
e« v u lg . ytrn. 000 D id . ivexev o A t h . A ^e-/ 0 A t h C E e o it
oi»i lir u n c k ,| Atö, : ,5£ loi D id . |, E id . A th ^ ^ “ g f '
V -u t m ^ o tF ^ 0l B P ^ A th . A C B e p lt
2 ^ t 7 5 Bl-!i T 5 r , 3 p^ 1 — ™ - ^ 4 ,"
T- M « n öo/ioti ' ö 7V ; ' P ,t ! D id - eo d d - ü
v u lg A t h A C E
g. A t h . A C E e p it ai[Sao/6oM]ovQ D id . ^|| ö6/jove
B l d W a°
fjXvÖov B o e c k h F || <■'" ?
ARISTOTLE IN THE BIOGRAPHICAL TRADITION 33
(8) aâç <5’ ëvexsv tptAiov fiog<pâç 'ATagvéoç ëvrgotpoç âeAiov %7}çcooev
avydç.
Toiyàg àoiÔifiov ëgyotç âQàvazov t ê fiiv av&r]aovai Moïïaai,
M vafioavvaç dvyargeç, Aiàç Çevîov oéfiaç avÇovaai (piiiaç te yégaç
fÏEflaiov.
- A x o M S w e o s : J a c o b y . P h i l. V n ters. X V I , ,9 0 2 . p . 3 1 6 - 3 3 9 ; T 1. || y s w r fir jv a ,:
D io n . H a l. E p . ad A m m . 5 iy c w r fir , S i x a zA to v q8 M v p m d S a A io x e £<povQ 'A6*vr>-
m v aezoV T o; , G e lliu s N o * , alt. X V I I » , 25 eoque ip so a n n o qui erat p o st recuperatam
urbem sep tim u s A n stn tclem p h ilo so p h u m n atum esse; V it a M a rc. 10 i n i Aiorqitpovq-.
V i t a H e s y c h i, 6 i y ^ B r , iv rrj q 8 di.v/m tdSi. || e lx o a iv h n : D io n . H a l E p . a d
A m m . 5 x e 6vov eixooaETtj = V it a M a rc. 5 e t n ; V i t a U s a ib ia e 3; V i t a v u lg 4
e t H r t a o ^ S c h o l. in A r is tid e m I I I p. 635 D in d o r f e lx o a t n g d s ro i< n h rre o u d ii-
a a i err, (xe er n pro x f r n re cte J a c o b y ) . || iit t a x a iS e x t t r j a v o r d v z a : D io n .
H a l. Ep. ad Am m . 5 i n i f l o h ^ X c v a o x ovroq . . . o x r a x a id ix a r o v i z o r £x(ov]
E u m e lu s ap. D io g . L a e r t . V 6 & r t a x a ^ E x i n j ; , S y n ce U u s p . 4 3 1 .I g d na i f h o v z ,
E u s e b iu s C a n o n , s. o l. 103.2: A r isto U U s X V I I I aetatis a n n u m Kerens P la to n is
au d ito r est. ||
teXevt ijaai èrœv xgi&v nov xa't é£rjxovra vóaw, Sre x a l ArjfioaSévrp,
xaTaaxgexpai èv KaXavgía, ènl &iXoxXéovç.
AeyETai òè ôlà xrp> KaXXiadévovç tt.qòç ’ AXèÇavògov avaxaaiv ngoa-
xgovaai tõ > fiaaû.EÏ- xâxEÏvov èn l xw t oürov Xvnrjaai ’ AvaÇi/iévrjv /ièv
avÇrjaat, nèfixpai ôè x a l SEvoxgáxei òóion.
( â ir r a ) p o s t érw v a d d . B y w a t e r || ôè m u t. m . a. ia t e P || P a a à e i — ^ in
m a ig . F , u t v id e t u r m . p r. ]| 'A v d £ a o Xov p r o ’ Ava£i/iávrjv m a lu it A ld o b r a n d ín i alii
( 11 ) tm y g a/i/ia su p p r. B y w a te i || f a f a v D id . à r f o v a » co d d . ’ A ^ a v z o ç
Cohn II jjiT : t e xai D id ., A n s t o c le s ap. E u s e b iu m || â f t „ ■ró ô e D id ., A r i
s to c le s (I afjfia : f iv i^ a A n s t o c le s || xevotpgov E || revÇev : dfjxEV D id ., A risto c le a
ovô â,j in ras. in c e r tu m F || àçurroréXriç F d H ' -n ç ss. £, V u n d e -£ , U ||
a te y e iv jjç B â/^nyEvrjç u àXoyevrjç d ||
nEQiervxofiev B F cv€rvXoftrv p v u lg . || ôierlB ero F ||
( 12) "In n a g x a v : v n a g Xov d M a tr. K , om . Z C X f || ôtoreXrj B F || x a lô w v B *F II
êgnvÀalÔoç B F || 11
3& in g ë m a r d ü r in g
(b) K a l 5 xav &ga fj xfj natôí, èxôóoBai avrrtv Nixàvooi- èav ôè xfj
nai&i avfj.ßfj xt (ö /ir\ yévoixo ovôé écrcai) ngò xov yrj/xaaßai rj èneiôàv
yÿfirjxai, firjjtw naiôicov õvxcov, Nixàvüio xvgioç éarco xa i tteoí xoü
naiôíov xa i nsg i xcõv ãXXcov ôioixelv à£úoç xa i avxov xa i r/fiâv. èm/ie-
XetoÕai ôè Nixávmg xa i xrjç naiòòç xa i roti naiAòç N ixofià^ov, ôncoç
áv àgioi r à Tif.QL avTcbv, wç xa i nazi]Q ojv xa i âôeXipóç.
(c) 'E á v ôè ti ngóxsgov ovfißaivrj N ixávogi (6 firj yèvoizo) rj ngò
Tov Xaßf.lv xfjv n a lò a f) ÈnEiÔàv Xdßr), jirjnm naiôtcov òvrcov, èav fièv
XI èxeívoç xáÇr), xatixa xvgia èoxta.
( 13) (d ) ’Eàv ôè ßovXrjxai Geócpqaozoç f eivai /UEzà xfjç natôóç,
xaBdneg ngóç Ntxávoga• | ei Ai /urj, xovç èmxgónovç ßovkEvofievovg fiez'
’ Avxinázgov xai negi xrjç naiôóç xai negi xov naiôíov òiotxetv ontoç áv
avzolç ôoxfj àgtaxa eivai.
(e) ’ Em fieX eloBai ôè xovç Èmxgónovç xa i N ixávoga fivrjadèvxaç È/jlov
x a i 1EgnvXXíôoç, õ zi onovôaía negi è/xè èyévexo, xcòv xe ãXXoiv xa i
èàv ßovXrjxat ãvAga Xafißdveiv, õnojç ju?j àvaÇícoç ijftwv ôodfj. ôovvai
á’ avxfj ngóç xo iç ngóxegov ÒEÒofiévoiç x a i âgyvgíov xáXavxov èx xcàv
xazaXEXeififiévmv xa i Beganaívaç xgeíç (ã ç ) áv ßovXrjzai, xa i xrjv
naiAíaxrjv ttv ly ß i xa i n a lô a xòv Ilvg oalov. ( 1 4 ) x a i eàv fièv êv X aXxíôi
ßovXrjxai oIxeïv, xov £evã>va xov ngóç x ã xrjnat- èàv òè év Zza yeíg otç, xrjv
naxqwav o ix ía v ónoxégav ô’ ãv xovxaiv ßovXrjxai, xaxaoxEváoai xovç Èm
xgónovç axEVEOLV olç d r òoxfj xàxeívoiç xaXwç ê%eiv xa i ' EgnvXXlòi ixav&ç.
(2 a ) ’ EnifiEXeíaBo) ôè Nixávcog x a i Mvgfirjxoç xov naiôlov, ónmç àÇUoç
fjfióbv xoiç iòloiç ÈmxofiiaBij, avv xoiç vnáq%ovoiv ã EÍXrfí>afitn> avxov-
( 13 ) (e) ÓTi onovÔ ata : H e rm lp p u s ap. A th e n . X I I I 589 c è m / ie íe la ç rrjç ôeov-
arjç z£Tv%T]xevat = T 12 b . ||
( 14 ) év X a h t lò i o lx e lv : S t ia h o X 1 ,1 1 = T 46 b. || év E r a y e lg o iç o ix ía v : q u a m
e x h e r e d ita te T h e o p h ia s t u s p o ste a a c c e p it, D io g . L a e r t . V 52. ||
x a l ’ O iv u n to v xa i to Jiaiôiov a vrov■ , _
(f) u Ù tzM ôè rœv navôUov ftrjôêva rœv êfiè QsgcmevovTW, a M a f f l -
adai avrolQ- Srav ô' èv f jh x ia yévuvrat, èXevQégovç âyetvai xa z aÇiav.
( , a ) ’ E nw eX eîoB ai ôè x a l rwv êxôeôofiévwv eÎx 6vojv naga TgvXuova
ôncoç è m r e L o B e ïo a i âvartOœotv, n t e N ixdvogoç x a l r, IJgofrvov, Îjv
ôtevoovw v èxôotivat, xa i j rrjç f^ r g à , rfjç N ixdvogoç. xa i rrjv Agifivr,-
arov rrp> nenot-nfiévyv àvaOeîvai, fmcnç fivyfieiov avrov fj, Enciôt) Snaiç
X X X V 106
(2 b) à r f a a x à ô n B à r f ß a x lö a P v u lg . F * t a « « g . a ^ o a x tà a V || —
in d ic a t te s ta m e n tu m a p u d U s a ib ia m |] x * o n , F . s u p p l. s u p r a ||<2 c) & cm .
d z 11 ( 1 5 ) (2 d) x a i a iw - M t a i t n r b a t a v id e t n r o r a tio || oi/iCo B P F ^ u r n ntf^v
dz V fc - edd- « <ô°0é” ° 0 P ° st C a sa u to n u s poat SMov D u rm g ,
o r a tio t o t a t u r b a t a || eic * .« P ä M o v p o s t S o w a i m a lu it R e is k e *
ôovvai F II (2 e) T tîZûn-a fr ., e d d . o m n e s || O M ß m Xov M em e k e | (a f) ™ à la w
S y lb u r g I! O e é B e o a z || à ^ v a t B F II (3 a) h t M o p h a » F II V Q v M w a B P w z m
Jov! ud « fi J t : F * °“ , z H a n te s u p r a lm e a m P ||
d II avaO r> at B F || : a O ™ d || ( 1 6 ) (3 b ) < T ^ > C a s a u b o n ^ r „
A r,M n » C a s a u b o n u s r
(W u » T ea d * Il BF || B v ^ i a v P F v n lg . Il <3 c]I «
fr : d v ^ ra BP v u lg . à v a (eU v ta add. m . a.) Or.trac F || (3 <f) J
om n^ ev F BPz a^ vev W tu d m « aray^ K F «oy«««
B P v u lg . Il a u ra i om . u II a 2 s u p r a lin e a m F !
38 INGEMAR DÜRING
t is C o b e t ||
( 20 ) tpiUa R ic h a r d s : <plXoç B P F w u d m <P <piAóao<poç z || év S v o i oiii/iaaiv u d ||
a d d ld i || tpElÔEaOai : <piXsía6ai F ]| reQvtjdxojuévovç in m a rg . -(o - H D || n t i
Ôó/ievov in m a r g . -116- H D || t i a v r â> TiEQieyivEto F || ò ià Ttflv B 1, mut. in tóv |]
tóv vójiov F u || aÍTot! noU á F || xatTjVtTjoe B ||
( 21 ) âv p o s t yiãiç c o d d ., su p p r . R ic h a r d s || siQoo<fF.oó/if.6(i F || Itpi] p o s t n qoa-
<pégea6at tr a n s p . F || .
ARISTOTLE I N THE BIOGRAPHICAL TRADITION 41
4- IloXtrixÔQ aß.
5- lie g t grjTogtxrjt; rj ToHAnç ä.
6. NrjgtvQog ä.
7- ZoqpiOTTjÇ ä.
8. MevéÇevoç ä.
rib H d ix & v ißö o /iw : E th . Eud. V I I 12, 12 4 5 b 20 nvfif Ic; (pi^oc qi noXXoi
<pikoi; c f E th . N ie . V I I I 4 1 1 5 6 b 2 5 — 32 e t I X 10. 1 1 7 1 a 1 5 — 17. ||
In d e x librorum .
I n d e x librorum :
9- ’E q co tix o c A.
10. E vfinoaiov a.
11. I I e q I nXom ov a.
12. IlgOTQETlTtXOC; d .
28. A v a e iç ègiarixai 6.
2 g. A ia içéa eiç ocxpioTtxai 6.
30 . U eq I èvavriaiv ä.
31. TI eqï eiô&v y.ai ycvwv â.
32. I Î e q I iô ic o v â. (23)
33. 'Yno/j,vr)[i,aTa im%EtQi]Ti)cà y.
6 1. n á d t] ã.
62. A ia tQ E T tx ò v ã.
63- MaQrjfiaxixòv â.
64. ' Ogia/xol ty .
65- 1E m % e iQ r ]{ iá T a )v nß.
66 -6 7 . IJgoráaEtç t ie q i y ô o v r jç ã.
71 - 0 ÉdELÇ ê g tü T ix a l ô.
72. 0 é o E iç c p iX ix a l ß .
74 - I J o h t tx à ß .
75 6 a d d . F , e ra su m ||
46 INGEMAR DÜH1NG
76 Q u id t it u lu s s ig n ific e t a p p a r e t e P o l. I I I i , 12 7 5 a 8 o l ô ix a lw v (íe t ^ o v t e ç
rjõrj n o A ir a i. | 77 C ic ero D e or. I I 38, 160 A risto telem cu iu s et illu m legi librum
in quo ex p o s u it d icend i artes o m n iu m su p erio ru m ( v id e 78); D e in v . I I 2 veteres
scriptores artis d icen d i u n u tn in locum co n d u xit A r istó tele s; c f P h ilo d e m u m in Vol.
rhet. I I p. 361 S u d h a u s . ]| 78 = R h et. I — I I ; C ic e ro D e or. I I 38, 160 ( v id e 77) et
illo s in q u ib u s ip s e su a quaedam de eadem arte d ix it. || 79— 81 N ih il p ro c e r to d e h is
a ffe rri p o te s t. || 82 E p it o m e a r tis r h e to r ic a e T h e o d e c tis , c f V a l. M a x V I I I 14,3. ||
83 V i t a M a rc. 4 t ò rrroi n o ttjT ixijç civyyna/i/ja V i t a la t. 4 de poetica tractatus; V it a
v u lg . 3 r d yey ga fifiá va nvrãi negt jio itjtísíjjs ; c f q u a e a ffe r t G u a r in u s V e r o n e n sis in
su a V i t a A r is to te lis : quae de elocutione poetarum libro u n o et quae de p o etis libris
tribus ei quae de iragoediis libro uno, q u a e u n d e h a u s e r it n e sc io . || 84— 85 I g n o ti. ||
86 E n n d e rn esse a tq u e R het. I I 22— 24 co n icio . || 87 = R het. I l l , cf. 1403 b
15 n tQ i ôè xfjQ AíÇecaç é^ófieràv ia z iv eb ielv . || 88— 8g I g n o ti. || 90 = P h y s. I I
— I V , c f S im p lic . I n P h y s ., C l A G X , p . 923.8 r d fièv n b rce fltfiAía t ò tiqò ro vro v
& v a tx d xaAotioiv, r d ò è èvzetítev T.0Ü1 T h ljt xivtjoEüiç- ovzco yàg x a l ’ A v â gá vixo£ ív
xô) tq Ito ) rã>v 'AgearoTÈAovç j}if}Aúüv h ia r d r r s r a i, /la g r v g o tv ro i n e g i t wv 7igd>rwv
x a l &Eo<pgáaTov ygáipavroç E vòrjjiov 71roí- rtvoç avT(p TQJV 7jLiíiOT7]/iF.i oil' àvziygátpajv
x a r à rà né/xnrov pifiAlov. C f R o ss , A r is to tle 's P h y s ic s , O x fo r d 1936, p . 4. ||
9 1- &V O IX O V <3.
92. lie g t xfjç ’ A g y jr t e.iov (pikoaotptaç äßy.
93- IJ eoi xfjç E neva h a ia v xa i Sevoxgàxovç â.
94- T à I x rov Ti/xalov x a i xmv ’ A q % v x f Î(o v ä.
95- I I q o ç xà M eU aaov â.
96. I I q o ç x à ' A A x fia lb ù v o ç â .
91 I g n o tu s . || A d g i — 94 c f. T o p . i a g b 12 tx A iy e iv Se ) x a i e x zrnv y ey g a /jfii-
vwv Xoywv, r d c 6e 6iayga<pas n o if.io fia i jtsg i d xa a ro v y h o v i; inore&brzaq. zttjgfc,
o lo v ~7.roi a y a d o i rj tzfdI Mai 7tegl ayaB ov navzog, no^dfirvov njin zo v Ti
eanv naQanrj/zalveadai Se x a i zaq exdtrzaiv 66£ag, olov o n ' Eii7ie6oxXfjc, Tczzaga
io g . &vaioyva>[iovtxàv ã.
IIO. 'IaTQ ixà (}.
u i. IJ eqí fiováôoç ã.
112. E rjfiela %£tfxcí>va>v ã . ( 2 6 )
113. ’ AarQovofjiixàv ã.
114. sO n n x ò v ã.
115 . IIe q í xivijoEcoç ã.
116 . IIe q í /Àovotxrjç ã.
XI 7 - Mvrjuovixòv ã.
118 . 5AnoQrifj.ÓT(úv 'OfiTjgixwv ã/9yáeç.
119 . Annorjfiazciy noirjTixà ã.
120. (fivoíxcov xa rà cnoixetov Xfj.
121. ’ EmreOeafiévGov ngofiÀrjftátcüv ã/ 3.
122. ’ EyxvxXíw v ãfi.
123. M t)%(ivixòv ã.
10 9 I g n o t u s , c f. R . F o e r s te r , " D e A r is t . q . f. P h y s io g n o m ic o r u m in d o le ac c o n
d ic io n e " , in: A b h a n d l. M . H ertz d a r g e b t B e r lin 1888, p p . 288— 303. || 11 0 C f V it.
M a rc . 4 ia r g tx à nQO^hqfiOXQ; V i t . l a t 40 m e d icin a lia problem aia = P ro bl. I, 859 a
i Õ<ja la zQ ixá . A t r e c tiu s G a le n u s , Com m . ad /. H ip p o cr. de n at. k om ., C M G V 9: i ,
p . 1 5 .2 7 z à ç rrjç 'IdTQ ixrjç aw aycnyfjç . . . pífiXovç èm yeyQ afifiévaç fièv 5A g ia r a -
teA ov ç, ófioAoyovfiévaç á ’ v n à Mévcuvoç 8ç tJv fiaQr}rr)ç a vro v y ey g á y ô a t. || 1 1 1 —
TT3 I g n o t i. II 1 1 4 P ro b l. X V I , 9 13 a 26 ÔEÍxvvrat èv r o lç 'O titix q Z ç , cf R o se , A r ist.
p seud ep ig r. p . p . 3 73 — 3 78 . J| 1 1 5 — 1 1 7 I g n o t i. || 1 1 8 V i t a M a rc. 4. v u lg . 3, la t.
4; in te r fr a g m e n t a m u lt a t i t . in v e n itu r a p u d a n t i- a t t ic is ta m a n o n y m iim , A n ec.
B ekkeri I p. 84.26 = jr . 179 R o se . ]| 1 1 9 C f n o ta m a d 83. || 120 P o te a t esse
c o lle c tio p r o b le m a tu m v e t u s t a ; a lia m u t v id e t u r se d sim ile m e d itio n e m in d ic a t
E lia s In C a t. p r ., C l A G X V I I I 1 , p . 1 1 4 .1 1 t ò <5á n outlX a (sc. scrip ta ) tòç Tfi
nqÒQ E v x a ig o v avrcò yE yçafifiéva êpôofi7}xovza p iflM a I I eqí a v fifilx rw v tcúv
12 g . A ixa iutfia za â.
130. ’ O X vfim ovîxai â.
1 3 1/2 . IJvdtovtxai fiovaixrjç â.
13 3 . IJvBixoç à.
13 4 . IJvôiovixûtv ëXeyxoi â.
13 5 . N lx a t A ïo w o ia x a t fi.
13 6 . IJ eq 'i rçayqtôubv â.
13 7 . AiôaoxaA tai â.
138. Ila g o ifiia i â.
13g. N ôfioç a v a a i r t x o Q â.
140. NofiLfiüiv âfiyô.
Gcteb. U n iv . Â r s s k r . L X I I I : 2 4
50 IN G Ë M A R D Ü R IN G
141. Kaxrjyogiàv a.
14 2 . I I e q I s g fifjV E Îa ç â. (2 7 )
(33 b ) ngóç r i xa rea x e v a a fiév o v : c f D e part. an. I V 12. 694 b 13 õgyava nqòq
r ò Igyov tf <pvaiç n o te i. j| ó ç a a iç n g ò ; rà ógãv : c f D e an. I I I 4, 426 a 13 ôgaatç
tf rfjç õyecoç èvégyeia.
(3 4 b ) 7to/./.à y à g S lX a . c í O ly m p io d o r u s P r o l. et in C a t., CIAG X II 1,
p . 1 3 .7 — 14.4.
( 35 ) ' A g ta ra zéX eiç : O ly m p io d o r u s P r o l., CIAG X II 1, p. 13 .2 0 Sià òè ó/iai-
vv/iíav avyygatpÉoiv èvodevovro èa 6‘ õ t e x á ß iß X ia , òiá xi fir] e lç x a i fióvoç ’ A ç t -
arorèXrjç ó Z r a y e ig ír tjç êy év eto àXÀà x a i ó EJitxXrjV M vÔ oç, àÀÀà St] x a i ó xaXov-
/1EVOÇ naiöorglßriQ -, e a d e m a ffe r t E lia s , I n C a t. p r ., C I A G X V I I I 1, p. 128 .10 .
opinions in sto ica l term s. T h e eth ical epitom e is clear and on th e w hole
based on c o rrect in terp retation s of opinions expressed in th e Nicom a-
chean E thics an d th e dialogues. B u t th is epitom e, too, has a stoical
tinge. T h e last epitom e, a lth o u g h m eagre in con ten t, is of excellen t
q u a lity and w ith o u t traces of syn cretism , and m u st h a v e been w ritten
a fte r A ndronicus; it could for in stan ce be based on N icolau s of D am ascu s
or som e of th e oth er ea rly p a rap h rasts. I t is im possible to sa y w hether
D iogenes used three d ifferen t sources or fou n d th e w hole ou tlin e in an
an th o lo gy; in m y opinion w e h a v e a te n d en cy to u n d erestim ate his
c a p a b ility o f h u n tin g up sources and com pilin g m aterial. In a n y case
I do n ot th in k th a t he fou n d th is o u tlin e appended to th e catalogu e,
a lth ou gh he inserts it b etw een a p a ra g ra p h on th e n um ber of lines,
o b v io u sly b elon gin g to th e catalogu e, and a p a rag ra p h on th e num ber
o f A r isto tle ’s w ritin g s, w hich m a y b elon g to th e catalogu e. I t is a
com m on h a b it w ith him to in sert new m aterial in a source w hich he
is tran scribing.
( 2 8 — 2 9 ) Povkerai ev avrotg rdfie. T h is serves as a title of his
outline. T h e d ivision of p h ilosop h y in to tw o p arts, th e p ra ctica l and
th e th eoretical, is fou n d ev eryw h ere in A r is to tle ’s w ritings. T h e in te l
lectu a l a c t iv ity w hich is called noirjtixov, cre a tiv e a c tiv ity , is often
m entioned, e. g. E th. E u d . I 5, 12 16 b 17. T h e Poetics is an exam ple
c f a w o rk d ev o te d to one bran ch of c re a tiv e a c tiv ity . T h is d ivision is
also the b ack gro u n d of th e discussion of th e “ w isdom of th e in te lle c t”
and “ p ra ctic a l w isd om ” in th e Protrepticus. L a te r com m en tators w ho
cared m ore for th e form th an fo r th e su b stan ce of A risto tle ’s ph ilosop h y,
sp eak a b o u t th e th ree-fo ld d ivision of p h ilosop h y as an a ccep ted A r is to
telia n d ogm a. B u t th e tw o -fo ld division is found even am ong th e
n eop laton ists, e. g. A m m on iu s I n Porph. is., C l A G I V 3, p . 11.6 . The
su b d ivision o f p ra ctic a l ph ilosop h y is correct; b u t then th e confusion
begins.
t ov de OecoQrjTixov tov re tpvatxov x a l Aoyixov. T h is is th e stoical
d ivision. The stoics a m alg a m a ted m etap h ysics {= w hat A risto tle
th o u g h t of as th e m o st e x a lte d p a r t of th e o retical philosophy) w ith
p h ysics, and th e term “ lo g ic ” , in trod u ced b y th e Stoics, com prised both
logic in th e A risto telia n sense, d ialectics and rhetoric. T h ro u gh A lb in u s and
oth er sy n cretistic w riters, th e n eop laton ists in h erited th is arrangem ent.
ov to Aayixov ov% <wc fjisgoq aAA’ d>q ogyavov ngorjxgtfio)/j,£vov. T h e
m anuscrip ts read oXofiegdtq, w h ich is im possible (6).oaxena>q w ou ld be
ARISTOTLE IX THE BIOGRAPHICAL TRADITION 71
reXeiat; evegyeia x a z ' agf.TTjv reksiav. A risto tle n ever speaks of the
goods of th e soul as ngw ra xfj dwajiEi, b u t th e sense is im plied in th e
passages qu oted am ong th e testim on ia, and also in Rhet. I 5, 1360 b 25.
(c) is q u ite correct, a lth ou gh w e can n o t fin d e x a c tly th is form ula in
A risto tle s e x ta n t w ritings; this lea ves a broad m argin for conjectu res
concern in g his dialogues; see M oraux, w ho h ow ever also observes th a t
A lex a n d e r, De anima., C l A G S u p p l. II , p. 154.28, in his c h a p ter en titled
o n avraxoXovOo’S aiv at agerai sa y s xa i eotiv ai>Tdgxr)<; rt xa xia ngog
xaxo&aifioviav. In m y opinion (c) is n oth in g h u t an in terp retation
in stoical lan gu a g e of A ristotle; in th e n e x t p a rag ra p h th e author
fr a n k ly ad m its th a t th e sto ical d octrin e of th e interdepend en ce of the
v ir tu e s is n ot A risto telian , cf. C hrysippus, S V F I I I 72, S ex t. E m p.
Pyrrh. H yp, I 68. Text: M ost editors h a v e retain ed (bg before xaxoSai-
/iov?joovTog, added b y D and ad op ted b y th e A ldina; th e sta tem en t
is m ore o b je c tiv e w ith o u t th is a>g.
(31) flergiojrddEta. T h is, too , is stoical in terp reta tio n of A ristotle;
th e w ord is n ot found in A ristotle, b u t th e id ea is in com plete agreem ent
w ith his fieaorrjg, cf. e .g . E th. N ic . I I 4, 1105 b 28 « 6f. /leaan; ex5.
C icero says a b o u t th e O ld A ca d em y , L u cu llu s 44, 135 mediocrilates illi
probabanl et in omni permutatione naturalem volebant quendam modum.
I can n o t see th a t th ere is a n y con tra d ictio n in v o lve d b etw een w h at
A risto tle says in the fragm en ts of his p o p u lar w orks (some of w hich
are found in T 67 e 5 — 7) and in the th ree eth ical pragm aties or in the
Rhetoric on th e su b jec t of ogytf and aogyrjaia. In som e situ ation s of
life a good and h e a lth y anger is b oth desirable and necessary, b u t we
should n ever allow ourselves to be blinded b y rage. I t is the ty p ic a l
A risto telian com m on-sense attitu d e; we h a v e rea lly no evid ence for
“ cette fougeuse lu tte du jeu n e A risto te con tre les p a ssion s” ; on the
co n tra ry , th e fragm en ts of th e Protrepticus, b est k now n of all popu lar
w orks of A risto tle in th e 35o’ies, te stify to his w ell-balan ced ju d gm en t
and m id d le-w ay position.
ipdia. A g a in w e fin d th a t th e d efin ition is correct, a lth ou gh A risto tle
has n ot used e x a c tly these w ords in a n y of the num erous passages in
w hich he defines friendship. If, then, A risto tle him self does n ot stick
to a certain form u la, w h y should w e conclude th a t th e sto ical ep itom ator
to o k th is special form u la from an otherw ise unknow n w ork On F rien d
ship? Evvoia is, accord in g to EN I X 5, 116 7 a 3, dgxV <pMa~:
avriaTgotpoig is, as far as I can see from the passages adduced b y
74 INGEM A R D Ü R IN G
v u lg a ta . , * .
D u rin g th e X V I t h ce n tu ry seven copies w ere m ade; tw o are fou n d in
Am bros. 724 = R 1 1 7 sup., fou r in A m bros. 704 = Q 121 sup., and
one in A m bros. 635 = P 105 sup. ,
A m an u scrip t in th e B ib lio th e ca Q u eriniana in B rescia, B n x ia n u s
A V I 13 from th e X l t h or X l l t h cen tu ry agrees w ith A m bros. 490
even in ’ m inor details; I h a v e found on ly one v a ria n t readin g, Eiç
eùOwaç fo r n Qàç EvSvvaç. Th is v a ria n t is also found in P a la tin u s gr.
124 X V t h cen tu ry , and this is h a rd ly accid en tal. T h e P a la tin u s con
ta in s th e V ita w ith o u t the catalogu e; its fou r p ecu liar v a r ia n t readings
are slips due to carelessness b y th e copyist.
P arisin u s suppl. gr. 557 * th e m an u scrip t used b y M énage fo r his
ed itio princeps. I t is v e ry late, p ro b a b ly X V I t h c e n tu ry or la te r and
carelessly tran scrib ed from eith er A m b r. 49 ° or a m an u scrip t of th e
sam e ty p e , b u t w ith num erous sm all errors. W ith tw o or th ree e x c e p
tion s, M énage reprod u ced in h is ed ition a ll erroneous readin gs in 557 -
Editions.
T h e V ita is know n in th e literatu re under th e nam e of V ila M ena-
giana, because it w as first edited b y G illes M énage in th e Lond on ed i
tion o f D iogenes, 1663. H is Anim adversiones, exten d ed and consider
a b ly im proved, w ere th en pu blished in th e b ea u tifu l folio edition,
A m sterdam 1693, p rin ted b y H . W etsten iu s, togeth er w ith th e notes
of H . Stephanus, C asaubon us fa th er and son, and others; a verita b le
treasure-house from w hich all la ter com m en tators h a ve borrow ed
m aterial.
V. R ose reprinted th e In d e x H esych ii in his Aristoteles pseudepi-
graphus, pp. 1 8 — 20, reportin g th a t T ischen d orf had seen a m anuscript
of th e V ita H esych ii (“ cum edito plane con sp iran tem ” ) in St. J o h n ’s
m on astery in P atm o s. T h e In d ex is reprinted in th e B erlin edition of
A ristotle, vol. g, p. 1466, and then in R o se’s Aristotelis fragmenta, 1886,
togeth er w ith th e V ita. I t w as also reprinted b y B u h le in th e first
vo lu m e of his edition, b y W esterm ann in his V it arum scriptores, and b y
F la c h in his H esychii M ile s ii Onomatologi quae supersunt. P. M oraux
in his Listes anciennes des ouvrages d'Aristote deals a t len gth w ith
problem s connected w ith the In d ex librorum .
S IG L A
A = A m brosianus 490, S. I X .
B = B rix ian u s A V I 13, S. X I - X I I
P = P a la tin u s gr. 124, S . X V .
M = P arisinus suppl. gr. 557, S. X V I , = editio M enagiana.
M énage = em endationes M enagii.
Gôteb. U n iv. A r s s k r . L X I I I : 2 6
A P IZ T O T E A O Y Z B IO Z K A I TA Z Y IT P A M M A T A AYTOY
( 1) ’ A g u jr o x iX y ? v id g N ik o n o v xai G a io x td S o ? - 6 6e N i x 6f i a X o g
l a r o o g rfv r o v r w v ’ A a x X y m d d c o v y e v o v g , a n d N t x o M d X o v r o v M a X a o v o q -
6e e r r , ty r fjg T lE g m a x y x ix y g xX yM ayg c p iX o a o y ia q 6 t a r o tv
(6 ) iy e v v y d y 6* tv r fj qO 6X v » m d 8 t xai d s te d a v e v d x d v tx o v m & v iv
X a X x i d i , b t o x t i x a X e l r o n ,« K e v d w a g , in E t d y i y g a V E r w i o v a e tg E g fiia v
S d « . a i k J ,„ I <„> * BP II <7 ) 1 “z z ;
Zni o e x p l. V ita Sudae || ( 8 ) e y y v g o m .P II ( 1 0 ) a w r a y ^ a r a AB . o v y y e au-
n ara PM . C£ V i t . M a r c . 45 || a v to H n o M a v n a Q x a v o t e x p II
ARISTOTLE IN THE BIOGRAPHICAL TRADITION 83
I. Ile g i ôixaioavvrjç à.
2. Ile g i notrjT(bv y.
3- Tlegi cpiAoaoq>iaz à.
4- Ilo X n txo v ä.
5- I le g i noXiTixïjZ i\ FçvXoç y.
6. NrjgtvOoç â.
7- Ile n i 71A0VT011 â.
8. £ o < p ia T ?)ç â.
9- Ile g i evx'ijç.
10. M evéievoç â.
11. Ile g i evyeveiaç â.
12. ’ E g co T tx o ; â.
2 9- A v a e iç è g ia r ix a i à.
3 o- T le g i n â ô o v ç o o y fjç â.
S i- Aiaigéaeiç ootpiortxai â.
32 . Ile g i ê v n v T u o v â .
I n d e x librorum :
3 p ro <5le g e n d u m y . D ia lo g i in in d ice c o llo c a ti s u n t se cu n d u m n u m e ra m v o lu m i-
n n m . || 5 p r o noXnixr)Q A B M le g e n d u m Qt)ZOQt)tTjq, p r o y le g e n d u m a. || 8 aotptarixfiQ
M II 19 p r o ovM oyia/iw v A B M le g e n d u m avkXoyia/ioi |] 20 p r o a le g e n d u m y
24 p r o y fo r ta s s e le g e n d u m a || 30 le g e n d u m I le g i na8<bv a. I le g i o oyfjs d. I|
84 INGEMA® DÜRING
47 - ’ AvaXvxixwv vaxegcov ß.
48 . IlooßXrjfidxciiv.
49- M edoSixa.
50 . lie g t x o t ßeXxiovog <2.
51 . 'Ogcov ßtßXlov ä.
52 - Tontxw v C.
53 - 6
M a r)fjta xtx(bv ä.
54 - S v X X o y ia jj.ü > v ß .
55 - E v X X o y ta x ix & v ö gcov d.
56 . I le g i a ig e x o ß xai a v j i ß a iv o v x o g ä.
57 - Ta ngo xw v x ö iic o v ä.
58 . I le g i exovouov ä.
64. I le g i ö i x a i w v ß .
I
ARISTOTLE IN THE BIOGRAPHICAL TRADITION 85
I
86 IN G Ë M A R D Ü R IN G
n i. METa<pvatxà x .
112. I J Q o fih ]fià r o 3 v èm TEÔEa/iêvwv.
xaizvoavvixüivnaootpuoviôim
127 legendum
zixâvxat
ont. M pro
|| 128-130 » . B || 135
oßizr)ZO
<
;
.nT
xiQ
Q
a
B
138
rt^
a
ß
M enage
r
a
r
et ti
vel d n M H 14S ,j in n] in rasura A |] 152 M [|
88 IN G E M A R D Ü R IN G
*PEvôsmygaipa òém
160 tijç : toíç A || 174 ijOwv A B r]6 mv JI || 176— 177 titu lu m restitui; in d icat
librum qu i sub titu lo Rhet. ad Alex, versatur. 7i£çi ’AÀsÇâvôgov tj‘ (ef 37) nsgi
grjzogoç i) 710X1x1x0« A B M || 17g (n tq i) R ose || )8 i õiayogá A B M , corr. R ose ||
187 avvayaiytj M ||
A R IS T O T L E IN T H E B IO G R A P H IC A L T R A D IT IO N 8g
COM M ENTS
P S E U D O - H E S Y C H IU S
1
VITA MARCIANA
T H E M A N U S C R IP T
tit. a d d id i |l
( 1) C a ta z iô o s : 0 £ < 7 t(< 5 o c b is ||
ARISTOTLE IX THE BIOGRAPHICAL TRADITION 97
( 3 ) IJgoÇévtp — - N ix â v o g a in t e s ta m e n to V 15 . c f 9 a 5; 13 a e t c. (| èv ôtaBrj
xa iç\ V 12 èxôôaB ai av T tp N cxavog i. ||
( 4 ) 'O firjQ ixà Çr/TTÎfiaTa : I n d . lib i. D io g 118 , H e s y c h ii 106 e t 14 7, P t o le
m aei 98. | jj zrji ’ I h a ô o ç êxôoati; : O N E S I C R I T U S F G r H is t 134 F . 38 =
T 25 a. || ô ü e q î jioltjzûîv SiàXayoQ. I n d . lib r. D io g . 2, H e s y c h ii 2, P to le m a e i 7. ||
t o TI eq I TioirjTixijç avyyga/i/ia : I n d . lib r. D io g . 83, H e s y c h ii 75, P t o le m a e i 2 1. ||
a i QTjTOQtxai TÉ%vai : In d . lib r. D io g . 7 7 — 78, H e s y c h ii 7 1 — 72, P to le m a e i 27
e t 39. || r à ia r g ix a ngoft?.rjfinzti : In d . lib r. H e s y c h ii 16 7 (?), P to le m a e i 8 1. |]
rd y v a tx à ngopArj/jaza iv ô fiifiAÎoiç : I n d . lib r. D io g . 120 {?), H e s y c h ii 168,
P t o l. 76. E L I A S I n Cat. p r ., C I A G X V I I I 1, p . 1 1 4 .1 2 Ta ngoQ E v x a ig o v avzm
y^ygafifièva ip ô o /irjxo v ta fiifiM a IJegi a v fifilxra iv ÇrjTrjfidzwv = T 7 7 a. C ita n t u r
ab A I -F a r a h i a p u d S a id a p u d U s a ib ia m " s e p tin g e n ti lib r l ab eo s c r ip ti e t E u c a e r o
d e d ic a t i" . C f q u a e a ffe r t M o ra u x , L is te s anciennes, p . 11 8 . || r à o n n x à 7igof}\rjjiaTa
x a i fiT)%avtxâ : E L I A S , C IA G X V III 1, p . 1 1 6 .1 1 x à ôè fia O ij/iarixà a v zo v wç
rà O n n x à x a i M rj% avixà avzw ftifiÀlrt yeyga/n/iéva — A l- F a r a b i, P r o l. in p hilo s.
A risto telis, ed. S c h m o ld e rs, p . 20. ]| ô ix a tw fia z a : In d . lib r. D io g . 129 , H e s y c h ii
120; P h ilo d . V ol. R het. I I 57 Sudhaus r à 7teçi zaïv zo noiv ô ix a ta ifia za . || r à ç
qiiAoveixlnç ôii/.vaev : D e fo e d e re et c o n v e n tu q . v . xoivov aw èôg tov c i G e y e r,
R E X I X 2, co l. 2299. | 7j Tùiv TioknEiwv ia r o g la : I n d . lib r. D io g . 143 . H e s y c h ii
135. P to le m a e i 86. C f q u a e a ffe r t J a c o b y , F Gr H is t, N o tes I I I b 2, p p . 45g— 60
de iis q u a e te m e re c o n ie c it H . N isse n , R h . M u s . 49. 1894, p. 1. ||
Göteb. U n iv . Arsskr. L X I I I : 2 7
q8 in g e m a r Dü r in g
( 5) E Íx o a a e z rj x v y y à v o v z a : E ix o o a E Z r jç x v y ^ d v o iv R o b b e R o se , a d d . m . p r. in
m arg . e ix o o a E x o v ç zvyxavovzoç (tg is x ff) n X t jv ô X iy o v ôvza R ic h a r d s ||
( 7) x o x p o v z à x g w z ijg io v R o se x w q tà v à x g w z ^ g io v Robbe x o v ip o v to à x g o a z fjg io v
L a s c a r is , in c o d ic e p a e n e o b lit e r a t a ||
ARISTOTLE IN THE BIOGRAPHICAL TRADITION 99
à
100 INGEMAR DÜRING
TCÒV (,OV) TlOÂlTEKbv TOTE (WváÀE%E. XOLl fJ,éXÀOVTL G V flfiá  X stV TO) U.EQ
( 23 ) E L I A S I n C a t., C I A G X V I I I i , p . 1 1 3 .3 1 : a í H o i n e l a i ã ç la ro g ija et à*
to « 7io/.).r)V yfjv neqieXBeív a/i a 'A is .íá v ô g íú t <5 f}am Xei, â ç è x â lô w x e x a r à arat-
XEÍov ôiaxoalaç jie v rrjx o v ra o õo aç ràv àgtQfiàv. — P . 33.8: yírygaftfiiyai ô av ro j
d a t x a i I I o h T t ia i â ia x ó a ia t (sic) róv àniOfinv ãç avveyedipaTO í x toO 7io)j.^v y ip
av[iJiEQie\Úelv ' A ii^ a v ò (io í ziõ /SaoiÂíí. || ( 24 ) C I C E R O A ca d êm ica I 4, 17 =
T 7 1 b. E L IA S In C a t., C IA G X V III i. p. 112 .2 8 : ’ E xeIQ ev ô' v n o a r ç b p a ; ú
A g ia to rêX rjç âiaôé-/_rcat xrtv o ZoA»)v tov E n s v a in n o v avv E r.v m q a if.i x a t àpcpÓTtaoi
iXéyoVTo IleQtnaTtjTixoí- || ( 25 ) A R I S T O X E N U S a p . A iis t id e n = T 61 a; O L Y 1I-
P IO D O R U S = T 34 c . || ( 26 ) xai àXXaxoü : O L V M P I O D O R I 1S = T 34 c.
D A V ID In P orph. I s ., C I A G X V I I I 2, p . 1 2 1 .1 4 = T 72 e. |] ( 27 — 28 ) C f T
41 a — d . ||
( 28 ) O L Y M P I O D O R U S = T 34 c. |[ n X m w v lfr iv avxóv <prjOo/i£V : T 4 1 e — j. |]
XwxgdTOVÇ — noXv : P haedo gi c afiixgòv yQavxloaVTCC, S m x g á t o v -, Tijç rV à h t-
QeI(i<z n o h ô . ]|
( 24 ) ènaíÒEVGEv le g it R o se , h o d ie n o n le gi p o te st.
( 25 ) ÍOTÓçTjoav le g e n d u m cu ra B u sse v o teo o v R o b b e e t R a s e se c u n d u m v it a m
1a tin a m , in c o d ic e o b lite r a tu m ||
( 26 ) xaTanÀayElç fo r ta s s e le g e n d u m cum B u sse 77
X (n a iE tfo)yfÀévoz R obbe
ÒTíOJiTorjOeiç c o n ie c it R o se , in c o d ice n o n le g i p o t e s t ||
102 INGEMAR DÜRING
(2 9 ) à y h r jr a v r e s titu i: y tw tjr á v R o b b e e t R o s e , in c ó d ic e n o n le g i p o t e s t ||
ARISTOTLE IN THE BIOGRAPHICAL TRADITION 103
elv a i xw vov. ||
y.azà rovro yào ovôèv z& v ôotofiévcjv õXov ã/na ôgãzai, x a l zavrrj fieíÇova
yíveaOat tòv AÇova ttjç f.x rovzov rfjç fiáoEcoç x a l ó£vycí)viov ròv xwvov
(biortXrloQar ( 3 9 ) rfj Ôè ÔEoXoyía zò firj r à návza eyxóa/iia eivai,
wç zò eIx Ôç , àXX' f.lvaí zt x a l v n sq xó a fiio v Èv yàn rqj nê/mxu> rrjç
(pvaioXoyixrjç tò noãiTov firjôè x a zà av/j,flefir]}tóç <prjai xtvztaõai, zov
èyxoo/iiov òià zò w atw réraxrai xa rà ov/j,{3e()r)xòç xtvov/iévov x a l Èv
rã ôyôáia zfjç, <t>vaixrjç tò ngózcoç xivovv áxívr/zov eivai fiovXszat.
( 4 0 ) avzov á ’ evgrjfiá êartv rj Aoyixi) ràç ovXXoyioztxàç /ir.dóôovq t & v
ngayfiázcov (htnyojQÍaavTOÇ.
( 4 1 ) ' E navaazávzojv <5* avrãi tô> v 5AOr/vaícov v n e y m g r / a E v elç XaX-
xíôa, T o a a ü r o v v jie itz Ò iv w ç‘ Ov a v y y o > o r ja o j 'Aôr/vaíotç ôlç ãfiaozEtv
elç (ptXoootpíav. ( 4 2 ) ènEi ôè zà avzà xadrjxovza ovx f/v noXtzr/ xal
£évq> jieol t r/v zmv 'Aôr/vauav nóXtv, èmazéXXcúv 'AvTtnázgui yçá<pEc
Tò ’ Adtjvrjai ôiargí^Etv e o y c ü á e ç - õyyvrj yàn èri òyyvr/ yr/gáaxEi, avxov
à Ènl crúxq>‘ r r jv ôtaôayr/v z& v avxo<pavzovvz(uv alvirzófiEvoç. (4 3 )
K a l zs Xevzõ. èxEiOE ôiaõtjxr/v èyygacpov xaraXinóiv, rj cpèqETai naoá te
’ A vôgovíxco xa i IIroXE/xaí(p jusrà z ã v m váxoiv rctiv avzov avyyça/i-
/lá T f u v , ( 4 4 ) Ènl natal fièv Ntxojiá%(p x a l IJvOtáôt, yvr/aíotç ôè fiadr/zalç
( 45 ) : E L IA S = T 75 p. || ( 46 ) rígyávqi q>iXoao<píaç : c f s u p ra 15 . ||
( 47 ) xõ jtííj ã<p(oxaa 6a i : S I M P L I C I U S I n C a i., C l A G V I I I , p . 6.22: O vâa/iov
<5’ fOt.Xti r ijç éva gy ela ç è tlo x a o Ô a r ôtxxrjç <5‘ ovar/ç èv a g y sla ç e lç n la x iv , xrjç
fiév àjin vou xr\ç ô’ àrí aiaBrjOeajç, x o lç /jf.x' alaOrjOEcaç qãiniv SiaXEyó/iEVoç
xrp> ájià x ijç alodrjoetoç n goxtfiÇ . || fie x à yàg x à ç à n o ô e líe iç : S I M P L I C I U S , I n
D e caelo, C l A G V I I , p . 1 1 6 .9 eÍxótúúç o ív /iexa x a ç àjioâelÇ eiç x a i x rjv àn à x wv
(paivoftÉvmv n a g a y e i n lo x iv t] n a i v x a i x o lç y r n X etm o tç à g x e l n gò ç xá oiixcaç
TiyEtodat. S im . I n p h y s. X . p . 1 3 1 8 .1 0 = S c h o lia B r a n d is 448 b 6: r.Boç éa x i xdi
'A g ta xo xe X ei fie x a xà ç á n o õ el^ eiç x a ç xtüv n g ò avxov fia g xv g la ç w ç ovfiçpiavovoaç
avxoti x a lç àn oâelE ea i n ag áy eiv. ||
( 48 ) èv XOLÇ TTroi ovgavoi) : D e caelo I I 6 e t M eta p h , X I 8, S I M P L I C I U S I n
D e caelo, C I A G V I I , p. 422.3— 28. || ( 49 ) èv x a lç K a x rjy o g ía iç : Cat. 1 b 29— 3 1.
S I M P L I C I U S I n C a t., C I A G V I I I , p. 8 0.27, 8 2 .1— 35. || ngoxá xxE i : ib . p . 7 4 .1 5 . ||
(5iá fioWjV xTjv èvàgyetav : c f S I M P L I C I U S , p. 8 7 .1 5 tbç yvwgt/iwxegov nagrjxEV,
P H I L O P O N U S , I n C a t., C I A G X III i , p . 6 1 .1 1 itgòç xrjv xã>v 71oXXcbv yvw aiv
xfjv òtfiaaxaX lav noiov/ievoç. || ( 50 ) èv x o lç J le g ! 'Pv^rjç : D e an. I 1 , 402 b 7
x ò Sé Ç õ jo v xà xaOoXov fjxo i oòõev ècrxtv rj vaxe.gov. ||
and rash. .
(8) T h a t A risto tle accom panied A lexan d er is co n tra ry to th e ancient
trad itio n . T he S y ria c and A ra b ic trad itio n know s n othin g a b ou t this.
I t is p ro b a b ly an ad dition b y th e epitom ator.
( g 1 2 ) See m y com m ents on T I f P to lem y observed th e a ct
th a t A risto tle w as “ a stra n g er” , i. e. a m etic, as is show n b y V M 42.
N o other source m entions th is im p o rta n t fact. - XEaaa^axovxovxrjc,
confirm ed b y Y L , is d ifficu lt to explain; presu m ab ly i t is an old error
for XQtaxovxovxrjv, E u m elu s ap. D L V 6. - cm Evdo^ov, confirm ed
b y V L , is another ex trem e ly v a lu a b le piece of inform ation , fou n d on ly
here. — T h e n e x t sentence xov yag ’ AgtaxoxeXovg — avayvcovai re
ve als th e hand of the epitom ator. _ ,
( 1 3 ) Am m onius and O lym piod oru s (T 72 ab) o m it Speusippus, an
so does th e S y ria c and A ra b ic trad itio n , M ubashir 14. U salb ia, w ho
g iv es us th e m ost fa ith fu l accou n t of P to le m y ’s V ita , describes in 5 -
co rrectly A risto tle ’s v is it to H erm ias, his sta y in M acedonia, and his
su b seq u en t return to A then s. I therefore assum e th a t th e ep itom ator
110 IN G E M A R D U R IN G
tZZJZJL.
„ W e o r £ n f ib r e s h e , , ju d gin g from the complete silence ,» th e
I assume th a , it comes f r o m an earher source, , ..
our P to lem y . T h e au thor seem s to h a v e rea d Meteor. 5-
(3 9 ) I th in k th a t th e u su a l ap ologetic te n d en cy can b e fe lt m th e
firs t sentence. T h e tw o passages are co rre c tly reported , see th e te st.
Since m a n y of these m an u scrip ts and those listed below con tain the
te x t of A ris to tle ’s Categories or th e com m en taries of P o rp h y ry , A m m o-
nius or P hilopon u s, th e y are described b y A . B u sse in th e prefaces to
his editions in C I A G I V 1 - 6 and X I I I 1. T h e earliest of th ese m an u
scripts is p ro b a b ly L a u r. 72,5, w h ich b y som e scholars is assigned to
th e elev en th cen tu ry. T h e L au r. 10,26 can n o t b e m uch later. T hese
tw o m an u scrip ts w ere alm ost c ertain ly w ritte n before 1200. T h e P ar.
1844 is earlier th a n is gen erally assum ed and w as p ro b a b ly w ritten in th e
ea rly th irtee n th cen tu ry. T h e la te st of th e m anu scrip ts in th is list is th e
V a t. gr. 246, w h ich m a y h a ve been w ritten in th e early fo u rteen th cen tu ry.
T h e follow ing ten w ere w ritte n during th e fo u rteen th century:
F am ily a.
T h e b e st three m anu scrip ts are L a u r. 10,26, L au r. 72 ,1 and \iat.
246. In all essentials th e y g iv e the sam e te x t, and th e y can he c h a ra cte riz
ed as gemelli. T h e L a u r. 72,1 and V a t. 246 h a v e three v a r ia n t readings
in com m on, (1) ISiov (17) eXvoe and (26) xovg xavovag diaxqivag and
Tiov TtonyfiaTcuv, w hich proves th e close a ffin ity betw een these tw o
m anuscripts, b u t oth er readin gs p ro v e th a t V a t. 246 can n o t h a ve been
copied from L a u r. T h e U rb . 55 is a c° p y of L au r. 72.1.
T h e P aris. 1844 offers a n um ber of readings w h ich p ro b ab ly are
d erived from a com parison w ith an oth er m anuscript. Som e exam ples.
(1) ’ A fiv vrov , ( 2 ) o i x e ia iq , (3) n o ir j x t x & v , (6) insertion of x o v , (10)
om ission o f o. T h e m ost ch ara cteristic reading, w h ich P ar. 1844 shares
w ith M arc. 257 and P aris. 1773, is (26) bvrvnfiEvoiq in stead of dmaxa/ievoig.
R ose, w h o clo sely follow ed M arc. 257, ad op ted th is readin g in his te x t.
I regard Par. 1844 and M arc. 257 as gemelli and P ar. 1773 as a d irect
co p y of 1844. In one passage the scribe w ho w ro te P ar. 1844 introd u ced
a q u ite n ew sense: (10) s i x a l firj avixQEtps xa vno IJXdxwvog slgrnibia.
T h e scribe w as o b vio u sly sh ocked b y th e su ggestion th a t A risto tle
o v erth rew P la to ’s doctrines. T h is readin g is also fou n d in P ar. 1773.
In th e L a tin version fou n d in Quaestiones Alexandri Aphrodisiensis
naturales . . . Geenliano Herveto Aureliano inierprete, B a se l 1548, the
passage is tra n sla ted as follow s: cum el in huiusm odi consilio ab illo
non discreparet. T h is show s th a t th e a u th or of th is L a tin tran slation
used one of th e tw o P aris m anu scrip ts or one clo sely a ffilia ted to
them .
T h e M atrit. 4676 w as w ritten b y L asca ris in M ilan in th e y e a r 1462,
as h e sta tes in a n ote on f. 14 7s : xonog x a l xxfjfia Kcovaxavxtvov
A aaxagso j ; B vta vxiov £v MsSioXdvq) exyoatpev £ t e i av£P, t o / ie v e£
avroO, to i e xsXevxalov e x Mavovt)Xov fia 6r\xof>. I t con tain s a c o m
p le te co p y of th e w ork of D iogenes L ae rtiu s. T h e la tte r p art, from
f. 68°, tow ard s th e end of th e L ife of A risto tle V 3 1 xov aoyov dnabi)
fisv fit] slvai, is w ritten b y M anuel. F . 146“, a fte r th e t e x t of D io
genes, follow s th e V ita v u lg a ta u n der th e title fitog ’ ApioxoxEXovg
dXXcog EiQ w hoQ . A fte r th e end of th is V ita follow s th e e x tra c t from
the V ita M arciana, w hich I shall deal w ith la ter u n der th e title V ita
L ascaris. T h e t e x t of th e V ita v u lg a ta is a rath er free paraphrase,
in w hich L asca ris h as in trod u ced som e readings from V ita M arciana
A R IS T O T L E IN T H E B IO G R A P H IC A L T R A D IT IO N 123
axoiEvog.
I th in k these e x tr a c ts aTe su fficien t to elu cid ate th e ch ara cte r of this
V ita , a rb itra rily com piled from th e V ita v u lg a ta and th e V ita M arciana.
T h e V ita h as fou r d istin ctiv e readings in com m on w ith M arc. 257:
{11) avdgog ov o i f f snaivelv x o lo i x a x o lo i Oe/uig, (14) ’ AAd$avdgm>
xov & iX innov, (19) elg (piXoaotpiav dig d/iagxelv, and (21) ev ’ Axadrjfiia
in stead of ev Maxedovta. F ro m this I d raw th e conclusion th a t L ascaris
and his disciple copied this V ita from M arc. 257, w here th e y found both
versions togeth er and cou ld com pile them in th is a rb itra ry w a y . It
is furth er clear th a t the readings of M atr. 4676 are of no va lu e for
estab lish in g th e t e x t of th e V ita v u lg a ta .
A sim ilar case is afforded b y M arc. 405, in w hich th e V ita carries the
follow in g title: IJgoXEyo/ieva elg rag ’ AgtarorsXovg K axyyogiag. The
t e x t is d efectiv e and begins 'AgtoxoxeXyg e tt veog d)v (3). I t is v e ry
m uch abridged, b u t th e reading (3) JTsgi noctjxixijg and som e other
m inor coincidences in d icate th a t it w as copied after a m anuscript
b elon gin g to th e fa m ily a. A fte r th e w ords (22) Sjiojg d si fiaoiXevEiv,
th e follow ing is added: onsg ovxtog edgaaev Elg rrjv ’ AXE^dvSgov ywxyv,
rbg Xdyeiv oxe xiva ovx axpsXtjoe' rHr]fitgov ovx ifiaoiX evaa'' 8neg
taov sari rd> fjtiy/og icp (sic) Xeyofirvoj In i nbv i n oXiyov dggatarovv
xwv, xovxiaxLV ECpr\[iEgov voaov, naga fiia v, Sia xo fit) novrjaat xrjv
rjfjiigav ix e iv t) v rag rcuv vyivaivovrcov ivEgyeiag. T h is is clearly taken
from V ita M arciana 21 — 22. I f M arc. 405 had been a late m anuscript,
w e w ould n o t h a v e h esitated to conjectu re th a t th e co p y ist h a d used
th e M arc. 257 in m uch th e sam e w a y as L ascaris. H ow ever, Marc.
405 w as perhaps w ritten even earlier th an 257, and if th is is true, it
w ould be th e o n ly existin g m anu scrip t w hich contains a fragm en t of
J2 4 in g e m a r d ü r in g
th e V ita M arcian a ind epen d en tly of M arc. 257. B u t th e rela tiv e age
of th e tw o m anu scrip ts rem ains an open question; th e \ i t a m M arc.
405 is a rb itra rily pieced to g eth er, and th e frag m en t of th e V ita M ar
cian a is too un im p ortan t to allow an y reliable conclusions.
F a m ily b.
Th e b est three m anuscripts of th is fa m ily , L au r. 72,5, L a u r. 71,3
and M arc. mg. om it (18 — 19) i v A v x e iq > — a ’ A g ia x o x e X r jg , w hich
proves th eir close affin ity . T w o of them , L a u r. 71,3 and M arc. 1 1 1 5 ,
h a ve a v e r y d istin ctiv e error in th e ep igram (1) tp a ia x ld o g rjv vi6q
ss. w h ich m akes it a lm o st certain th a t th e y are copies of th e
sam e a rch etyp e.
A p a r t from m inor differences, th e fa m ily b is ch ara cterized b y fiv e
new readings:
b
(1 ) t o fiiv yevOQ *<? ^ ? iv E l
(2) diafiE[ivrifj,ivog /lEftvrj/ievog
(3) I J e g i T to iT jr ix r js I l e g l n o it j x i x c o v
( ig ) rjdvvaxo fjdwrjdr)
(18) o i ’ Adrjvaloi ’ AQ rpaiot
(23) o w w Sevoev awdiSevEv
(29) x a i iv xft) oydoq) ^ x^> oydoq)
F a m ily c.
T h e p ictu re changes w hen w e com e to th e th ree fam iliae deteriores.
H ere th e t e x t h as been su b m itted to a rath er a rb itra ry trea tm en t.
T h e fa m ily c, w hich in som e respects stan d s close to b, is represented
b y th e tw o A n gelican i, 30 and 42, and P ar. 2020. T h e earliest of these
is A n gel. 42 w hich also contain s som e p rim itive draw ings of A risto tle
and A lex a n d er, to g eth er w ith e x tra cts from their correspondence. T he
t e x t of th e V it a is m uch abrid ged and w hole sections are om itted.
A n gel. 30 g iv es a com plete te x t, and th a t it is copied from th e same
a rch etyp e is p ro v ed b y som e v e ry d istin ctiv e com m on errors and
lacun ae. P ar. 2020 is a p p a re n tly d ire ctly copied from A n gel. 30.
T h e a rch etyp e of th is fa m ily in trod u ced som e readings ch aracteristic
of th e th ree fam iliae deteriores, such as:
(1 5 ) x a i ixa o ro v ISta xa i navrag xoivfj
(1 6 ) noXXovg
(1 7 ) noXkovg
{17) xazaaxacpeiaav
F am ily d.
In four m anu scrip ts of th is fam ily, P aris. 1 9 7 1 . M utin. i8 g , C on v.
,
Soppr. 41 and M a trit. 4 5 5 3 th e V ita is follow ed b y a sm all preface
to th e C ategories, w hich is also found in oth er m anu scrip ts of th e
Categories, b u t w ith o u t b eing preceded b y th e V ita . I t som etim es h as
th e title and rrjq r ov & d o n o v o v ifyyrjoecog and b egin s E xonog sort
X(b ’ AgiaToreXet iv Talg KaxryyaQiaig, cf. A . B usse on Coislinianus 330
in C l A G X I I I 1, pref. p. I X . In tw o m anuscripts of this fa m ily another
te x t is appended, in G enuensis F .V I 9 w ith th e title xiva £rjTElrai
eni naarjg TEyvrjg x a i Ento'zrjfi'rjg, in U rb . 56 w ith o u t title , beginning
’ E n i 7iaaT]q TE%vr]q xa i entaxrjfiTjg rsooaQa taS ra xa za AQiaxozEkr\i>
ngoftXrifiara 6q>EtXo/iEV, cf. A . B u sse on TJrb. 56 in C l A G I V 3,
pref. p. X X X V I I
I2 g IN G E M A S d O k i n g
(1) M jSfjrou
firjrgog de f,v 0eoridog
(2) olxeiatg
(3 ) t o yeygoLfifievov a vT o v iif.oi. TiQaxTtxfjg
(11) iv t o la 1 x a x o lo tv
(ig 17) as recorded above in fa m ily c.
(25) eig ytXaaocplav
(25) eavrijs (sic) JigooOelg ex t fjg dyxivoiag eavTov
(30) exfil. StyoE dk rov ovpnavra xQOvar (— av™ v
from th e other.
T o th is fa m ily also b elon gs th e la te O tto b o n . 178, w h ich w as p ro b a b ly
cop ied fro m th e sam e m an u scrip t as M atrit. 4553 - A fte r th e V ita
v u lg a ta th e c o p y is t h as en tered th e follow in g note, com piled from th e
V ita H e sych ia n a . de err, ly rrjg negm arnrtxijg xXrjOeia^cpiXoao-
<piag did to iv 7teQmdr<o ijxoi x fa c o d ibd la t d v a x ^ o a v r a r Vg Axadr,-
ulac ri m d r o iv idtdagev. iyevvr]8ri be iv rf} qO oXv/imadt^ xcu ajzidavev
d xo n rov m<bv iv X aX xidi 6to n ixaX elro nqdg evdvvag, inetdi} eyqaye
jiaidva e k 'E Qtieiav x6v evvofiyov oi d£ <paai voatp a ir o v
B ^ a a v r t H n 6- V 6 ’ A e iororeXr,g vi6v N i x o ^ o v eg EpnvXXldoq
naXXaxrjg, ijv ^ o „ e r a U vdiag (sic) m e ’ ' E ef> e io v r o v ew o v Xov
oon g oqxcov ’ A toq vevs- ymoa de avrr, T g o a b o g • EvfiovXov de rov
BcOwov dovXog y iy o v e■ eXafie xa i a v r o t ' E q ^ o v n a td ixa y ev o ^ v o v
’ AgtcnoreXovg. T h e n follow s A risto tle ’s le tte r to A le x a n d e r and oth er
ex tra cts.
F a m ily e.
In th e a rc h ety p e of th is fam ily th e V ita w as also o rigin ally com bin ed
w ith th e sm all p reface to th e Categories m en tion ed a b o v e p. 125 and
b egin nin g oxojiog i o n . In one of th e b est m anu scrip ts, N eap. I l l D 3 7 .
i t carries th e title Ttva d el 7i q o 8 eo ) q e I v ra>v dexa xarrjyogituv.
T h e eig h t m anu scrip ts of th is fa m ily fa ll in to tw o groups. O ne is
com prised b y N eap. I l l D 3 7 . U rb . 57 - P ar. 2189 and th e m a n u scrip t
A R IS T O T L E IN T H E B IO G R A P H IC A L T R A D IT IO N 127
F u rth e r chan ges are m ade in R eg. 116 and V a t. 1498, of w h ich I
m en tion o n ly th e follow ing:
( 8 ) t a t ov StfiaoxaXov (pgovel
Conclusions.
T h is su rv e y show s th a t th e t e x t of th e V ita v u lg a ta has been fairly
w ell tre a te d in 13 m an u scrip ts of th e fam ilies a and b w hich giv e, in
all essentials, th e sam e te x t. In th e rest of th e m anu scrip ts th e te x t
is carelessly trea ted and m uch altered. I t is n ot possible to establish
a stem m a, b u t th e process can b e v isu alized thus.
Ar is t o t l e in the b io g r a p h ic a l t r a d it io n 12 9
archetype
F am ily a.
F a m ily b.
Fam ily c.
A n g '42
Ang. 30
I
Par. 2020
Göteb. U n iv . Â r s s k r . L X I H . 2
130 1NGKM .VR D Ü R IN G
Family d.
F am ily e.
I
A lilina Am br. 5b V a t. 1498
I
V in d . 10
TENOE A PIE TO TEA OYE
(1) '0 ' A oi(TT O T£?.r)Q t o fif.v yévoç t]v MaxEÒáv, uó X e o iç ôè Erayeígaiv,
víòç Ntxojuáxov, iargov ’ A fiiivra tov t ü jv Maxeôóvwv ßaotXiaiQ- odr.v
xai tò v t&iov vtàv Ntxójuaxov itçoorjyógEvoe, fivíjfirjç èvexa tov oíxeíov
naxgóç, ngàç ÕV xai T a Nixofxáyeta è y g a x p E V firjTgàç <5’ yv OataTÍòoç-
ãfi<pÓTEgoi ò' o v T o i o te N ixó fia xo ç xai rj & a ia riç rà yévoç e IX ov ò ji ò
t o v t o j a v v e a r tv e tt] e lx o o i. (5 ) x a i T o a a v T tjv r jo x r jo e v i n t f i i X s i a v w m f .
t c ö y s v E i n g o a r jx ö v T C o v t o j I l X a r c o v i :
ci) ên êy g a tp E V o v t o j ç -
Ilo h T E ta ôia<pwvoHaiv ô fiiv yào 'A ÿ ta zo zêX ^ ç rmvwv x a i ’ A feÇ àvô go ) r <p XTtOTt)
n oX izelas XèyEzai fie z ' a v T o i nf.QU/.f)t.tv, wv àvEyçdq>ETo zov ßiov x a r à o z o r / n o v .
fiegog yeyovz xijg xovxov ßaoiXeiag. noXXä ydo ydw ydy naod rw ß aat-
Xel xa i xfj Svvdfiei öeövrcog Exgrjoaro ev not&v x a l Exaoxw Idia xa i
7ta.oi xoivfj. (16 ) xa i oxt fjev TtoXXolg idla ev etzoitjdE. dyXiooovoiv ai
q>SQÖ/ievai avxoi) o v o x a x ix a l em aroXal x a l <a i> jisg i xivcov nnog to v
ßaoiXea. (17 ) oxt Se x a l xoivfj noXXoig ev EitoiyaE, dyXoi x a l t o xyv
rtiiv Exayf.iowv ir.oh.v xaxaoxa<p8elaav neideiv xov ’ AXe£avdgov aiiOtg
xxtCetv, o 6ev xa i o i E xa y eig lra t eogxyv im xeX ovot xqj ' AgioxoxeX ei,
’ AgioxoxeXeia avxyv ngooayogevovxEg. x a l xov fiijva <Y ev q> y eogxy
emxEXelxai E xayeigixyv ngooayogEvovai. x a l xyv ’E geoodv df. xyv xoti
6eo<pgdoxov noXiv fiiXXovoav adtxyOyvat vjid roß ßaaiXecjg ’ AXeiavdgov
eXvxgaioe xtjg adixiag.
(18 ) M exa de xatixa xeXEVxyoavxog xov E n ev a in n o v fiexaaxEXXovrai
oi A dy va ioi t o v 'A giororeX yv, x a l djurpoxEgoi ovxoi o xe ’ AgioxoxsXyg
xal o' Sevoxgaxyg dieds£avxo ryv xov IlXdxtavog nyoh)v. x a l 6 /iev
^evoxgaxyg ejiaidEvaev ev A x a d ijfiia , 6 d’ ’ AgtaroxdXrjg ev AvxeIo).
(19 ) fiEXETiEira avragaiag yevofidvyg ev xolq 'AOyvaioig, tfXOsv 6 ' A g i-
oroxEXys ev X aX xidi, eigyxdjg r o t ; 'AOyvaioig 8x1 “ O v x äv edooj vfiäz
<5<£ eig <ptXoao<piav d fia g x elv ". xa i ydg ydt) yaav t o v Etoxgdxy rpovf.v
aavxeg o i 'A d y v a io i . ( 2 0 ) ddyXojoe 6e xa i ’ Avrtnaxga) x(I> ßaoiX el oxi t o
ev ’ Adyvyotv iväiaxgtßetv igywdeg. ein s de x a l t o 'O/iygtxdv ix eiv o enog-
26 F r u s tu lm n t a n t u m in v e n itu r in V it a M a rc ia n a . E th . N ie . I 1 1 , 1 10 1 a 3:
xaOájieg xai oxvzozà /iov èx tcüv ôoôévzcov a x v z ã v xá À A io tov vnóòrjfta n o ielv .
O L Y M P IO D O R U S P r o l. in log., C IA G X II 1. p. 1 7 .3 7 : x a i ãl-iov Ô avfiáaat
TÚv z e T l/.(íx (ova x a i 'AgiOTorei-rj, x a i tov fièv ’ AçtazoTÉAovç <óç jjajofrravroç x a i
é(f>evQovioç ãvev n Q áyfia zoç to v ; xavóva ç, IlX á roiv o ç ôè %(»(j‘ i xavó viov XFyQTj/iévov
z .j à jio ô e ííe f o i yàg .-ra/aioi àjioâeiÇ ai fièv fjheinav, ànóôeiÇiv í5í jioiijíTai o v x
ijôeiaav, za v zò náa ^ ovreç tn iq xe^grj/iévoi; fiirv vnoôrj/uaoi, axv zo zo fiE iv ô ’ àyvoovat.
E L I A S P r o l. p h ilo s., C I A G X V III 1, p. 23 5: -f} tptXoaotpla xa ze a xe va a e v éavrfi
rov nvXXoytapòv x a i xéx Q ijza i avzõt àgyávi u, a i ò ’ â).).at zé%vat xèyorjVTai [t è v
avX).oyia/jõ), Tioifjaai ò’ ov ôvvayzai. x a i íoix ev f\ fiiv tpiAoaoffía axvzoTÓ fiw Tin
x a i TioiovvTt r .iü ò r jfid ta x a i ipoQovvti, a i õ" àÁ/.at -cravai (pngovm póvov, ov
x a i TioioúvTt. C f T h e m is t. O r. X X V I, 311 d , p. 376— 7 D in d o rf: axvroTÓ ftov»
— im m a fiÉ v o iç . F o n te m e t o rig in e m h u iu s c o m p a r a tio n is in v e n ie s E th . N ic .
I li, iio i 04. — ôiaxQtvaç rovç xavóvaç, c i P H IL O P O N U M , In A n a l. pr.
prooem ., C I A G X III 2, p. 6 .14 : 'E v r a v ô a yevó/ievoç ó & e (iía r io ç i n oq eï U y a iv
’ Aga y 'A ç ta zo T é).o v ; è a r i yévvtj/ia z à 'A v a h t z ix à tj ov ; x a i qjqaiv ô zi y é w ijfia
pèv a v z o i o v x è a z i■<paívezai yàg à 6elo ç íD .á zm v ovAAoytaziXíbç x a i à n o ô etxzixã tç
V i t a M a rc ia n a V i t a v u lg a t a
(3 ) iv SiaO tjxaic ( 2 ) iv Tali idlaiQ StaOijxau;
(5 ) tov I Iv B o i 8 to0 ym'jarivtiK (4 ) tijQ IJvdlaq xtXevovatj^ arOJ^Tai
’ AdrjvrjOt (poixa, ow rjv atirifi ev ’ABtjvatc faBa <poirp, o v v e o ti
rovro)
(6 ) otfrto (ptXoTiovaiQ mwfjv (5 ) ToaavTJjv rjaxTjaev iniftiXeiav
(12) rovq 'Adrivtjoi aTQaTTfyrtaavxaq (6 ) twv iv ’Adtjratg OTQaTrjyojv
xal xard ydvoq ngooijxovras Tip ybvt.i ngoarjxovTtDv
(13) tt/v axoitjv (1 3 ) trjv TOVTOti axa).r)v
( 1 4 ) OziAierai elg MaxtSavtav — itp'
<5
( 14) fg y trn L ev r f) tw v M axedovtuv
Jiaideiaat n dAit — evfla nai&Lvt.i
(T5) Tft~ jiaoikriaQ (15) T r j' to v to v (SaaU.f.iaQ, ev n o w iv
Eva ix a a r o v Evegyezwv ixdorw (noUoic)
i3 § 1NGEMAH D Ü R IN G
V i t a M a r c ia n a V ita v u J g a ta
<23) x a z d I h o m a v awegrjAOe.v — cm- (2 3 ) awtöäevfjfv a v z & Iv r f j IJegatöt
zijv la rog lav z & v n o h - — icrzogTjoe ra ? n oX ir elaQ —
ZEllfiv vjiem gEifiai iv rf) l a trroii n a tg td t
(41) Inavaazdvrcov z & v ’ AOrjvaiwv (19 ) dvtaQoiat; yevonevr}Q jJAflev fa
vn exa ig qaev sis X a A xfö a X a ? jiiö i
1) H . O m o n t. " I n v e n t a ir e d e s M S S g re c s e t la t in s d o n n é s à S a in t- M a r c d e V e n is e
p a r le C a rd in a l B e s s a rio n , in : R ev . des B ib l. 4. 1894, p p . 12 9 — 18 7 . O n B e ssa rio n ,
L . M o h le r. K a r d in a l B . als Theologe H u m a n ist u n d S taatsm an n, P a d e r b o r n 192 3—
42. O n L a s c a r is , V . L a b a t e , “ P e r la b io g r a fia d i C. L a s c a r is ," in: A rchtv o S to n co
S ic ilia n o , 19 0 1, p p . 222— 24°-
VITA LATINA
T H E M A N U S C R IP T S
a be
(2) fu it ip si deleted: an im provem en t
(4) adhuc iuvenis iuvenis adhuc
docebatur doctitat (wrong)
vite add. (unnecessary)
sepe (sim plification)
immoratus
recepit scholas Platonis
constituerunt as an a ltern a tive
philosophie potencie, m isinterp reted abbrevi-
a tion
(17) appellantes vocantes
(22) propter hoc quia quia
(23) Antipater anticipater or anticipatur
(27) si autem et P laton i contradicit si autem contradicit P laton i
(31) oppugnat oppugnavit
(35) que ab ipsa elegit que ipse elegit (wrong)
(40) P h iiip p u s pkilosophus, m isinterpreted a b b
reviation
(42) demonstrationes — assignare th e grad u al deterioration in be
b egins in a2
(48) m ille numero numero mille
E ditions.
T h e V ita la tin a w as first p rinted in Opera Arislotelis D e naturali
philosophia, im pressa V en etiis p er m agistru m P h ilip p u m V en etu m 1482.
I t con tain s th e w hole Corpus recentius; th e V ita is p rin ted a fter a
m an u scrip t v e r y sim ilar to P am p alon en sis 8, belon ging to th e group
b 2. T h e ed ito r has m ade several em endations, b u t m ost of th e proper
nam es occu r in th e d istorted form com m on in th e v u lg a ta trad itio n .
T h e n e x t ed ition is in Aristoteles. Opera nonnulla latine per Ioannem
Argyrophilum et alios. V en etiis p er G regorium de G regoriis. 1496. T h e
V ita (longer edition) is prin ted on th e first folios (w ith ou t num bers)
a fte r a m an u scrip t of the fa m ily b 1. On P . J. N u n ez and his editions
o f th e V it a M arciana and V ita latin a , see p. 179.
T h e V ita , then, has b een p rin ted m a n y tim es. T h e first critical
ed ition w as m ade b y V . R ose, in its fin al form in his Aristotelis frag-
menta, 1886. F o r tu n a te ly he happ en ed to fin d one of th e b est m a n u
scrip ts, x = N orim b. V 2 1, and im m ed iately saw its va lu e. H is e =
= E rlan g en sis 194 (a2), his b = P aris. 1 4 7 17 (b1), his q = N orim b.
I V 1, p = P aris. 7695 A (both b 2).
T h e earliest q u o ta tio n is fou n d in A lb e rt M agnus, Super eth., O pp
t. IV , p. 9.
S IG L A
consensus a1 et a2
b — consensus b1 b2 6a
b 1 S. X I I I V a t. 2083 b2 S. X I I I L au r. 84.3.
Mog. I I 194 M az. 3459
S. X I I I X I V Mon. 8003 M az. 3461
P eterhou se 90 P aris. 16490
P aris. 14 717 Crac. Jag. 506
S. X I I I - X I V B orghes. 126
S. X I V R em . 868 N orim b. I V 1
B rug. 478 G raz I I I 93
M az. 3460 S. X I V L a o n 434
B ud . 64 Paris. 16083
M arc. V I 33
b 3 S. X I V L au r. S. M arci 61 P am p lon a 8
B orghes. 170 K lo stern eu b u rg 1052
L a u r. C onv. Soppr. 95 St. O m er 592
B o rd e a u x 1000 V o lte rra 6366
Paris. 7695 A
S. X I V - X V M arc. V I 52
E d itio princ., V en etiis 1482
IN G E M A R D Ü R IN G
c consensus c‘ c2 c3
(2) genitus autem est eis non solum Aristotiles sed A rim n istus et A rim -
niste. N icom achus autem m edicus fu it A m in ti, regis Macedonum , patrie
P h ilip p i, et ad memoriam proprii patris Aristotiles suum filiu m N ico-
machum appellavit, cu i et N icom achia Ethica scripsit. itaque habitus
fu it quidem et circa philosophiam et m edicinam a pâtre et propria prima
generatione. (3) post mortem autem N icom achi et Festidos parentum
ducitur a quodam nomine Proxeno Atarneo, cuius famam et nutrimentum
habens in memoriam ipsiu s filiu m N icanora educavit et docuit et sibi
filiu m fecit et in morte sua precepit in testamento suam filia m nomine
Pithaida genitam eidem a Pithaida tradi illi N icanori in uxorem.
(4) Aristotiles autem adhuc iuvenis existens doctrinam eloquentiae
docebatur, ut declarant Homerica commenta scripta ab eo et Ilia d is
autem reliquis annis non solum non fuisset possibile tanta componere,
sed neque facile legendo transcurrere, (1 2 ) sicut Philocorus historizavit, et
etiam non fu it conveniens Aristotile extraneo existente posse facere contra
Platonem qui erat civis et m axime potens propter Gambriam et Timotheum
principantes Atheniensibus et genere sibi cognatos.
(13) P ost mortem autem Platonis S peusippus quidem suscepit scolas
suas, fuerat enim hie filiu s Pontonis, sororis Platonis. (14) Aristotiles
autem m iltitur in Macedoniam, ubi docet Alexandrum filiu m P h ilip p i.
(75) et intantum fu it honoratus a P h ilip p o et Olympiade matre Alexandri
quod sibi construxerunt cum eis statuam, et in magna parte fu it consors
regni ipsiu s et m ultum laboravit pro rege, et cum esset magna pars, philo
sophie ad benefaciendum potentia usus est, benefaciens et singulis proprie
et omnibus communiter. (16) et quod m ultis quidem proprie benefecit,
declarant m isse ab eo epistole et de quibusdam ad regem. (17) quod autem
et communiter benefecit m ultis, demonstrat illud quod civitatem suam
Stagiram dirutam p rius a P h ilip p o in d u xit Alexandrum regem iterum
rehedificare et regionem aliam ip s i tradi. propter quod et Stagiritani
festivitatem celebrabant Ari&totili Aristoteliam ipsam appellantes et mensem
in quo festivitas celebrabatur Stagiriten nominabant. (jS) et etiam Eres-
sum urbem Theofrasti et Theophanii ipsiu s discipulorum debentem destrui
liberavit a destruetione. (i q ) Stagiritani autem detulerunt corpus Aristo-
tilis mortui Calchide ad Stagiram et altare construxerunt in monumento,
locum iliu m Aristotelium nommantes, et ibi ad consilium congregabantur.
(20) in m ultis autem et Atheniensibus benefecit, ut declarant tractatus
qui sunt ad P h ilip p u m , ita quod Athenienses in acropoli statuam illi
neque passibile.
Uo) C om to su it autem et m edicinaüa problemata et phisica problemala
in L X X Ubris existentia et aspectiva problemata et m echanic*, et senptas
ab eo iustificationes Grecarum civitatum cum quibus P h ilip p u s h es
Graecorum determinabat. scripta est autem ab eo historia polüeiarum
posterius. . .
(41) l n philosophia vero transcendit humanam mensuram n ichil dim i
nute de ea determinans sed et multa ip s i adiciens ex sut sollertia totam
philosophus a ’
. A
1 I Viand r e e t e b c II (1 6 )
Il queipse elegit h a u d r e c t e b e J »13
bonis extenonbus b c ||
«I (ôohtui N o r . V 1): fioltticus E : 'l. «<>♦ tin n u l * . B a U io l i * 3
S î S i ä »« jeu t-ä *
* s r . . » . » - — - » • • -
p „ „ „ . M i . . . . . ' b e I| fr >' II (.« )
a. ph's = philosophus b c II posterius a n t e histona b c script.1
t a l i t e r m a liia b e || (4 1] de eadeterminans a : tradens et
posterius o r a t i o t u r b a t a a l i t e r i n a i n s i>c 11 v* j
L e a n s de ea a* tractans b c ]| et a n t e multa o n , a* b c || 4 » a. * II
ARISTOTLE IN THE BIOGRAPHICAL TRADITION 137
and tran slated lite ra lly . The error iv t. o 'lq ' JIQixoiq = in E lhicis
sup ports w h a t I h a ve said in m y n ote on {21). T h e q u otation from
De anima is lite r a lly tran slated ; th e tran slato r h as fallen victim to the
sam e m istak e as th e a u th or of th e G reek original.
V M 3 1 — 34 = V L 3 3 —3 4 , e x a c tly the sam e te x t, b u t it is curious
to ob serve th a t th e tran slato r did n ot un derstan d ovra b u t tendered
i t hominem existentem.
V M 3 5 — 38 = V L 35 — 38, w ith th e sam e ty p e of m istakes: P oliens,
proprie dictionibus utens.
V L 39 (theology) = W 2 8 - 2 9 , the agreem ent is com plete, ju s t as
in V L 26 — 30 = W 7 — 11.
V L 40 — V M 4, th e second part. In tran scrib in g th e t e x t w hich
corresponds to V M 4 th e a u th o r of the G reek origin al happened to
o m it m ore th a n h alf of th e te x t; he ad ded it here; th e L a tin tran slation
follow s his arrangem ent. P h ilip ’s d ictu m is om itted.
V L 41 = W 25, not found in VM.
V L 42 = W 26. In V M 40 w e fin d an oth er te x t, v e ry abridged.
V L 43 = V M 41, e x a c tly th e sam e te x t.
V L 44 — V M 42, b u t th e im p o rta n t w ords a b ou t his sta tu s as a
m etic are om itted.
V L 45 = V V 30, com plete agreem ent, but th e la s t sen tence is
om itted.
V L 46 = V M 43, b u t in Calchide in stead of ix£ u ib .
V L 4 7 — 49 — V M 4 4 — 46, com plete agreem ent.
Goteb. U n iv . j 4r s s ir . L X I I I . - 2 II
162 IN G E M A R D Ü R IN G
Joannes V alensis.
A fte r (a) a b rief in trod u ction follow s (b) T ra c ta tu s de v ita eius tia n s-
la tu s de greco in latin um . T h is is our w eltkn ow n V ita latin a in the
shorter edition; th e te x t is of th e ty p e w hich I h a v e called a2 and has
no v a r ia n t readings w o rth an n otatin g. A n ote in his in trod u ction proves
th a t h e has found th e tran slatio n som ew here and does n o t k n ow its
origin ator: antequam colligantur quae de eo dicta sunt in diversis libris
scribatur tractatus de vita eius translatus de greco in latinum ut dicitur,
m axime quia non habetur a m ultis communiter. A fte r the V ita follow
(c) his ow n com m ents w ith qu otation s from St. A u g u stin e = T 39 c,
(d) quotation s from Cicero on A risto tle , (e) a m ed ieval poem , d ifferen t
from th e one d ea lt w ith below , b u t of no in terest, (f) q u otation s from
G ellius, P lin y , G regorius — T 48 b, and th e d ictu m calamum in mente
tingebat = 40 e d), w hich h e ascribes to P o rp h y ry , and fin a lly (h)
ex tra cts from th e m ed ieval A ristotle-legen d of P ersian origin, on w hich
see m y p a p er ‘ ‘V o n A ristoteles bis L e ib n iz ” , in: A n tike und Abendland
IV , 1954, p. 145, n ote 58. In la te r editions of th e Comp end iloquium
th e origin al te x t is som etim es con sid erably ch an ged b y la ter interpola
tion s from W a lte r B u rleig h ’s w ork. B u rleig h ’s m odern ed ito r H . K n u st,
w h o inspected an edition from 15 1 8 1) w as therefore led to conclude th a t
Joannes had used B u rleig h as his source, w h ich of course is im possible.
Walter Burleigh.
i) S u m m a J o a n n is W a llcn sis de regim ine v ile hum ane seu tir id a r iu m doclorum
e x o p tim is qu ibusque authoribus com porlata . . . im p ressa per . . . J Knot>!<iucli e t
P . G e tz . A r g e n t in a e 15 18 .
i6 6 IN G E M A R D Ü R IN G
1) T h a t A r is t o t le w o r k e d in t h e fie ld s o f z o o lo g y a n d b io lo g y d u r in g h is s t a y in
M a c e d o n ia is a c o n c lu s io n d r a w n in m o d e rn tim e fr o m t h e o c c u rre n c e o f c e r ta in
p la c e -n a m e s in h is b io lo g ic w r it in g s a n d o th e r c irc u m s ta n c e s . I t is n o t m e n tio n e d
in any a n c ie n t so u rc e know n to m e. L eo n ard o m a y h a v e in fe rr e d t h is fro m
P lin y = T 26 a.
■) T h is is n o t fo u n d in a n y a n c ie n t sou rce.
A R IS T O T L E I N T H E B IO G R A P H IC A L T R A D IT IO N 171
Form a quidem fu it haudquaquam conspícua; duobus tamen praecipue
dehonestabatur, gracilitate crurum et pusillitate oculorum. Itaque quo
dignitatem quandam redimeret adversus corporis vitia, et vestiiu paulo
m signiori utehatur et anulis digitos honestabat, et tonsuram ceterumque
corporis cultum de industria adhibebat, cum tamen reliqua in vita modestis-
sim us esset. M ores autem in eo graves et obscenitate ridiculoque alieni
fuerunt, ceterum mites et qui benignitatem potius haberent quam prae se
ferrent. E xstat eius humanitas atque dilectio in patriam, in suos, in
fam iliam , in discipulos, in omne denique genus hum anum quam paulo
post per singula persequamur. Patrim onium i) fu it illi satis amplum,
cum ex hereditate paterna tum ex regum largitione. N am et praedia in
Stagiris habuit et reditus, ex quibus modeste sim ul liberaliterque vitam
duxit cum uxore, filiis et am icis. Plenam illiu s domum servis fu isse nec
maribus modo verum et fem in is, testamento eius apparet. Memorat enim
permultos utriusque generis, deinde mandat neminem venumdari eorum
qui sibi serviverint, sed liberos dim itti, quibusdam tamen in servitio filiorum
uxorisque nom inatim relictis.
Uxores vero habuit duas, P h itaid a scilicet et Herpilidem , quarum
P hitaida a lii filia m , a lii neptem Hermiae A ta rn ei de quo supra dixim us.
H erpilidem vero plerique ancillam eius fu isse tradidere, mortuaque uxore
prim o consuetudine ab eo receptam mox procreatis filiis pro uxore habitam.
E x hac H erpilide N icom achus filiu s illi natus est, ad quem sunt Eihicorum
libri, et filia 2) N icanori desponsata.
Stagira urbs a P h ilip p o eversa ut restitueretur ab rege obtinuit legesque
et formam reipublicae ipse descripsit qua posimodum ea civitas usa est,
habuitque licet absens diligentissim am patriae curam?) Cives autem ob
haec merita tanto in honore illu m habuere, ut festos dies et ludos quotannis
etiam eo vivente4) faciendos illi publice dedicarent. Festa ipsa celebritas
Aristotelia nuncupata. E t in patria quidem haec illiu s beneficia exstant.6)
In suos vero ac necessários tanta caritate benevolentiaque fu it, ut
paene supérflua atque nim ia illiu s observantia videatur. N icanore genero
aegrotante pro eo vota fecit: si incolumitatem reciperet statuas se duas,
alteram lo v i servatori, alteram Iu n o n i sospitae, dedicaturum.
’ ) N o t e x a c t ly so in a n y a n c ie n t so u rc e .
s) O n e o f th e fe w m is ta k e s in t h is a c c o u n t.
s) P o s s ib ly fr o m V a le r iu s M a x . = T 27 b.
4) N o t in a n y a n c ie n t sou rce.
l ) P o s s ib ly fr o m M a n d e v ille = T 27 k .
T„ „ IN G E M A S D Ü R IN G
1/ Z
D iscip u lis vero m ultum delulit; amavitque unice praeserhm eos qui
exceli er e visi sunt. Exstant eius in Theophrastum permulta cantaUs
amorisque indicia, et iUud in prim is quod ipsum , hcet imparem genere
tamen generum sibi testamento désignât, si quid N tcanori contigen .
profiter quod alten filia tradenda foret. Curam vero omnem filiorum ac
rerutti suarum arbitrio fideique propinquorum discipulorum que commisit
Antipatro dumtaxat ob honorem adiecto. Callisthenem vero usque adeo
amavit ut adversus Alexandrum regem gravíssimas im m icitias pro eo
suscipere non dubitaverit. F u it autem Callisthenes A ristotilis d isciPul»s
necessitudine etiam quadam materna stirpe sibi coniunetus excellentissim a
disciplin a iuvenis. H ic ad regem ab Aristotile m issus, cum in A sia m
ilium prosequeretur, quasi Herm olai coniuratiom s auctor ab Alexandra
interfectus est. Atque constat falso obiectum M i coniuratiom s crimen.
Ceterum odiosum faciebat regi nim ia in disputando libertas et contentionum
pertinacia. Quam ob causam interfectus ab M o putatur. T u lit igitur
huius necem perindigne Aristotiles nec verbis et querehs hberioribus
fiefiercit. H in c et regis infensio secuta est non latens neque obscura. Itaque
ad A ntipatrum scribens Alexander cum huius ccmiuratwms mentionem
fecisset sese exadurum poenas m inilatur non a CaUisthene modo verum
et ab his qui iliu m ad se m isissent, de Aristotile non dubie sentiens. M issaque
per idem temPus ab Alexandra dona Xenocrati am plissim a fuerunt, non
tarn ut illu m honoraret quam ut Aristotüem a se praeteritum desP ectumque
ostenderet. E t Aristotiles posthac celatim favisse A ntipatro quo regnum
M acedoniae retinezet existim atus «si.1)
Tempora quibus A then is fu it inquieta porro difficiliaque fuere, p n m o
ob timorem A lexan dri post Thebas eversas civesque expostulatos. m ox ob
A n tipa tri s u s p ic io n s atque certamina. Quo qmdem tempore principes
Uli oralores Demosthenes Hyperides Demades E schines diversa m republica
sentientes crebris turbulentisque contionibusque omma commiscebant.
T u tu s tamen inter has procellas Aristotiles fu it usque ad A n tip a tri tempora.
nui Alexandra defuncto M acedoniae potitus est regno. T u n c ab t u r y -
'medonte (Aurimedonte cod.) die sibi dicta, cum in iu d iä u m vacardur.
defensionem prim o aggressus est orationemque pro se quam diceret lu d icia -
lem perscripsit. M o x veritus iudicum im peritiam et accusatoris gratiam
deserere iu d iä u m ante diem canstituit. lta Chalcidem fugtens ibi posthac
fuit non solum uxore et liberis verum etiam auditonbus') plensque eo se
transferentibus.
1) N o t fo u n d in a n y a n c ie n t so u rc e .
A R IS T O T L E IN T H E B IO G R A P H IC A L T R A D IT IO N 173
quamquam in ilia eminet, sed aliarum quoque sive artium sive facultatum
curiosissim us fuit. N am et rhetoricam artem pluribus voluminibus om-
nemque illiu s vim naturam ornatumque explicuit. E t de poetica multa
perscripsit et utriusque harum studiosissim us fuit.
Exercuisse vero in eloquentia iuvenes ac postmeridiano tempore prae-
cepta dicendi tradere ac sapientiam cunt eloquentia miscere1) instituisse
constat. Idque fecisse tradunt Isocratis rhetoris gloria permotum; qui cum
longe im par scientia foret d iscipu lis tamen abundaret famaque de illo
magna drcum ferretur, dixisse Aristotilem ferunt ‘perabsurdum esse tacere se
cum Isocrates loquatur'\ atque ita docere eloquentiam auditores suos coepisse.
Ips e certe quae scripsit omnibus dicendi ornamentis figurisque re/ersit,
quod in libris eius manifeste apparei. Expertus sum apud quosdam doctos
viros graecarum tamen litterarum ignaros fidem non fieri assertione mea
dum A ristotilis eloquentiam commendo.2) Q uippe adulterinas h uius philo-
sophiae translationes lectitare soliti intricatum quendam et obscurum et
inconcinnum arbitrantur. Sed non sunt illi A ristotilis lib ri nec si vivat
ipse suos d i d velit, sed merae translatorum ineptiae. Ille enim politissim us
scriptor esse voluit, et quod voluit curavit et quod curavit assecutus est.
Verum quia verba fidem non faciunt mea, M . T u llii Ciceronis accedat
auctoritas. C u i enim h i de eloquentia iudicanti credent, si M . T u llii
iudicio non credent? Liber est Topicorum M . T u llii ad Trebatium. In
eius libri prohemio ita scriptum est: l‘Sed eo magis reprehendendi sunt
quod non solum rebus Us quae ab Aristotile dictae et invenlae sunt allici
debuerunt ad enm perdiscendum, sed dicendi incredibili suavitate et
copia.” *) I n libro autem prima D e finibus bonorum et malorum inquit:
“ Credo te m inus delectari ab E picuro, quia haec Aristotilis et Theophrasti
ornamenta dicendi contempsit.” *) I n primo ergo incredibilem suavitatem
et copiam, in secundo autem ornamenta dicendi A ristotili tribuit. In
epistulis autem ad L entulum , Scripsi, znquit, D e oratore libros tres quos
Lentulo nostro puto fore non inutiles. Abhorrent enim a communibus
praeceptis atque omnem veterum Aristotelicam et Isocraticam rationem
oratoriam complexi sunt.” B) I n epistolis vero ad P om ponium ita scribit:
J) T 32 a, see m y c o m m e n t o n T 32.
s) L e o n a r d o h a d s tu d ie d G r e e k u n d e r C h ry s o lo ra s; k n o w le d g e o f G r e e k w a s
s t ill a p r iv ile g e o f a fe w sch o la rs.
a) N o t e x a c t ly o u r t e x t .
4) I 5 ,1 4 , n o t e x a c t ly o u r te x t.
fl) A d F a m . I 9,23, th e t e x t s lig h t ly c h a n g e d .
* tn g ê m a r DÜR1NG
170
“ Meus autem liber totum Isocratis myrothecium (lacunam in d ic a v it
scriba) atque omnes discipulorum eius arculas ac non m h ü £
ielia pigmenta c o n s u l t . ” ') I n Rhetoricorum autem secundo ) Ua
Z m - A d veteres çuidem scriptores h uiu s artis usçue a Pn n c ,Pe
> 7 I« (Chtesia cod ) repetitos unum m locum concluait Arts
«*- “- * • r r : iz
c o n s c iK Ü atqu, cnoiaia iilig m te r ac t.n lu m .» v a to r J n * >P»>
s m v U * ' a brcvitate pracsUiit. «I » ° ™ iUom m ^ '
TZrZJJ«
-M rfsM i» » w
„„ ai c u e n d z n multo .1 « » « « ”
«»* *»'«
W " *
esphcatonm . , e , M
“ * "i “
.
iZ T r P r ^ u , «/«. — r r - r r S£
« * . » » # « - £ - 3 5 T « £ T ïJS E L
Z ,J Z T ^ « M r i« OU . M M » ^ “
Wiam so/«/,, tn or*/«««* observandos
r r r ,r
Î L Ï S S S Î » - - - * •» -—
“T ^ T l I w it h v a r ia n t re a d in g s ; t h e c o p y is t d id n o t u n d e r s ta n d t h e
G r e e k w o rd .
*) D e iKu. I I 2 .6, v e r y clo se t o o u r t e x t .
X l X t h c e n tu r y .
A R IS T O T I.E IN T H E B IO G R A P H IC A L T R A D IT IO N I77
Giambattista G uarini
w a s born in V ero n a 1425. In th e m id d le of th e c e n tu ry h e w as a cele
b ra ted professor of G reek in th e u n iv e rsity of F errara. A m o n g his
disciples w as A ld u s M an utius. H e died i 5 J3 - H is life of A risto tle is
p rin ted in Plutarchus. V itae illustrium virorum sive parallelae. V ol.
sec., V en etiis, N icolau s Jensen, 1478, ff. 2 17 a — 2 ig a (num bers are n ot
printed): A risiotilis viri illustris vita per Guarinum Veronensem edita.
T h e t e x t is a tran scrip t, w ith m an y errors, of L eo n a rd o ’s V ita . U n d er
G u a rin o ’s nam e this V it a w as reprinted in E ra sm u s’ ed ition of A risto tle ,
B a se l 15 3 1, a n d accord in g to lib ra ry catalog u es also in H . G em u saeu s’
ed ition , B a se l 1542; I h a v e n o t seen these tw o editions. A s a m a tter
of fa ct, h ow ever, th e V ita rem ained un observed.
, ) T h is fig u r e o c c u r s o n ly in B u r le ig h , a n d th is p r o v e s t h a t L e o n a r d o h a s u sed
h is c a ta lo g u e o f A r is t o t le 's w ritin g s.
*) P h . M ela n th o n is O pera, ed . C. G . B r e its c h n e id e r , v o l. X I , H a lle 1843, p p .
6 4 7— 658, p a r t ly b a s e d o n t h e V i t a la t in a , n a r r o w in it s o u tlo o k .
A R IS T O T L E IN T H E B IO G R A P H IC A L T R A D IT IO N 179
J . J . Beurer
is th e a u th or of a loq u aciou s eu lo g y of A ristotle, pu blish ed in his h oo k
P roo em iu m P e rip a teticu m (the rest of th e title fills th e page), B asel
1587. T h e V it a is based on our t e x t of th e V ita la tin a w ith additions
from D iogenes and other ancient w riters; th e com m en ts are in cred ibly
stupid, in terestin g from the p o in t of v ie w th a t th is b ook shows how
low th e stan dard of a celeb rated professor of G reek could b e n orth of
th e A lp s a t th e end of th e X V I t h cen tu ry. I t w as to th e accom p an im ent
of such in eptitudes th a t th e sch olastic A risto tle w as b rou gh t to the
grave.
p j mN u n ez and A . Schottus
w ere good scholars. T h e y approach ed th eir su b ject as historians and
philologists. N ufiez (Nunnesius) found a m an u scrip t of th e V ita latm a,
fa m ily c1: “ huius nos exem p lar ta n tu m unicum n a c ti” . A p p a re n tly
he did not know th a t th is V ita a lrea d y h ad been used b y m an y oth er
scholars, b u t published it as an ed itio princeps tog eth er w ith th e G reek
V ita v u lg a ta in: Vita Aristotelis Peripateticorum p rincipis per Am m ontunt
seu Philoponum , addita Vetere interpretatione Latina longe auctiore nunc
prim um ex M S edita, cum copiosis et eruditis Schotiis, B arcin on e 1594,
reedited L eid en 1621 and H e lm stad t 1666 w ith o u t changes in th e te x t.
H e is also th e auth or of a Peripateticae philosophiae institutio, w h ich I
know in th e H e lm s ta d t edition of 1667, contain ing ad d itio n al com m ents
on th e life and w ritin gs of A ristotle. M easured w ith th e stan d ard s of
h is period, N ufiez' com m ents are erudite and sensible; his b o o k w as
th e stan dard w o rk on th e su b ject until, tw o hun dred years later, it
w as superseded b y B u h le ’s in tro d u ctio n and editions of th e V ita e in
his Aristotelis Opera omnia.
A . S ch ottus, Vitae comparatae Aristotelis ac Demosthems, olympta-
dibus ac praeiuris Atheniensium digestae, A u g u sta e V ind. 1603, is a
carefu lly com piled and reliable w ork. H e w as a friend and adm irer
of N unez and w rote a V ita o f him , pu blish ed in th e H elm stad t edition
of 1666, m entioned above. F . P a triz z i deals a t len gth w ith th e neopla-
ton ic V ita e in his celebrated D iscussiones Peripateticae, vo l. I 7, B asel
1 5 7 1, b u t it w ou ld ta k e m e too fa r in to th e h isto ry of A ristotelian ism
to discuss his opinions.
PART II
T H E S Y R IA C V IT A E A R IS T O T E L IS
V IT A S Y R IA C A I
Cod. Berol. S ach a u 226.
in g his ashes. .
(10) T h e S tagirites sent e n vo ys to b rin g h is ashes from C halcis,
and w hen th e y had b ro u g h t th e u rn to S tagira, th e y deposited it in a
place called T h e A ristoteleion w here th e y also w ere w o n t to hold th eir
councils. ,
(11) H e le ft tw o children, b o th of ten d er age, a son caUed N ico-
m achus an d a d aughter. H e also le ft a g rea t p ro p e rty , n um erous m ale
a u d fem ale servan ts, an d m a n y oth er th in gs. (12) H e appo in ted A n ti-
p a te r ex ecu to r of his w ill, an d to g eth er w ith h im m a n y oth er of his
friends, callin g upon th e ir assistance.
V ita latina.
a = V M 5 , F ih rist 4, U sa ib ia 3.
5. T h e S y ria n tran slato r d id n o t un derstan d o NoVq o j i e o x i and
therefore g a v e tw o a lte rn a tiv e tran slations.
T h e sta te m en t in 6 is fou n d in F ih rist 6, U sa ib ia 12 an a so
in a l-Q ifti b u t n ot in M ubashir. T h e S y ria n tra n sla to r m u st h a v e read
ia x o ^ v in his G reek original, in stead of w h ich w e m ust
assum e for th e G reek origin al w h ich is U sa ib ia ’s u ltim a te source. s
B a u m sta rk 2, p. 35, says, th is p ro v es (together w ith oth er d iscrep an ces)
th a t th is S y ria c V it a is an ind epen d en t b ra n ch of th e trad itio n . The
sta te m en t in 7 is fo u n d in M ubash ir 27 and U sa ib ia 14, b u t n o t in th e
A R IS T O T L E IN T H E B IO G R A P H IC A L T R A D IT IO N 18 7
V IT A S Y R IA C A II
P a la t. 196. , .
A m m on iu s and O lym piod oru s o m itted S peusippus en tirely and m ade
A risto tle and X en o cra te s d irect successors of P la to (T 72 ab). T h is
trad itio n w as follow ed by M u bash ir 13 -14 . A b u -l-F a ra g ( - B a r-
H ebraeus) and others. E lia s follow ed P to le m y an d rein stated S p eu sip
pus. and w e can see th a t th is V it a follow s E lia s. B a u m sta rk 2 has d ealt
w ith th is b ra n ch of th e tr a d itio n u n der th e title “ D er A n o n ym u s des
Ish a q ib n H u n a in ” , pp. 1 0 5 - 1 3 0 . exp ou n d in g a series of h yp o th eses
w h ich form a v e rita b le house of cards. T h ese “ n icht-p tolem aischen
Q u ellen ” are a h oax. T h e V ita sy ria ca I I con tain s n oth in g th a t can n o t
b e d erived from P to le m y . I t is an offsh oot of e x a c tly th e sam e t r a c
tio n as th e G reek V ita v u lg a ta . .
(1) = V ita M arc. I. - (2) = V M 3, com bin ed w ith an epitom e of
VM g im p ly in g th a t "h e did n ot fa ll a w a y from P la to ” . T h e sam e
them e, m ore elab o rated , in M u bashir 10. - (3) is a m ud d led epitom e
of V M 41 as w e c a n see from th e v a ria n t in V it a v u lg a ta i g . H e espon
t u s ” is an error of th e sam e ty p e as “ P a r y s a tis ” in V it a sy ria ca I , and
no im p ortan ce should b e a tta ch e d to such a m istake. - (4) - V M 13.
A R IS T O T L E IN T H E B IO G R A P H IC A L T R A D IT IO N 189
T H E A R A B I C T R A D I T I O N O N A R I S T O T L E ’S L I F E
used a G reek or S y ria c original. T h e en tire m aterial is, d ire ctly and
in d irectly, d erived from P to lem y-el-G arib , in clu d in g th e additions m ade
in th e n eop laton ic prolegom ena, w h ich w ere also accessible, first in S yriac,
then in A ra b ic. T h e conclusion th a t I h a v e reached du rin g m y w ork
on the A ra b ic trad itio n is th a t e v e ry d eta il in th e variou s accou n ts of
A risto tle ’s life is eith er (a) d erived from P to le m y 's w ork (including
additions from th e prolegom ena), or (b) a fictitio u s ad dition m ade in th e
S y ria c or (most p ro b ab ly) th e A ra b ic trad itio n . I h a v e not found an y
traces of D iogenes, A n d ro n icu s or H erm ip pu s, a p a rt from such details
as could h a ve been in clu d ed in P to le m y ’s V ita.
3. T he earliest e x ta n t b io grap h y is fou n d in th e K it ä l al-Fihrist b y
Ib n A b i Y a 'q u b an-N adim , B rock elm an n I 144. T h is bibliograph ical
en cyclopaedia, edited b y F lü gel-M ü ller, L e ip z ig 1871/72, w as com pleted
before 987. A tran slation is g iv en below . A n -N a d im ’s in terpretation
o f A risto tle ’s nam e, rep eated w ith m an y v a ria n ts b y his successors,
proves th a t he did n o t un derstan d G reek.
4. T h e n e x t w ork of im portan ce for us is th e K itä b mukhtär al-hikam
wa-mahäsin al-kilam, “ T h e book of selections of w isdom and b ea u tifu l
sa y in gs” , b y th e A lex a n d rian sch olar and ph ysician A b u -l-W a fa al-
M ub assir Ib n F a tik , in the second h a lf of th e X l t h cen tu ry. T h e sec
tion on A ristotle is found in L ip p e rt2; it serves as an in trod u ction to
his collections of “ b eau tifu l sa y in gs” of A ristotle. A full tran slation is
given below.
5. T h e scholar know n as Said, w hose fu ll nam e is A b u - 1-Q äsim S a 'id
ibn A h m ad ibn 'A b d al-R ah m an ibn M uham m ed ibn S a 'id al-Q ortu bi
al-A nd alusi, (and w h o is therefore d ifficu lt for th e ou tsider to id e n tify
in th e variou s form s in w hich his nam e occurs in th e literatu re), w rote
a b ou t 1067— 68 a sum m ary of un iversal h isto ry, gen era lly qu oted under
th e title Tabaqät al-umam, B rockelm an n I 344. H e p aid special a tte n
tion to th e h isto ry of science, and m uch use w as m ad e of his w ork b y
U sa ib ia and al-Q ifti. I h a v e n ot h ad a va ila b le th e tran slation b y R .
B la cM re, “L iv r e des categories des N a tio n s” , in: P u ll, de l ’In stitut d.
hautes etudes Maroc, X X V I I I , P aris 1935, o n ly th e edition b y L . Cheiko
S. J ., B e y ro u th 1912.
6. N e x t com es th e Tabaqät al-hukam ä’ , “ Schools of W ise M en” , b y
a l-Q ifti Ö am älad din al-Q ädl al A k ram , d. 1248, B rockelm an n I 325.
In th e old literatu re he is gen erally quoted under th e nam e G em aled-
dinus (W enreich: D schem aluddinus); I perm it m yself to call him sim p ly
IN G E M A R D O S I N G
IQ2
- S m S . C i t e o f b is p ro fu se oont-
L en* L is t a * h as m a d * i t v e r y d ifficu lt f o , tb e reader t o a t o m
a com prehensive v ie w of U s a ib ia ’s im p o rta n t article^ I h a v e tried
im p ro ve u pon th is b y m y an alysis and tran slatio n
8. B rie f m ention should b e m a d e of ^ chxom de^ of A b i ^ F a r a g ,
generally called Bar-Hebraeus or Abulpharagms. 122 ■
1 P m yyitp
a re based o n a l-Q ifti a n a are
o n A r is to tl:, p p . 9 1 9 3 . b io grap h ica l lex ico n of
th erefore of secon d ary im p ortan ce o n ly T h e b i o g r p
H a g g i K h a li,a , d. * 5 8 . T m
s e ,~ tio n o f fa cts th a t a » » £
o f a ll th ree is ju stified . T h eir c h ie f v a lu e fo r u s l i e s In th e fa c t th a t
th e y en able us to reco n stru ct th e V it a P tolem aei.
K IT A B A L -F IH R IS T
M u b a s b ir ,6 an d U s a ib ia 2 4 '. « V M . 7;
V M 16; ^ , " ° b ° — i= b is p a rag ra p h s
i t 1S w o r t h y .b a t ' ^ ^ ‘^ “ ashir « 7 and U sa ib ia *
1 2 — 13 are com bined in j nQte h y a n .N ad im , c h a ra cte r« -
th e agreem ent is tb n s c o r n p ^ • J ^ hfa a g e , tb e
in g h is epitom e. - U 5) V M « / . 5, M u bashir 23
V ! L la tin a 45
a n d U s a ib ia 11 sa y 68 B a u m sta yv ^ T h e a d d itio n ‘l a
£ - s 7 — ch— y. ^
t0 d a te A risto tle ’ s d ea th « 0 * « a v e r y w ea k a r * u m ,n t
successor in A lex a n d ria. T ' ^ sch olar. _ ( l 6) = V M 44;
fo r P to le m y h a v in g been an siste r’s son ” ; th e confusion
M u b a s h ir 3. - U s a ib ia 34 ” ri™ d to P to le m y , c. V M >3-
S T t h e poets.
% 7 ^ pi“ o
the Lyceum . T h e re he founded a school o f p h ilo s o p h y r t.e h u a s ^ » ^
■*«
P ia t o ra r on.
optm ÄT h , W M nÄ
g. I ^ Ä^ ^ ^ — fa s u p e« * o■
lflu o s,
71avxsluic, afioiga, Metaph. I I, 980 b 23, D e an. I l l 3, 428 a 24, H ist. an.
V I I I 1, 588 a 20 and 25, l%vr) = alBvy/uara V I I I 1 1 , 608 b 4, Gen. an.
I l l 2, 753 a 13; th is is one of A r is to tle ’s fu n dam en tal ideas. N ow
V M contains a num ber of sim ilar q u otation s of w ell-know n p ith y
w ords from A ristotle, o b vio u sly d raw n from P to le m y ’s V ita . I th ere
fore assum e th a t th is paragraph, too, is based on a genuine q u otation
from one of A risto tle's lo st dialogues. N o t o n ly th e in trod u ctory sentence
b u t th e rest too, is A ristotelian in co n ten t, and I w ou ld even say
th a t w e can still p erceive an u n m istak ab le A risto telian rin g in th e la n
guage. — “ Terse and g ra ce fu l” , d g i / i i x a l r/Svg, ’ A<pgodtTi]g /xeotoq,
cf. ch. X X , p. 448. — (8) T h is is in prin ciple w h a t A risto tle teaches in
Rhet. II I. In the w ords “ th e lig h t of w isd o m ” w e m eet the sam e
etym o lo gical p la y as in Protr. jr. 9, p. 42.15 — 16 W alzer, discussed by
Bignone, L ’ A risl. perdulo, p. I I 518.
(9) VM 5 e tw v yEVOfiEVOQ im a x a id E x a . U sa ib ia 28 says "d ialectics
in stead of “ eth ics” , b u t ethics and politics are often com bined and this
reading is therefore preferable.
(10— 12) T h e first sentence o f (10) = V M 5, V S I 4, U saibia 3.
Mubashir om its the sto ry a b ou t th e oracle. — T h e second sentence of
(10), in this form , on ly in M ubashir, b u t V S II 2 says essen tially the
same; no G reek source; possibly m isinterp retation of V M 6 (piAonovw;
avvfjv or V M 26 xaranXayeig IlXdroiva. T h e a n ti-A ristotelian H ellen istic
IN G E M A K D U R IN G
204
- j i <r ryf, « v s th e opposite: ov ngoalero rov
trad itio n , represented ?y 3 ^ som ething 0f th e k in d in
dv<5ga. I t is q u ite p o s * A ristotle VlUt w c should then ex p ect
A p o lo g y ( T 45 ) * I
tb ese th ree p u t u T o n th e r ig h t
T J
from an ed itio n ot t i 0.». ■
■
P■— *"d * ta T “" I;
con tra d ictio n b etw een ( 1 4 - 1 6 )
th e re b y cau sin g confu sion and a gla g h o tter
1 .v,« o f th e te x t? T h o se w h o know rus w orn ^ «
T ^ a c ^ c n . e him as a d ilig en t c o m p i l e r , pron e to tran sen b e
th a n I d o. c h a r a c te ru , r t t seem s to m e m ore
so u rc e , and w ith o u t k n ow led ge o l G reek- ^
p ro b ab le th a t " ^ n t t h - t h . G reek
P to le m y ’ s V ita , who, w a s . m an ^ ^
th e « r « » l 7 ■ 0| t e M ^ p b y are p ro b a b ly A ra b ic
llhi,c i p h e r . ^ ^ ^ ^ J ^ S in L ^ u s t L 3 a h ld y kn ew
I2" W e are b e , , in tb e
s s s n s u a . s a w - - - -
tb e S tafiirites p aid h om age to th e ir great b e n e fa c to r
= V M 44. v s I I 6, Usaibia 3 3 - 34 - T h e tw o names are
p u w lin g . U p p e r t an d B a u m sta rk ^
u “ cherd r M e l a n d « o^ A p h ro d isias an d o n ^ o f th e i ^ o r p r o p h e t»
tt££TS
- - r •r
£
r
£
s
r J i S I - not find it unthinkable
A R IS T O T L E IN T H E B IO G R A P H IC A L T R A D IT IO N 207
I. s. v. Ptolem y-el-Garib:
T h is sch olar w as du rin g his lifetim e a philosopher in th e c o u n try of
th e G reeks, and he is n ot id en tical w ith th e au th or of th e A lm agest.
H e w as a friend of A risto tle w h om he lo ved and defended from his
enem ies, and he tran sm itte d his doctrines to e v e ry b o d y w h o w as eager
to acqu ire k n ow led ge a b o u t th em from him . O n acco u n t of th is he
w as a h ig h ly reputed and honoured scholar du rin g his lifetim e.
M an y kin gs an d scholars are k n ow n u n der th e nam e of P to lem y .
T h e y d istin gu ish ed them from one another b y ad d in g a sp ecial nam e,
so th a t w e can k n o w th em under th is nam e.
In order to show his solicitu d e concerning A risto tle th is scholar
w rote a b ook “ O n th e life of A risto tle , his d eath, and th e classification
o f his b o o k s.”
his book
to G aU us (literally: C A I.A h ) . M * ..........^ a b so lu tely o u t o f th e
i n a n y case the id en tification » .t b C h . n n n , n bso W ^ y ^ ^
;- L i r s
«“ ■ 7 too ^"merely . conjecture, but not an
■
D‘ ' r L nne. The name, however was very common; » e must rest
ta p ro k , We one. The n ^ on ^ „ have
r S , t » t-> * • « V. ia. * r ? . i S X k d s o m e
S tc in sc h n cid e .'s tran slatio n p k tlo s^ h .s, , £ * « « * » ^ ^
scholars astray, b u t already Graeco-Roman empire” .
~ 4 b y a l-Q ifti is th e r 1. ^ ^ f u r t h it evidence
T o sum n p „ A lex a n d ria n n eop laton ist, influ enced
crops up, is th a t to ny - ({ourth rpntUry A . D ) , and th a t
b y or bel0Bgm ^ ° a ri“ 1w a1s ^ to h im b y th e an on ym ou s w riter of
I S f f a b o u t 500 , N o o th er G reek
/ j r s s r r Ä t r Ä j
P to le m y ’s V ita .
IB N A B I U S A IB IA
II. G n o m o lo gy .
J. E x c e r p t s fro m H u n a y n .
K . A p h o rism s and a n e c d o te s fro m a l-M u b a sh ir.
III. B ib lio g r a p h y .
L. P t o le m y ’ s c a ta lo g u e o f A r is t o t le ’ s w r itin g s .
M. A d d itio n a l n o te on A r is t o t e lia n p s e u d e p ig ra p h a .
(x)
from Asclepius. . .
I t is said th a t when his father Nicomachus had departed this
life Proxenus, the m andatory of his father, handed over th e young
man to Plato. Some relate th at he was entrusted to Plato in compliance
with an oracle of God the Lord A lm ighty in the temple of Pythion.
Others say th a t this so happened only because Proxenus and Plato
were friends. I t is further said th at he spent tw en ty years in Plato s
I. Aristotle's W ill.
P tolem y sa ys in his b ook to G allu s on th e life of A ristotle: W hen
A risto tle w as a b o u t to die, he w ro te his w ill w hich w e now com m unicate.
(i a) B y th is w ill I a p p o in t A n tip a te r for ever to be execu to r of
e v eryth in g th a t I leave; and u n til N ica n o r shall arrive (and ta k e
possession), A ristom enes T im arch u s H ip parch u s and D ioteles shall ta k e
charge of all m a tters th a t require atten tio n and ta k e th e necessary
m easures concerning m y estate, m y serva n t H erp yllis, m y oth er m aids
and servan ts, and th e p ro p erty I leave; and if T h eo p h rastu s consents
and he is in th e position to assist th em in th is task, he shall ta k e ch arge
as well.
(i b) W hen m y d a u gh ter shall be grow n up, N ican o r shall adm in ister
her affairs; if she should die before she is m arried, or when she is
m arried b u t before she has a child, N ican o r shall adm in ister b o th her
prop erty and th e p ro p erty of m y son N icom ach u s. I t is m y la s t w ill
and testam en t th a t h e shall ta k e ch arge of th is as he th in ks fit, in all
th at concerns them , ju s t as if he w ere th eir fa th er or brother.
(i c) I f N ican o r should die before m y d au gh ter is m arried, or a fter
her m arriage b u t b efore she has a child, and if <(in such case ) N icanor
in his w ill has m ade arran gem en ts a b o u t th e p ro p erty th a t I leave,
this shall be adm issible an d leg a lly valid .
( i d) I f N ican o r should die in testa te , and if T h eo ph rastu s consents
and is w illing to ta k e his place, it shall b e so in all m atters in w hich
N icanor was in charge of m y son's affairs and also as regards m y other
estate;
and if T h eo ph rastu s shou ld be u nw illing to ta k e upon him self this
trusteeship, then th e ex ecu to rs appo in ted b y m e shall again tu rn to
A n tipater and to g eth er w ith him consider w h a t th e y are to do w ith
m y estate, and then m ake th e arran gem en ts th e y see fit.
(i e) T h e execu to rs and N ican o r shall b ear m e in m ind w hen th e y
make arrangem ents for H erp yllis. F o r ju d gin g from w h a t I saw of
her earnestness in rendering service to m e and her zeal for all th a t was
becom ing for m e, she h as d eserved w ell of me.
T h ey shall giv e her a ll th a t she needs; and if she should desire to
m arry, th e y shall se th a t she b e given to a m an of good repute; and
besides w h a t she a lrea d y possesses, she shall be g iv en one talen t,
equivalen t to 125 R o m a n librae, and th ree m aids w hom soever she shall
prefer, besides t i e m aid sh e has a t present, and her b oyservan t;
220 IN G E M A R D U R IN G
and if she chooses to rem ain in C halcis, she shall liv e in m y house,
in th e gu est-house b y th e garden; if she chooses to liv e in S ta gira, she
shall liv e in m y fa th e r’s and g ra n d fa th er’s house; and w h ich ever of
these houses she chooses, th e execu to rs shall fu rnish them w ith such
household th in gs as th e y th in k proper and as she m a y need, w h a tev er
she m a y claim as n ecessary for sa tisfy in g her w ants.
(2 a) A s to m y estate and m y son, th ere is no need for me to b e
concerned a b o u t te sta m e n ta ry provisions. N ica n o r sh all ta k e charge
of th e b o y M y rm ex and see th a t he fin a lly is sen t b a ck to his hom e
w ith all his p ro p e rty in th e m anner he desires.
(2 b) M y m aid A m b ra cis shall b e given her freedom , and if, a fte r she
has been m ade free, she rem ains in m y d a u g h te r’s service u n til m y
d au gh ter m arries, she shall receive 500 drachm as and th e m aid she
now has.
(2 c) T o T h ales shall b e g iv en th e yo u n g girl th a t w e recen tly b ou gh t,
a b o y from am ong our slaves, and a th o u san d d rachm as.
(2 d) T o Sim os shall b e given , in ad dition to th e b o y for w h om he
a lread y h as received m on ey, m on ey for a b o y w hom he m a y b u y for
him self, and besides he shall fu rth er receive w h a t the execu to rs m ay
fin d proper.
(2 e) A s soon as m y d a u g h te r m arries, m y b o y s T a ch o n , P hilon, and
O lym p iu s shall b e g iv en th eir freedom .
(2 f) N eith er th e son of O lym p iu s, nor a n y oth er of th e b o y s w ho
h a v e w a ited upon me shall b e sold, b u t th e y shall con tin u e th e ir service
as slaves u n til th e y reach th eir m anhood, and w h en th e y a rrive a t the
proper age, th e y shall h a ve their freedom ; as to w h a t shall th en be
g iv en to them , it shall b e decided accordin g to w h a t th e y h a v e deserved.
(The rest of th e w ill is n o t fou n d iu th e A r a b ic trad itio n .)
L. Ptolemy el-Garib
(C atalogue of A risto tle 's w ritin gs accord- Ui.va^ tojv t ov ' A giaroxi.-
ing to w hat a m an called P to le m y Xovq a v y y Q a f ifia x c u v .
relates in his book to G alas >
[Of fam ous b ooks m entioned b y P to lem y
the follow ing are b y A risto tle ]
a z o f io ) v y g a f i f i & v , th ree b o o k s .)
[H is b o o k on lines, w h eth er th e y
are d ivisib le or n ot, th ree b ook s ]
12 I le g i dixaiwv 8
12 (H is b o o k on w h a t is law fu l and
ju s t (legal questions), en titled
negi dixaiuiv, fou r b o o k s .)
[His book on th a t w h ich has th e
ep ith et law fu l, four books.]
13 I le g i 8ia(pogag 8
13 H is b o o k on d iv e rsity and differen tia,
en titled negi dtatpogd;, four books.
A R IS T O T L E IN T H E B IO G R A P H IC A L T R A D IT IO N 223
a. Logical writings.
29 [H is b ook on th e categories, one 29 Karrjyogiai a
book.]
30 A b o o k called negl EQfjTjVEtag, <the 30 I I e q i inurjveiag <i
second of th e logical w o r k s ,) one
book.
31 [H is b ook t o m xa , eig h t books ] 3 1 Tom xcov t)
32 H is b ook en titled avaXvTtxa, tw o 32 ' AvaXvTix&v
books. 71QOTEQCDV (}
one book.
53 H is b ook on th e len gth of life <of 53 TI eq I ^ qo^ ottjtoç
an im als) and on b r e v ity of life, xa2 fio a x ^ io ^ r o g a
one b ook. ( _ (
5a H is book on life and death, one b ook. 54 ^ e g l Ç œ f jç xai dava-
rot) d
d. M etaphysics.
56 H is book on th a t w h ich com es 56 Ttbv fierà rà cpvaixà iy
books. «p v o ix w v <5
59 H is b ook on classification , in tw e n ty - 59 A t a t Q é o E iç xç
six books, in w hich h e deals w ith
th e classification o f (the p a rts of)
tim e, th e soul, th e passions; th e
agen t, th e p assive, and th e process
of actin g; friendship; th e classes
of Good: th e G ood p ertain in g to
th e in tellect and to th e soul,
and th e e x te rn a l Good; he also
enum erates good and b a d q u ali
ties; th e d ifferen t k ind s of science
and learning; [the m ovem ents; th e
d ifferen t m odes of expression in
lan gu age; th e species of th a t
w h ich ex ists and how it is divided;
and th e b ook is en titled <5iat£>s<T£i£.]
60 H is b o o k on th e classification s of 60 AiatQÉoELÇ nX d tœ voç ç
P la to , six books.
A R IS T O T L E IN T H E B IO G R A P H IC A L T R A D IT IO N 227
books.]
65 H is book on erotic questions, en titled 65 Q è g e iç ig c o T ix a l â
déoEiç ÈgcoTixai, one book.
66 H is book on ph ysical questions, 66 déasiç (pvatxai â
en titled Oeoeiç (pvatxat, one book.
67 A book en titled C atalogu e of p ro 6 7 0 É aE(ov âvayçafpT] (?) â
positions (theses), in G reek ôéoecav
âvaygaip?], one book.
68 H is book D efinitions, in G reek ôgot, 68 " O qoi tç
sixteen books.
69 H is book on w h at is required for 6 g 'O g im tx à 6
a definition, en titled ôoiaTtxâ,
four books.
70 H is book on th e definition of T o n 01, 70 (?) " Ogot 7iQQ rc 5 v
one book. r ojitxûiv â
71 A book en titled T a b le (List) of 7 1 Tlgog ô o o v ç Tontx&v y
definitions of tojioi , in G reek 7igâç
ogovç totiixwv, th ree books.
72 [His book on th e P red icab les in a 72
definition (by w h ich one defin ition
is distinguished from another),
in G reek en titled . . tw o books.]
IN G E M A R D Ü R IN G
228
jigo^Xrjfidxa>v jtgoayogevn/ieva,
three books.
78 llg o ß h iu riro jv êyxv-
78 H is b o o k on general question s w hich
teach ers m ake use of, en titled xXiojv 6
ngofUXrjfiaxa kyxvxXia, fou r books.
79 H is book on p recep ts, en titled 79 TlagayyeX/iaxa S
TzagayyéXfiaxa, fou r books.
80 "Ynofiv^ fiara ß
80 H is b ook called M em orials, in G reek
vnofivr\fJtnxa, tw o books.
M iscellaneous collectanea.
There are furth er fiv e titles of b ooks on th e popu lar them e A ristotle-
A lexander, further w orks com bining A risto tle and H erm es (Trism e-
gistos), works on alchem y and astro lo gy.1) N o. I I in th e list is en titled
Aristotle's W ill to N ikanor, p ro b ab ly th e one w e possess.
N one of the titles in this list represents a genuine w ork of A ristotle.
COM M ENTS ON U S A IB IA A - L
I. Aristotle's will.
F R A G M E N T S OF T H E
A N C I E N T B I O G R A P H I C A L TR ADITION
I. CHRONOLOGY OF ARISTOTLE’S LIFE
sen se).
A S I S T O T L E IN T H E B IO G R A P H IC A L T R A D IT IO N 251
1 a D I O N Y S I U S H A L I C A R N A S S E N S I S E p. ad Am m aeum c. 2,
721, p. I 258 U sener-R ad erm acher: O vx e.Xa.%iaxr]v Ss fj.01 xa i av
na.QE0X0V gonrjv elg to fir] nagFoytuc, E^ETaaai rr/v aXrjdeiav, nanaxaXutv
yavEQOvq noif]aai rovq Xoyovg, olq Efiavzov n en eixa ArjfiooOevovq a xfia -
£ o v to c f]dr] xa i t ovg hzi<pavE<naTovs eigtjxoTog dycova~ rare vno ’ A q i -
gtoteXovq t a? gr/rogixa; yeyqaipBat T e j 'v a ; .
I c D I O N Y S I U S H A L I C A R N A S S E N S I S E p . ad Am m aeum c. 3, 723:
O vô' Èx xwv 'AgtoxoxéXovç r e Xvwv xwv vaxegov ÈÇeveyüeiawv o i Ar)-
fioaôévovç Xóyoi avveráXBr)aav ã / là x a ff éxegaç xivaç d a a y w y á ç
vnèg <bv èv lôla ôrjXwato ygatpfj xà ôoxotivxá p o r JioAvç yag o negi
avxwv Xóyoç, Sv ov xaXwç eIXfv Éregaç ygatprjç notfjaat nágegyov. ev
ôè tw nagávxi rovxo Tieigáaofiat yavegàv notfjaat, 8xt ArjfioaBevovç
àxfiáÇovxoç rjôr) xa xà xr)v noXtxeiav x a i xovç Ènupaveoxáxovç Eigrjxoxoç
àyã>vaç xovç xe Ô ixanxovç xa i xoòç ôt]/ir,yogtxovç xa i Bav/iaÇoftévov
ôtà náarjç xfjç 'EXXáôoç èn i ôeiváxrjxt Xóya,v to te o' (piXoaoyoç xaç
grjxogixàç êygayiE xéyvaç. àváyxt) 6’ locoç ngwxov, wç nageXaßov ex
xwv xoivwv lo x o çiô v , d x a x tlm o v fjfilv oi xovç ßiovg xwv avôgwv
avrcaiáfiEvot, ngoEtnelv. noif)ao(iai <5’ àjiò ArjfioaÔÈvovç xrjv ãgXt)v.
id D I O N Y S I U S H A L I C A R N A S S E N S I S E p . ad Am m aeum c. 5 ,
727- *AgiaxoxèXrjç naxgòç fièv rjv N ixof*àXov xò yèvoç x a i xrtv xeX-
vm àvayègovxaç eIç M a Xáova xòv *A m X r p u M , m àç ÔÈ 0 aiaxiôoç
àiioyóvov xtvòç xwv Èx X a lx íÔ o ç xi)v ãnoixlav àyayóvxmv elç Exayeiga-
èyewrjdrj ôè x a xà xf)v èvEvrjxoaxrjv x a i èváxrjv ’ OXv[m iaòa AtoxgEiponç
’ A W fa m v Sezovxoç XQiaiv êxeat Ar)pooBÈvovç ngeoßvxEgoQ. èni òe IloXv-
tfX o v âçXovzoç XEÃevxrjoavxoç x o t naxgòç òxxcoxatòèxaxov éxoç ÈXwv eiç
’ ABrjvaç TjXôev, x a i avaxadeiç ÜXáxw vi Xçóvov eixoaaexfj ôiExgiye avv
airtã. ànoBavóvxoç ôè H X árw vo; èn i 0 eo<pÍXov ãgyovxo- ánrjge ngoç
'E g u ía v xòv 'A x a g v è m xvgawov x a i xgtexfj Xgòvov na g ' a v x ã < ô ta> -
xgíipaç èn EvßovXov agXovxoç elç MmiXiívtjv èXwqíaBr)- ÈxeiBev ôe jiqoç
M X m n o v & Xexa x a x à IJvdóôoxov ãgXovxa, x a i ôtèxgirpe Xgóvov àxxaexfj
nag a v x ã xaB^yovpevoç ’ AXeBávôgov p exà Ôè xfjv 0 tXínnov xeXevxrjv
èn ' Evatvexov ãgXovxoç à^ixá^Evoç elç 'ABf)vaç èaxoXa^ev ev A vxeu o
•ygávov èxã>v ôchôexa. x& Ôè xgtaxaiôexáxw , fiexà xi]v AXeÇavôgov
xeXevxÍ]v èni Krjftaoôthgov rígXovxnç ÒJiágaç elç XaXxíôa vóacg xeXevxA,
xgía ngòç xolç ê tfx o v x a fitáa aç êxr,. - (6, 7 2 9 ) ravxa (íev ovv eoxiv
ã naQaÔEÔáxaotv rjfilv o i xòv ßiov xov âvôgàç àvaygáxpavxeç.
Comment on 1 cde.
B oeckh, K lein e Schriften V I ig 5 , show ed th a t th e dates are correct.
H. D iels, “ C hronologische U n tersu ch u n gen über A pollodoros C h io n ik a ,”
in: Rhein. M u s. 3 1 , 1876, p. 4 3 — 46 com pared th e tw o versions in
D ion ysius and D iogenes. T h e fragm en ts of A pollodoru s w ith copious
notes b y F . J a c o b y , A-pollodors Chronik, P h ilo l. Unters. X V I , Berlin
1902: restated F Gr H ist 244 F . 38.
1. B irth 384.
yEWt]df]vai fi£v a m 011 r<b iyevvrfirj <)e xa xa rrjv evevr]-
ngojrw exei rfjq q8 ’ OXvfimddoq' xoarrjv xa i F.vdrrjv OXv/iTiiaSa,
AioTQEfotig 'Adrfvrjoiv dg-/ovroq y
great ArjjuoaÖevovq nQEaßme.Qoq.
4. In M ytilen e, 3 45 — 343 -
x a l elq re MmiXr}in}v iXQeiv en in EvßovXov ägxovroq slq
ag%ovroq EvßovXov rät reragrü) MvnXfjvrjv i%(ogia 6r)-
et ei rfjQ grj 5OXv[intddoq-
IN G E M A R D Ü R IN G
254
6. T eaching in th e L y c e u m in A th en s, 3 3 5 — 3 2 3 -
7. D ea th , 322.
tcü ÔÈ T Q ia x a iÔ E x á r a ) fiF x a T )]v
r ir cbtãgat e Iç XaX xtôa rã)
’ AXeÇávõçov TfArvT^v ètzí Rt]<pi-
t q Í t íú ètei TTjç giò 5OXvfimáÒog
aoòdioov á f^ w r o c dânfjsa; eiç
x a l TEÄevTfjoai érã>v rgicõv tt.ov
X aX xióa vóoot TtXevrqi TQÍa tzoòç
x a l êÇrjxovra vóaio ôtê x a l Arjfio-
t o ïç ÈÇijxovra fíiw aaç ettj.
adévrjv xaraaTQÉtpai èv K a ka v o íq
Í 711 <I>lÀ0xX£0VÇ'
(the n atu ral tim e to sail to A th en s). A p ollod oru s says th a t he arrived
i n i IloX v^ X ov, b u t w e m a y ob serve th a t D ion ysiu s alone gives this
name; his w ords “ in his eighteenth y e a r ” w ou ld im p ly th a t A risto tle
did not arrive in A th en s u n til a fte r th e begin nin g of O ctob er 367. A
sim ple ex p la n a tio n offers itself: D ion ysiu s (i. e. Apollodorus) m ay h a ve
counted a fte r th e h a b itu a l an cien t m ethod, inclu d ing th e y e a r of his
birth, In th e chronological synopsis I h a v e placed A r is to tle ’s arrival
under P o lyzelu s, b u t ind icated th a t I a cc e p t P h ilo ch o ru s’ d a tin g as
m ore tru stw o rth y .
2 D IO N Y S I U S H A L IC A R N A S S E N S IS Ep. ad Am m aeum c.
7 ,73 3 . P 1 266 U s e n e r-R a d e rm a c h e r: . . . awrjv IlXdxm vi xa i dtexgiy>ev
ewg ex& v b ir d xa i rgidxovxa, ovxe oxokrjq rjyovfievog ovx idiav
7iEJroiT]xd>s algtaiv.
listed b y D iogenes, In d . lib r. no. 86. D .’s argu m en t does not c arry m ore
w eigh t th a n sim ilar conclusions m ade b y m odern interpreters of A ristotle.
I f w e assum e th a t Rhet. I — II , w ith th e exclu sion of I I 23— 24 was
w ritten b etw een 360 an d 355, th is w ou ld exp lain w h y A risto tle did not
com m ent on an y passages from D em osthen es’ speeches. H is first
appearance in th e courts w as a t th e tria l of L ep tin es 354.
SUPP>' n « « p W . M e k le r || *■ d,v i Z o w i ^ M ;
Mekler T r 1‘ Buecheler || ijAi, xar/)*oiTa Jacoby : xai xari y d mn
t r , m p e rz : a ° * iriq B u c c h e le r W ila m o w it z || 8 u5 n -
r a B u e c h e le r, sed q u id le g e n d u m v a ld e m c e r tu m || [ M r r i 6 ,lf,\oq G o m p e rz ||
m y note on D L V 2.
argum ents.
t rp> fiiiv ovaiav fiiav roïg nàaiv v 7coxEt/j.évrjv, r à <5 è avfi^Eprjxàra èvvêa.
xai t rjv fXF.v ovaiav roiavrrjv tlv a i olov Ôeàv x a i âvdçwnov xai Çibov,
jieqi à xai rà av/x^Efir^xora dEcogeïrat (account of th e doctrine of
categories).
'0 am àg ’ AgtcnoréXrjç o%eÔov xà TiXslaxa ovfMpœvEÏ xâ) ITAâxowi
TtXrjv toü TiEQt ymxfjç ôây/zaxog (then follow th e usual argum ents).
"O zi en I ' A oTaÇÉçÇov xov "Q yov jjv n ’ AgioxoxiArjg, ÈxEÀevrrjaE ôè
jjtdiaag exrj o. èxXiidrjaav ôè oi fiè v âaià Zijviovoç àjto xrjg TioixiXrjç
axoâg E xm ixoi, o l ôè àjio r o i ' AgiaxoxèAavg à jto xov ëgyov IlEQunarr)Ti-
x o l• TiEQinaTotivTEç yàg èv x<b A vxsia i ÈTtoioüvxo xàç ÇrjtrjOEiç. Cf.
p. 301 A , 307 C on A risto tle as tu to r of A lexan d er.
Comment: R e m a rk a b ly good is th e ph rase slg té%vtjv rrjv tptko-
aoyiav tfy a y E v , cf. Greg. N az., T 55 d, and Cicero, T 71 b.
P y th ia s N ican o r
N icom achu s
A R IS T O T L E IN T H E B IO G R A P H IC A L T R A D IT IO N 265
341 -
12. Herpyllis.
13. N icanor.
M entioned in A risto tle ’s W ill and in th e n eop laton ic V itae .
13 c S T E P H A N U S B Y Z A N T I N U S s. v. M l g a : ncihg MaxeSoviag
eQvixov Mte£evq xa i M istalog- ovxmg yag '/orjfiari^ei Nixavtoo,
. . . to
xada Aovxiog (X yla n d e r : xaQaXovfiiog codd.).
III. H Ë R M IA S O F A T A R N E U S
d) 5,51: (probably) H E R M IP P U S .
.......................................... XEXoivajVTjxoxa
xrjg nXdx(x>\yog....................................] a [.] n ig it i -
nexgdxrja[E, cplXovq S' inoirjaaxo Koqlo\x\o\v xa i “E -
oaaxov x a i 5AgiaxoxeX[r}v xa i Eevoxgdxrjv]- 8to xa i
navr[eg ov\xoi naga [raj ' E g fiia n ]a g fja a v voxe-
gov [de, inet\ rjxo[v n\X\elovg xExXr}\fiiv\oi\, idcoxev
avx[olg <3] c o p e d [ v ] to . [ .......................... inl]xr)8eg de xijv
xvgavvida fiexEaxtjaEV slg ngaoxegav 8v-
vaaxeLav <5td x a i naa\r}q xijg av]veyyvg infjg-
£ev ecog ’ A a a ov, oxe (odev m alim ) <5[ij xa i vnegayaa]6Eig xolg
elgrjpievotg cpiXoodtpoig cat[£vetpev\ xfjv 3Aaaiw v
noXiv, fiaXiaxa 8’ a w T [< o v anoS]E^d/iEvog ’ A g i-
axoxeXrjv oixeioxaxa [diexetxo ng]og xoHrov.
Goteb. U n iv . A rsskr. L X 1I I :2 18
e) 5,64: C A E L I S T H E N E S , E n com iu m H erm iae.
àXAà yàq xa i K a U ta d év fy ç èyx(ôfiio]v r i a w -
râÇaç nsgi avxoti n \ o lh i re Xéyet àV\).a xa i [xav-]
r i- ov fiovov xoi[ovxoç èyivero èxxàg] xiv-
ôvvojv, aAXà xa i nXrjotov [yEvôfiEVoç âei 8]/uuoç
&v ôuréX ei, xa i fièyio\rov ôynov x exfir}Qto]v ë- ^
ÔÙ3XE tt}ç âgexfj ç èv av ro ï[g r o i ; xeXevxà]ioiç. 01
uèv yàq pâqPaQQi 6eœgoüvt e ; [àyôfiEvov è^enXyrxovr]o rr,v
àvÔgeiav, ô ôè fia a d e[vç nagà r& v <pikmv ovô ev àva\xq\_i-\
vofievog ërtqov âAX’ y xovç avxovç Xôyovç âxovœv,
âyaoQeiç rr)v àvôqetav xa i xrjv flepaiàxtjxa r&v
xgôncov, Ôievorfit) f*èv avxov SXœç à yelva i vofiiÇwv
y e v o fiE v o v avrâ) <piXov n àvxmv f.oEoOai x Q ^ a i-
?jeSLioo x m w a E v a v y d g ’ . o v x X ov 6 e t o n a ia v ix o v im g g r jfia , x a O d n sg
ziodiTfp : ß v e l y P ie z ia ||
Comment. T h e o b je c t of th e a u th or of th is e x tr a c t is to a d vo ca te
th a t A r is to tle ’s poem is a skolion and n ot a paean. T h e au th or ind icates
th a t he has ta k e n his m aterial from H erm ip p u s’ L ife of A ristotle.
A c c o rd in g to D id ym u s, H erm ip pu s h ad d ealt w ith H erm ias in th e second
b ook of his w ork, and he described th e poem as a paean. I t is therefore
possible, as P ie zia argues, th a t b> rw ä IJsgl ’ AgtaroreAovg is w rong and
th a t w e sh ould read ß or y. B u t we kn ow fa r too little a b ou t H erm ippus
w ork to he able to m ake o u t w h ether he follow ed a chronological disposition.
Im m e d ia te ly a fter th is e x tra ct, 697 ab, follow s th e n otice on A risto tle s
a p o lo g y . I f w e com pare D iogenes, w e find th a t in V 5 he refers to
A r is to tle in th e b io g r a p h ic a l t r a d it io n m
'£ £ : £ £ £ £ r r 11 - ^ *»
S ' “
from H cJ^“Z: ; : ; : : n r ? ~ * m emrot
“* M te “ “ « « «
Z '& ° t C A a m l' - ) ’ E ™ * da «
y x Q o a o a r o x a i m & r r n v o c y .a i ' A n . n r ^ j J ? .
* “ « *» **« » * » lw « oi / ^ v W o T ? ( • •“ f r
7 ' ? ^ *a‘ a« W rd3 A- VfcLrarifci Z T Z ^
t s x s z “ c : : 'T dura
eaviw M , « 5„ a , ai ^ Z J tZ ^ Z ^
’ Z T ^ “f " '; ’'«
d v in e u w e v (b e t o v B n m l / n -» - ' ul X a Qlv , ovX X a ftcbv S ’
r x i * “ —
lectures in th eP T AriSt° t le ’S
<?aa HYpiQ} avyyeyovon, do n o t co n tra d ict this- T l a t o 322 6
th a t he had n ot associated w ith him M a friend ’ y sta tes
b eginning of th e letter ( J W cf Th he ^ y s in th e
£ 2 r ^ * «* - « , roj z t i r z ;
f“ ‘ S A m to U c
w h eth er he sta y ed there until h C ” 0t f ° r Certain
0 « « , 0 , SPe„ , u z t l j z r r cd • ? '
to M ieza, a„ d tw o ,a t„ H e m ia s 343/2 “ * «
2gQ in g e m a r d u r in g
ysyovd)Q.
A R IS T O T L E IN T H E B IO G R A P H IC A L T R A D IT IO N 2^1
25. Alexander
A lexa n d erss lutur.
tutor.
25 a P L U T A R C H U S V ita Alexandri 7 — 8, p . 6 6 7 f: (1) K a oQÛv
Ai Tm w iaiv a m o v ôvaxívrjrov fièv oia a v , igíaavxoç fit) ßiaadrjvai,
áaôkoç &’ àyofiévrjv in ò U y o v ngòç rò óf.ov, avróç xe netBetv e n c a r o
uãXXov fj ngoaxáxxeiv, x a l r o lç n sg l fiovatx^v x a l ra eyxvxXia m u-
ÔEMaZç o i n á w xt m oreicov xfjv tm a ra a ía v avrov x a ix a r a g x io iv ,
á ç fieíÇovoç o io a v ngayfiareíaç x a l x a rà xov ZocpoxXea {{r. 7 8 5 .)•
w a s f a in t ; h e n e v e r f r e e d h i m s e lf f r o m t h e n a t io n a l G r e e k p r e j u d ic e
a g a i n s t t h e b a r b a r ia n s ; h is s o c ia l a n d p o l i t i c a l o u t lo o k w a s d e t e r m in e d
b y t h e c o n d it i o n s p r e v a i li n g in t h e s m a ll c i t y - s t a t e . (I. D iir in g , “ A r i s
t o t l e t h e S c h o l a r ” , in : Arctos, N o v a S e r ie s I , H e ls in k i 1 9 5 4 , P- 6 7 ,)
A risto tle of course received a su b sta n tia l rem uneration for his services
to th e ro y al fa m ily; th e W ill te stifies to th e fa c t th a t he w as rich, and
so does L y c o n ’s calu m n y, T 58 i. Sen eca h ad read a b o u t A risto tle’s
w ealth, D ia l. V I I 27,5 obicite Aristoteli quod acceperit pecuniam , and
A then aeus m entions a fa n ta stic sum . U n d o u b ted ly he received reports
from Callisthenes, e. g. a b ou t B ab y lo n ia n astronom ical observation s. B u t
the b u lk of his b io logical w ritings m u st h a v e b een com pleted long
before A le x a n d e r’s cam paign. D ’ A r c y T hom pson ob served th e n um ber
o f L esb ian and M acedonian place-nam es in th e Hist. an. A ccord in g to
H . D . P. L ee, “ Place-nam es and the d a te of A r is to tle ’s biological
w o rk s” , in: Proc. of the Cambridge P hilol. Society 179, 1948, pp. 7 — g,
there are in th e H ist. an. 20 references to 12 d ifferen t places in M ace
donia and T h race, and 38 references to place-nam es in N W A sia M inor,
six of w hich to th e lagoon of P y rrh a . H is in v estig a tio n s in m arine
b io logy w ere fa vo u red b y the good n atu ra l conditions in th e lagoon of
P y rrh a and th u s co n cen trated to his s ta y in L esbos. I t is th u s h ig h ly
prob ab le th a t th e m aterial on w hich his b iologic w orks are based was
collected durin g his s ta y in L esb os and M acedonia; it tallies w ell w ith
other k n ow n fa cts if w e assum e th a t m ost of th e b io lo gical w orks were
w ritten in th e ‘forties. T h e assistance th a t he m ig h t h a ve had from
fisherm en, hun ters, and oth er “ people of p ra ctica l w isd om ” w as of
m oderate proportions; his ch ief assista n t in th is w ork w as Theophrastus.
T h e m ilia hominum m u st b e regarded as H ellen istic fabrication , m ore
m aterialistic, b u t oth erw ise on a par w ith th e concep tion of him as
yga/i/xarevi qrúaeayç.
x a i Qeóq>QaaTOV.
Comment. I t m u st h ave been an accep ted opinion th a t A ris to tle ’s
biological in vestig ation s w ere m ain ly carried ou t during his s ta y in
M acedonia. T h e glo rification of P h ilip ’s in terest in general ed u ca
tion served as a foil to th e P erip a tetic d efam ation of A lex a n d er, cf.
T 30 a.
Goteb, U n i v . A t s s h r . L X I I I : 2 19
^ IN G E M A R D Ü R IN G
sL £ ri «*»• t " r»
2 7 a D I n O O R U S X V I 52,9 : W “ * *
a 7 b V A L E IIIU S M A X I M ir S V 6 ,5 : lu v e m li * T . jT .
ä . ~ - “ H S S r ;:
E S S S = — f = : = ;
notum est opus. C f S a l i s b u r y , Polier. V I I 6 — 7 * ^
C o m m e * n n n e c e s s a r y . T h is b w b a t w e o fte n fin d in V a le r iu s , c f. T * 3-
tn is c u it.
„ -iu r * * - -
x t& p p xoA«S rrjv n o f o v x a v rj . » ei ^ vfM e l XE t o ZaAxeiov
« J t» - * - r t :
(9, TOtirtov d e fe n d it B m p c r i « .^
cod d. II [r o - d ^ e a o v m ] s e e l.. * t a * ^ ^ gch o, v e t u s in Km t o . ™
m o w it z t o M t r o t x ia e p a t, sc . .} - c o (ld , <fi’ > E tn p e riu s || fiia jx m flai
in te x tu r u i n e p s i t |1 i A im « R c “ ' ‘ ' J^ p t u S e ld e n || (4) « <5* E m P e‘
R e ls k e : a w w e la fla £ c o d d . I '/ . m a n ii. seel. E m p e r iu s , c f . S u d a
r iu s : d 4 ' o J i c o d d . || to v g / a a ^ u tg lo ^ ^ ^ ^ ](
(g 3) = ymxpotis (sic). A t h e n . I 5
27 g w o n v» , m x . i 54 .
r r i s r ^ s * s i = i . u — •
; oi » „ .» U N « * . “ “ D W
C— . P ersaeu s » r o te a A a x o ir m ) m b * . ™ *• ^
926.
2? j P U T T A R C H U S C o lo te n ^ : 112*i c ■. • M n m h a r M
*«« H h x . i * ar r "
w r o 0 ^ a ? fjxrjO E n e o i p a o d e i a g . ,
j r r Mr r ^ * - *
H erm ip pu s, see D L V 4.
A R IS T O T L E I N T H E B IO G R A P H IC A L T R A D IT IO N 293
T h e P aris T e x t, p. 236.
T h e B od leian te x t, p. 423.
V a leriu s m i.
~ ~ ta ^ *
28 a H E R M I P P U S a p . D io g. L a e rt. 4 -5 ^ tradi.
Com
ment. See m y n otes on th ^se Pa®S ‘
tio n sta rted w ith T inm ens, see F Gr H ist 566 F . 155 *
w ith Jaco by’s
notes.
TAVTA/rrKi VTT 2 i i - Aristoleles autem Callisthe-
2 s b V A L E R IU S m “ A 2 “ '(ir„ „ » » » » •'
« » “ “ “ a i A! " , „ , u„ H u r . quo scilicet a fu d u g ia s w e t
« * •** * * : r ,o7)-
„W ore xal JM tso*»«. «*> >“ 'Uro
f M o u n o r i i u c , ^Tt KaXhaBbn<; Myco
o* t a t t a « 0 * d w * * e0I^ _
/iev d w a ro s x a i fieyae, vow <n ^ ^ KaAAioQ m jv
<55-696 d> * « « «
ow ejH U Tiao^M voe, “ 0 t A ^ x a i T0* e “***
W b j a a r , to v 5 e ^ . i ^ o v h v o v r a - ’ , dvnxQV?
x a i r o t e fa o d e Xo/*erovs r a h n i * * * * a i y do W 9 i««»
th e m .”
hist. X V I I 1 1 8 .
S 5 S S 3 r 3 X " s « a s £
29 e J O H A N N E S Z O N A R A S I V i 4, M igne 134 p , , 6 C-
iT J : - Z » •**- * «
, , / , A vT cn a x g o j o v tfo v X o v yeveodat TfjC npdSecoc
61 ix E lv ™ * OfiiaBrjvat t o cpde[ia x o v .
loone
n e ttoo "C'allisthenes
C S S a n d did neVCT
th eir f b° est
rgiVe
to AbleX and erhis
la cken f ° rc hWhat her had
a r a c te th e
opponents answ ered b y in v en tin g th e in f ami a Aristotelis.
'IPhilififius
U l i Z Z ATn sto
'T teli
Î 'r Tsalulem
* “ *“ “
dicit * **» « » (M i« » -
2 r Q ÈriT T ova
TOI , X yeyear
ç y i v E x a t r°
■ a o*i *
Óe *o vxaí *
ô e i ç ïa o ç .
^
30 h P H IL O P O N U S I n meteor C l A C vrv T
« B a f v i y o ç <vç « , „o ^ J „8 « » °2
V. A R IS T O T L E AND IS O C R A T E S .
ZM Í* T ? m T* xi"
7 ^ Z t ^ : sy Ct‘ * ■ * " " * * • * — ** f r * *
,) T,ijv/ (3 7 ) /r.ijí t iï' ji t í í * ; ovftjíariHÍntov ovirév ètni
h»- M tá ^ i^ Z z ,
300 IN G E M A R D Ü R IN G
gtxrjv OavfiáÇovtaç, êrt <5’ &v T&v âvayxaúov èvôerjç, èxcov ôè noorjv
Tgißrp èv toíç grjrogixotç ôiá t ivaç èn i vEÓrrjTa enavaßeßrjxvtag aíríaç,
laajç nv naiç èn òXtyov xçóvov ôiôáaxmv t ivàç evnogúr] râ>v êneiyóvrcov,
êcoç ãv eíç tovç <pdooo<píaç oíxelovç ènavéXÔT] t ónovç, c&ç xâv ygáfifiaTa
x a l TiaXaiaTOtxrjv x a í ti t C
dv è/j, naiaiv Òià rrjv tôjv yovécov ènifieXeiav
âvaXr]q>dév[T(av (ôiôáoxojvy.
d) *E v r jfiE T É g o tç ô è r ánoiç x a r a ( y i v w o x £ i v ôel to v g r jto g e v E iv ã t e
tovtm v n á v T co v v n s g y x E i f i é v o í ç , (3 8 ) ev o lç o í ngoEigrjfisvoi disTgißov,
x a l n g o a iQ E T t x ã iç x a í n o X v v y p ó v o v o v y v n o fiÈ v E tv to v to n o iE Í v fiã X X o v
jjj ti tâ )v à n g e n e a T a T w v s lv a t ô o x o v v tc o v . (The follow in g severe d en u n
c iatio n of rh eto ric is om itted.)
e) (Col. L I . 40) < T oiyàg ovyô' ’ AgioToTéArjç <pdooó<pcoç àv eorgá-
<pr] t o nagaôeôofiévov noirjoaç utJ.ci t j J ç èntggTjOEcuç. T i y ag fiãXXov
alnxQÒv jJv (JUDTcavj looxgaTTjv ò èav XEyEiv, 7] xaTÒ. noXiv £fjvt AÍqvtjv
ôè axajtavEveiv èãv, xâv rfj yfj öiaTgißeiv, èntxvfiaTiCeoÔat ôè tov
CDoívixa x a l tov BogvadmÍTrjv, x a l Aa(paX/.(nm a fièv òXov (col. L II)
to v ßlov iÔKOTEveiv, &Efj.iOTOxUa ôè orgareveiv èãv, ov t e y àg aígETcÓTega
r a v r a raiv ngoeigrjjuèvwv êgycov, ovte XvoíTsXÈaTEga rrjç <pdooo<píaç
io r i- ôiò d TO ’ IaoxgáT ovç âvaxpeAáç Tt -Pjv, rò Uyt.iv èãv ngoorjXEi
fiêv, eí S‘ Ègyw awÉtpeçev, x a l fj.rjô1' vnágyovzoç èxeívov Xéyetv el ò'
ovôéregov p.r]òÈ fxvgioiv õvrutv grjTogevEiv, Iva [ir\ (paivrjzai ô ià tóv
yôóvov x a l TTjv Èxeívov xaraßoXtfv èvioiç noz aôvvaroç x a i /j,rjte yivá>a-
(xrjT ai (p d an ex 6ri/u(ov ã v fir /f ijt t c Ó jM s t o ç . )
does n o t im p ly th a t th e E p ic u r e a n a u th o r of th is passage, or
a ch an ge of s u b je c t is n o t e x c lu d e d , an d th e n th e s u b je c t m u st b e
^ r « h « r e v e r in th e » hole w orld on e * « “ 7 t r a t h ^ (P ro * T ^ S
it is su rroun d ed on a ll s id e s b y th e p resen ce of tr u th . (Protr. / _ ,
d e c id e d ly n o t d a t^ n o v . B u t th e a u th o r o f De mundo in tr o d u c e s
“The con d itio n s did n ot p rev en t A risto tle fro m ” eXQe Zv ct? Tf]v
dewQovfievtjv e £iv , T 59 b . I f I am n ot m istak en , th e avT an xsta of
p h ilosoph y is an E p icu rea n argu m en t, too.
L e t m e add som e final rem arks on th e section as a w hole. I th in k
it is fu tile to a sk e x a c t ly w h ich source P h ilo d em u s used; I refer to
B ig n o n e’s com bin ation s w hich are a ttr a c tiv e b u t u n provable. C ertain
it is, how ever, th a t m ost of w h a t he says in th is section is m ore or
less lite r a lly ta k e n from an ea riy E p icu rea n w riter, perhaps from
E p icu ru s him self; th is early E p icu rea n source u ltim a tely relied on
m a terial from th e a ctu a l discussion b etw een A risto tle and th e Iso cratean
school. S ectio n (b) con tain s a frag m en t from one of A risto tle 's dialogues,
sectio n (e) is a v io le n t a tta c k on A risto tle ’s ed u cation al ph ilosophy, in
(f) A risto tle is criticized for h a vin g d eserted th e ideals of th e A ca d em y ,
in b oth (f) and (g) th ere m a y b e echoes from th e Protrepticus, in (h)
a q u o ta tio n from th e D e philosophia.
A R IS T O T L E IN T H E B IO G R A P H IC A L T R A D IT IO N 3 ir
conscripsit.
heretur oratio. . ,
Comment. Cicero sp eaks of th e © t o and th e d ifferen b ook s of
th e Topics; b o th ty p e s of w ritin gs are represented in th e A lex a n d rian
catalo g u e of A risto tle ’s w ritings. H e m akes th e sam e referen ce to
Toi> V III (de singulis rebus in utramque partem dicendi exercitatio)
in D e fin . V 4.10 = T 76 b. See A rist. T op. I n . and T h rom , D ie
T h esis” , in: Rhet. Studien 17, I 93 2i P- I 77 -
Comment. T h e f a c t u a l m a t e r i a l u s e d h y O ly m p io d o r u s in t h is p a s s a g e
m u s t b e d e r iv e d fro m P t o l e m y 's V i t a A r is to te lis . I h a v e fo u n d no
e v i d e n c e t h a t O ly m p io d o r u s u s e d a n y o t h e r s o u r c e f o r h i s b io g r a p h ic a l
n o te s o n A r is to tle . T h e s t o r y a b o u t t h e a lle g e d b r e a k w i t h P l a t o is
f o u n d i n V i t a M a r c . 2 5 , t h e a r g u m e n t xa xa to yaivofievav in 2 6 , in c lu d in g
s o m e o f t h e q u o t a t i o n s f r o m P l a t o ’s d ia lo g u e s . B u t t h e “ e n c o m iu m in
p r a is e o f P l a t o ” , i n c lu d in g a L i f e o f P l a t o , is n o t m e n t io n e d b y a n y
o t h e r w r it e r . I t is t h e r e f o r e im p o s s ib le t o s a y w h e t h e r t h is , t o o , c o m e s
fro m P to le m y , o r w a s in v e n te d by O ly m p io d o r u s . V a r i o u s syxcbfiia
a ie m e n t io n e d am ong th e p s e u d e p ig r a p h a in H e s y c h iu s ' c a t a lo g u e ;
P to le m y m ig h t h a v e b u i l t h is s t o r y on su ch title s . H is b io g r a p h y
A R IS T O T L E IN T H E B IO G R A P H IC A L T R A D IT IO N 317
a d m iration for P la to ’s h igh ideal, A risto tle can n o t agree: even a w ise
and p e rfe ctly good m an needs a m inim um of ra dxrög ntyada. We
fin d th e sam e com bin ation of deepest ven eration for h is old friend and
teach er and scrupulous respect fo r th e tru th in his w ell-kn ow n w ords
i n i awrrjgiq rrjg äXydeiag, E th. N ie . I 6, 1096 a 1 4 - 1 6 .
38 a D IO N Y S IU S H A U C A R N A S S E N S IS Ep. ad Pom p. c. 1
= T 63 a.
A R IS T O T L E IN T H E B IO G R A P H IC A L T R A D IT IO N 321
38 b D IO N Y S I U S H A L IC A R N A S S E N S IS De Thucydide 3 , p. I
328.24 U se n er-R a d erm a ch er (D ionysius is an xiou s to stress th a t his
purpose is n ot to w rite a xaraögo/j,rj of T h u cyd id es. H e is not
ficov, b u t since in m an y respects he has opinions w h ich differ from those
o f T h u cyd id es, he feels him self ju stified in p u ttin g forw ard his criticism
in pursuance of tru th . A s a ty p ic a l exam ple of a sim ilar a ttitu d e he
cites A risto tle ’s criticism of P la to .) ’ AgiaTOTÉXrjç te y à g o vy ã n a v r a
39. “ W hile Plato was still alive” . Late echoes of this tradition.
K a i f tt ]v t o j v (i}./.üjv Ile Q iz m T T jT tx w v n x o g v t p a io r a T o g Z t o o t c o v om
A q i o t o t e X e i x a x a yroXXa o v / iq je g e T a i, x a i IJ X a T c o v i r a ? s v a v r ia g io%T]XE
d o£ a g 1ie q 'l x iv ijo s w g , TiEgi v o v , xai nsgi y)v%r)Q xai tie q 'i ysvE oecug'
Xgvaov,
ôç xai y o n n n v Hy/nv n â ?.E /iâ v â ' ïe v , t/v x e xo v g r],
795 d, p.5 B a u d ry: Tig ovv rj n aoà aoû noog xaüxa xolg véoig
fio/jOeia; x a i nodev xig o rfjg ùqexijç avvaywviaxijç Aoyog; êx noicov
ygapfiàxœ v ’ AoiaxoréAovg] xivog xcôv a n ' avxoti', ex noicov ùygatpojv;
dtÔœ/ii aoi xâv ipevôeodai BéAqç, jxàvov xt veavixov. àAAà yàg ovr'
ty e iç em elv, ovx' âv èmxgètpai aoi xcuv tjyEfiâvcov xfjg aigéaeœg ovôeig.
a i yovv ’ A oioxoxéAovç negi xavxa Tinay/iaxetai, E vô tffisio i xe xa i
Nixofid%Etoi xa i MsyâAcov ’ HBixcov èmygacpofiEvai, [iiy.gov xi xa i xa n ei-
vov x a i ÔTjfiàiÔEQ TtEgi xfjg agExijg ynovovai, xa i xoaoüxov ôaov âv xig
x a i lôiœXTjç xa i êuiaiÔEVXog xa i fiEigdxtov xa i ywt}.
magà a o l E l 11 x a i o m , E O F || i x nolcuv fié B || ’ AgiaTOTéXqs E l || n a g ' av-
to û Z iiji a v ro ü CFG ôIôcd/u yàg B D E I O : tpsvaaoOai C F G ]| x o n v r t vea-
ria xo v F ||
_8 ° 9. C ’ p 26 B a u d ry: H á vT fn v o vi> rn tf m á ro iv o ç ò o y f iá x o v Òt e v -
T à <p eÀ éa 6 a i T f ,; à O a v a a ía ç x a i r y ç á U V ; á n á a ^ ô v v á a e ^
40 h D I O G E N E S L A E R T IU S I I I 37- ? A q io x o x eX ^ xtjv
rd)v l.dycov ideav avxov (sc. P lato) /x£xa£v nonqfiaxo; elvat xa l ne£ov
Xoyov. I t w ou ld b e in terestin g to kn ow th e c o n te x t in w h ich A risto tle
let fa ll th is rem ark on th e sty le of P la to s dialogues. R ose fr. 73.
T a r e iv ü jv fia x o a g x a T r jy o g ia g to jv i Ö e q jv iv r o lg r c o d u T o ig , iv T o lg
r Ä r r L r t r r r r
£ r ^ - Ä Ä
ta th e o „ the oth er h an d « c a „ „ „ , n „,| 5ingle
Wh0 ^ «■»' A r i s t o * ev er deten(Iecl th e * 4 '“ “ “
» . com e to th e d is c ip le , „ , A m m o n ira H erm eiu T 4 c a n d ,^ h,
£ - Ä Ä Ä 5
40 m A M M O N IU S I n P o r fA . , „ s .. C U G I V 3. p . 4 * » 7 »«W
" ■ t,5;* * • « / / « L
* z : ‘j :j z z r z t t j z * £ r r z ■!- r*<w
or at Uieal etc tv vorjrat avrai y.aff ia vra g vyearcooat, a ; xa i < W
Q Km ” SC° Tag 0VaiaS * * * >5 oi, ojg xnl 'A oio rorih i doxel
S T Ä - - * — * - ^
41 f ASCLEPIUS In MtUt './j m r v T o
ideas which h« 11 7 1 - / ’ p ' 44 *3 5 : (P lato po stu lated
d a s . f a c h h e called ; ^ o « t o o « „„J ^
^ A.'/<™ (M etaph. X I I 10. , 0 « a ft, „ .f I® /
• 4 ^ 2 -
< s :. u * r „ .* 2 * .?
2 J W - « ? w 4
41 g O L Y M P I O D O R U S / „ C / ^ S X I I 2, p . 0 . .,
c * mdtaZafzßdvovatv.
Aeyöfieva t “ ,£ T h u s V itaÄ M arc. r
29. r r j s
42 c D IO G E N E S L A E R T IU S I V 5. 4>w i ö i x a l Üaßconivog iv
dentiQcp' Anofxvr\fiovEVfiduav dig 'AQtarnTeXrjg avrov (sc. Speusippus)
rä ß iß h 'a taicijv raXavraiv ibvtjaaro.
P W . 97 b : *U - M * * * * " fc W "”
E u rip id es Is cited o ' » " '• " ■ » * " « • *
Cf Ir QIC N a a c k W e are to ld th a t A risto tle ■house w as called th .
read er's h o u se” : he inform s us a b o u t his sy ste m a tic readm g, T o f .
105 b 12; his su rv e y s o f th e opinions of his predecessors show us th e
P - i S « « k t A « t o t l e b o u g h t S p eu sip p u s’ b o d » a fte r H s
d eath . A risto tle ’s lib ra ry w a , h is ow n perso n al p r o p e r ty It ■
w as
c e r t a id y n o t stored in th e L y c e u m , a p u b h c g y m u a s.u m b u t m th e
house wh
house w h ere
ere he
he liv
lived
ed. C f. I. D u rin g, “ A risto u o r H e n m p p u s; , in.
anti-M aced on ian riots sta rted , and A ris to tle fled to Chalcis. I t is
p rob ab le th a t th e D elp h ian s to o k p a rt in th e anti-M aced on ian d e
m on strations; th is cou ld w ell b e th e m om en t w hen th e inscription w as
dem olished and th ro w n in th e w ell near house 291, som e th ir ty feet
w est of th e tem ple. T h e letter to A n tip a te r cou ld h a v e been w ritte n
la te in 323 or ea rly in 322.
A ll th is is of course m ere con jectu re. N o th in g tells us th a t th e
in scription w as a c tu a lly d estroyed , and th e letter to A n tip a te r m ight
be fictitio u s — if so, a v e r y cle v e r fictio n indeed.
W e do n o t k n o w w h en th e a ctu a l w ork on com pilin g th e lists of
P y th ia n v ic to rs w as done, b u t it is reasonable to assum e th a t it w as
betw een 340 and A risto tle 's retu rn to A th en s in 334. A lex a n d e r becam e
regent du rin g P h ilip ’s cam p aig n a ga in st B y z a n tio n in 340. A risto tle
co u ld tr a v e l m ore and en gage him self in research. E a r ly in 334
C allisthenes accom p an ied A lex a n d e r to A sia M inor, and A risto tle settled
dow n in A thens.
IX. ARISTOTLE'S DICTA ON LEAVING ATHENS
os y e x a i K r a m e r o g y e x a x e l M ein e k e .
ludo boni m ulti, sed praecipui duo, Theophrastus et Eudem us. Ingenio
hi atque doctrinis ceteros praestabant; alter ex insula Lesbo ju it, Eudem us
aulem Rhodo. Aristoteles respondit facturum esse quod vellent, cum id
sibi foret tempestivum.
Postea brevi tempore, cum iidem illi qui de magistro destinando petierant
praesentes essent, vinum ait quod turn biberet non esse ex valetudine sua,
sed insalubre esse atque asperum ac propterea quaeri debere exoticum, vel
Rhodium aliquod vel Lesbium . I d sibi utrumque ut curarent petivit,
usurumque eo d ixit quod sese magis iuvisset. E u n t quaerunt inveniunt
afferunt. T u m Aristoteles Rhodium petit, degustat: “ F irm u m ” , inquit,
“ hercle vinum et iucundum " . P etit mox Lesbium . Quo item degustato,
“ U trum que” , inquit, “ oppido bonum, sed rjduav 6 Aeaßtog. Id ubi
dixit, nem ini ju it dubium quin lepide sim ul et verecunde successorem ilia
voce sibi, non vinum delegisset. I s erat e Lesbo Theophrastus, suavitate
homo insign i linguae pariter atque vitae, lia q u e non diu post Aristotele
vita defuncto, ad Theophrastum omnes concesserunt.
49. Appearance.
ä y y j b' exsivov
7jEv A qkjtote Xi^q aoqjifjg ngo/iog- laTdfievoQ de
Xe Zqe TiegmUydrjv avveegyaQev, ovtf evi yaXxoj
atpdöyyct) ipgEvag e IXev äegyeag, d l ) ' i n ßovtyv
axEjzTofiEva) fiEv EixTo- avvtardfiEvai be, n a g e iai
avegoQ d/z<pte?.taaav e/iavTsvovTo /xevotvfjv
x a i TgayaX ai aij/j.ivov doXXea fifjriv dnum ai.
To ôè t vgavvslv Èaxtv;
r) t i noxE to p (m ovôalov àxoAovdeïv èoeIç
Èv to) A vxeiqi fiExà aorpt.az&v, vrj A ia,
Aeuxw v à a lx w v a vx tva iv, AsyovG’ o r 1
xà n ç â y f ia x o v r ’ o v x ia x iv e îjie q y iy v e x a r
ovâ' ÈOTi yâç nu> y i y v o f t e v o v ô y i y v E x a i,
cus
W e cannot date this comedy. When commenting on it in m y Herodi-
I connected it with the discussions of being and becoming in the
Parm enides; this is also W ebster’s opinion, Studies tn Later Greek
Comedy, 1950. p. 52 - 53- B u t Antiphanes mentions th e Lyceum
eixam
aw
r)
not the Academ y and it is equally possible th at his mockery is aimed
at Aristotle in the 330’s. W hen Tim on spoke of Aristotle s
âXeyetm and Theocritus of Chios m ockingly called him xevoygœv (D L
V 11) th ey appealed to the general opinion of the philosophers as idle
talkers, b ut there is a new unfriendly accent unknown to the com ed y
In the com edy the criticism chiefly concerns the portly bearingan
somewhat strange manners of Plato and the Academics. In spite of
the fact th at Plato was a thorough-bred Atheman, the people of Athens
seem to have regarded the philosophers of the Academ y as strangers.
B u t there are no derogatory or contemptuous insinuations about P lato s
person apart from the harmless mockery on the subject of his ae/xvorrig.
The banquets were dignified: &nXà w r, «5 d e c e it t f m t t o v eK t j
vareoaiav f, rijv n a g ota av fa é g a v (Hegesander ap. Athen^ X 419 d).
The common view in Athens probably corresponded with the proverb,
Paroemiogr. Gr. I I p. 265: ’ A x a ô W ir)dEV 1)xei;. *>01 ao<poç x a i onov-
ô a ïo; v n à ey tiç. There are several allusions in the comedy to the fact
th at P la to preferred v e g e ta b les and fru g a l meals. The young men in
the Academ y dressed well; Antiphanes ap. Athen. X I I 545 a and
Ephippus ap. Athen. X I 509 c: àvaaràç ev oroxoç veaviaç riov * :
’ A x a ô W iaç t tç - we know th at Aristotle was mocked at because
of the elegance of his clothes, his rings and well-dressed hair, ev fxev
Panath FünfAbhandlungenzurGeschichte
T he philosophers in the L yceum are also mentioned b y Isocrates
derPhilosophie,
X I I 18,33. Th. Bergk (in:
Leipzig 1883) thought th at Isocrates gibed at Aristotle,
b u t a t the time when this was written, c. 340, A nstotle was not in
Athens and there was no reason to connect the Lyceum speciflca y
A R IS T O T L E IN T H Ë B IO G R A P H IC A L T R A D IT IO N 357
w ith A ristotle. I t was and rem ained a p u b lic gym n asiu m and m eeting-
place of th e com m on sophists.
An interesting notice, preserved b y S tob aeu s (IV , p. 785.15 H ense =
fr. 1 W alzer of th e Protrepticus) tells us th a t A risto tle ’s Prolrepiicus
was so popular th a t Crates, th e C y n ic ph ilosopher, read it "as he sat
in a shoem aker’s w ork sh o p ” , p ro b a b ly n ot long a fter it w as published.
W e are told th a t P la to called A r is to tle ’s house xov avayvaioxov
o ix ia v (V ita M arc. 6, see m y com m ents), and th a t he regarded him as a
som ew hat cn eek y you n g m an: “ he k ick s m e lik e a c o lt” (DL, V 2).
This rings true, b u t can of course n ot b e p roved . W e are also told th a t
P la to called A risto tle votiq xrjq diaxgtfirjq (V ita M arc. 6, M ubashir 12,
U saibia 29, Philoponu-s, all from P tolem y-el-G arib ), b u t as I h a ve said
in my com m ents on th e passage, I regard th is anecd ote as la te fiction.
In the Parm enides P la to in trod u ces th e y o u n g A th en ia n A ristotle.
“ W h y did P la to , w ho a lw a y s sets his scene and chooses his actors and
speakers w ith a rtistic art an d a certain purpose, fall upon th e idea to
introduce this yo u n g m an A ristotle? E v en if w e m igh t be prejudiced
in in terp retin g th is nam e, w e m u st ad m it th a t, at the tim e when
P lato finished th e Parm enides, he m u st h a v e m et in the A ca d em y an
inq uisitive you n g m an w ith this nam e. A t a p u b lic recitation of th e
Parmenides in the A ca d em y in th e ‘sixties — for th a t w as p ro b ab ly the
manner in w hich a new dialogue of P la to w as “ pu b lish ed ” — th e you n g
interlocutor in the dialogu e m u st h a ve been id en tified w ith th e prom is
ing you n g m an presen t in th e au d ien ce.” (D uring, “ A risto tle and
P la to in th e m id -F o u rth C e n tu ry ” , in: Eranos 54, 1956, p. 112.)
T he reader w ill no d o u b t see fo r h im self how fragile the m aterial
adduced in th is p a rag ra p h is. T h e early “ u n fav o u rab le tr a d itio n ” is
collected in T 58.
th a t F Ia t° f d t ’ 38 th e aUth° r ° f th e Sevenih * * * *
h a t his d octrin e w a s incom m u n icab le in w ord s,’ ) w h y is it th a t on
e one occasion w hich he is supposed to h a v e chosen for an exp osition
of it m a ll its tech n ical p ro fu n d ity w as precisely a lectu re given to a
p o b b c . « t a n * w h ich h a d no p relim in ary experience o f th e sort of
th in g he w as lik e ly to s a y ? ” (Cherniss, pp. n - l 2 .)
E v e r y a tte m p t a t ex p la in in g th is fa c t m u st in v o lve c o n je ctu re
i . ,1WUn; V A n sto x e n u s ’ accou n t is som ew h at exaggerated - our
now ledge of h im as a w rite r ju stifie s th is assum ption. S e c o n d ly I
assum e th a t this lectu re (or lectures) w as held som e tim e in th e ‘fifties
J) W e m a y c o m p a r e T h e m is t iu s X X I 245 c, e v e n if w e a ssu m e t h a t h is s to r y
a b o u t P la t o 's le c tu r e in P ir a e u s is p u re fic tio n .
2) F o r e x a m p le s in P la t o 's d ia lo g u e s , see m y co m m e n ts on T 76, ite m b).
A R IS T O T L E IN T H E B IO G R A P H IC A L T R A D IT IO N 361
55 b D IO N Y S I U S H A L I C A R N A S S E N S I S D e im it. I I 4, p. I I 2 1 1
U sener-R aderm acher: IIagaXT]jiTEov &e xa i 5AgtOTOTeArjv eiq fiifirjatv
TfjQ te 3zegi TTjv egfirjvEiav S e i v o T T jr o g xai r rjg aatprjveiag xa i to v rjSeog
x a i noXvfiaQoi>£■tov ro yao i o n f i a h a r a n a g a t o v d v S g o g t o v t o v XaflEiv.
y.akov, Eth.Nic.
and th a t to is th e go al of nature, I I 5, 288 a 2;
to even th o u gh th in gs lo o t glo om y, I I I , 1100 b 30;
yv(bfxat
A risto tle also co llected p roverbs, D L cat. title 138, and p ro b ab ly
also of w h ich he m ade freq u en t use in his w ritings. E v id en ce
th a t such collections ex iste d is p rovid ed b y Iso crates Or. I I 44 elrig
ARISTOTLE IN THE BIOGRAPHICAL TRADITION 369
his eye on n atu re and th e divine, and lik e a good steersm an d irects
his life in dependence on w h a t is etern al and u n ch an ging, and lives
his ow n m aster. T h is know ledge is th eo retical indeed, b u t it enables
us to fram e a ll our p ra ctice in accord an ce w ith i t ” (Ross). Protr. jr. 13
W a lzer. — “ T ru e argu m en ts seem , th en , m ost useful, n o t on ly w ith
a view to know ledge, b u t w ith a view to life also; for since th e y harm onize
w ith the facts th e y are b elieved , and so th e y stim u la te those w ho under
stan d them to liv e accord in g to th e m ” (Ross). Eth. N ic. X I, 1172 b
3. Jaeger, Cl. Qu. 21, 1927, p. 16 ob serves th a t th is is e x a c tly w h a t
A risto tle said of P la to in th e elegy: his Xoyog w as tr u ly ovvrnfiog zo lq
EQyotg. Cf. T 67 h.
A ssum ing th a t the stan d ard exam ples w ith w h ich he illu strated his
lectures w ere freq u e n tly su ggested b y o b jects w hich he saw before him .
there w ere in his room a sofa (or sofas) m ade of w ood (xMvrj), a three-
l®S§ed ta b le (TQtJiovq), a b ron ze sta tu e (avdQiac,) and a bronze globe
(%ciXxrj aipalga).
d g ft r ja a i, x a x d j g d e n g a x x o v x a ev x o v x o ig i n i x d ( p a g / i a x o n a t X ^ iv i X B e i v ,
E n s ix a a v a jiE n r a fie v o v z o v IT X d x w v o g n e g in d x o v n ä a i n a g a ß a A e lv a v x o v ;
59. E picurus.
59 a E P I C U R U S jr. 1 7 1 U sener = D iog. L a e rt. X 8: K a i ’ A q ia xo-
T e ' V (sc- è x á h i ’ E m xovgoç) ãaaixov, <Sv) xaxaqiayôvra xr/v naxgcóav
ovoíav oxgaxEveaBai xa i <pag(iaxona>XEiv.
H erm an n ||
60. Timaeus.
60 a T IM A E U S ap. P o ly b . X II8 = F Gr H ht 566, F. 156:
. . . ófioXoyrjxéov àyvoeiv xa i naganaíetv rovç xoiavxy xgatjxèvoruç òjiex ~
BeÍol xa i m xg ía xa rà x ã v néXaç o ia xé%gr)rai T ífiaioç x a r ’A g ia r o -
xéXovç. tprjai yàg avxòv eivai Bgaavv evxsgrj ngonexfj, ngòç ôè xovxoiç
y.azazEXoX/xrjy.evai rfjç r ã v A o x g ã v tcÓXeojç, ebióvxa rrjv ibtotxíav avxãv
elvat ògoTiEzmv o ix er ã v /uoi%ãv âvôganoôiaxwv. x a i xavxa XéyEiv
avróv qirjaiv ovzmç à£ioniax<oç more ôoxelv iva r ã v êaxgaxrjyrjxóxajv
rmág%£iv xa i rovç ITégaaç êv r a lç K iX ixia iç niíXaiç ãgxt nagaxáÇei
vevixrjxóra ôià rijç avzaü ôwáfiEwç, âXX' ov ao<piazrjv òrptfiaBrj xa i
fiiorjtòv vnágxovra xa i rò noXvxífitjxov iaxgelov àgxíajç caioxExXstxoxa,
7tgòç Ôè xovroiç elç nãaav avXrjv xa i axrjvrjv £fmejir]òr]xóza, ngòç Sè
yaargí/xagyov, òy>agxvxr]v, èn i a rófia tpegófiEvov 1lv n ã a i. ô o xei ôrj fiot
r à zoiavra fiáXiç (a » ) ãvBgtanoç âyvçzrjç xa i ngonexrjç èni ôtxaaxtjgiov
giipoXoyãv âvexròç tpavrjvat. /.léxgioç fièv yàg ov ôoxel.
6 1. Aristoxenus.
61 a [ A R IS T O X E N U S ] ap. A E L I U M A R I S T I D E N Or. 46, 249.10,
p. I I 324 D indorf: A o x e l àé /101 xa i IlXaxcova öixifi /iexeXQeiv xov
Xoyov x a i xrjç £7itxLftï]ô£(oç. nagaixoQ/tai 6 evfievfj xa i ÎXeoiv eivat
x o lç Xeyo/j.évoig, et xiç laxiv aïodrjoiç. x a l ovx èqôj Aiovvaiov ovxe xov
' En/ioy.gâxovç ovze zov Aiovvaiov ovze zojv ev HixeXta fiEZ Exetvov
avvôiaxgiifidvxcuv ovôéva, dAA’ elaiv oi Xéyovaiv, ézeqoi <5 a i ipaaiv
à/.rfiij UyEiv xovxovç, d>ç 8xe xrjv xoixrjv ànoôrj/xiav elç ZtxeXiav âjieôfj-
fir)0£, xôxe tùjv ÉzaÎQcov xivèç ctôxov xa i tùjv eiç zà /idXiata d)/iiXrjxàxwv
(scholion: rov ’ AgioxoxéXrj M y et, Sç XéyEzai xa l x ëzt} 6/xiXfjaai zm
IJXaxmvi) vnoXei<p6Évxeç oîxot vsœxega ißovXevaavzo xat xoiiç Aôrj-
valovç è/xi/xrjoavrn, uàXXov à' ov xovç ' Adrjvaicrvç dAAa xovç AOt/vatcov
vnrjxoovç Xéyco zovç âcpiaxapiêvovç, xa izo t zà y èxdvtov enavaaxdcJEt
nçoaeotxoç rjv oi ôè ötazgißäQ ze àvxixaxaaxEvâÎEiv avxolç f^Lovv
nXrjotov xrjç êxeivov x a l coxoSàjuovv km xfj Axaôrj/iia, xo xe csv/xîtnv
vTtEQcpoovEÏv èxé Xevov Sxov ôrj — ov yàg ëycoy âv ÈcpE^rjç ovxcoa't ngo-
nOEtrjv x ovvofia — cpdaxovxoç yégovxâ xe sivat jioXXov xa i naoacpgovEÏv
rjôrj. œaxe, cl) (piXe TlXdxcav, àxnyycTtç xo xov IlEQixXéovç avvißrj aoi.
xa i cûGTtEo âgxicoç MiXztdôov xa't 0 E/xiaxoxXèovç xa i Kifia)voç éxàazov
xe xrjç zt>xi)ç ècpaivov [i£xé%cov, oiizco aoi xa i 6 xèxaozoç Xouioç Èvza'èOa
azirpvxT/XE. oaepeoç, yàg ovzcogî tco U eçix Xe ï xavxov fttaiOf ~ ètii xeXevxt]
xov ßiov, x a l jtgoaèxi êv zw ytjoa av y£ xa i JioAXm jigEnßvrEnoc, zfjç
èxeivov z ô ff r/Xixtaç xoiavd' vß gta d ek, d OÉ/uç d n e lv . x a i d /xi] Xaßgiac,
x a l ’ l<pixqdxr]z, àvàgEQ xrjç TÎEgixXèovç xa i 6E/xiazoxXéovç iôéaç xai
ARISTOTLE IN THE BIOGRAPHICAL TRADITION 379
62. Eubulides.
62 a D IO G E N E S L A E R T IU S I I 109: ' 0 6' EvßovXiärjg x a l ngog
' AgioxoxiXrjv diegjegexo x a l noXXa avxov diaßeßXrjxe. = S U D A s. v.
gofißoaxa>fivXt]6ga.
62 b T H E M I S T I U S Or. 23, p. 285 c = T 63 e.
63. Cephisodortis.
63 a D I O N Y S I U S H A L IC A R N A S S E N S IS , E p. ad Pom p, i, p.
II 226 U sener-R aderm acher: TT0XX0I yäg evgedrjaovxai ngo e/uov toöto
63 b D IO N Y S I U S H A L IC A R N A S S E N S IS Isocrates 18, p. I 85
U sener-R aderm acher: Mrjdslg d’ ayvoetv ( ft”) vnoXdßrj fti]8' öxt ’ A<pa-
oevg o ngdyovog xe xa i Eianoirjxog ’ laoxgdxEi yevdfievog b> xqj ngog
MeyaxXsidrjv tieqI xi)g avxiddociog Xoyco diogiCExat firjdefiiav vno xov
naxgog v-rddeatv slg dixaaxrjgiov yeyodtpOai, jir ß ’ öxt äsojuag n d w
noXXdg dixavixiLp Xoycov ' laoxgaxEiwv nsgupegEadai (pr/oiv vno xdtv
ßvßXioTtcoXojv 'AgiaxoxEXrjg. em axa/iai ydg xafixa vno xcbv avdg&v
ixetvoiv Xe.y6j.iEva, x a l ovxe aAgtaxoxsXei nEtOofim gvnaiveiv xov ävdga
ßovkofiEvqj ovx' ’ Aipagsi xovxov y svsxa Xoyov svngEnfj nXaxxo/ievq>
ovvxidsfiat. ixavov <5’ ijyrjodfievog F.lvai xrjg dXrfifing ßEßaiwxijv xöv
380 INGEMAR DÜRING
*AQrjvaiovKijcpiaáôcogov, xaiavvefiícoosv’Inoxnáxf.ixaiyvrjoicoxaxoç
àxovcrxfjçeyévexoxaixfjvãnoXoylavxfjvvnègavrotitrjvnávvôavfiaarrjv
ôç
êvtatçngóç'AqlcjtotèX^vàvrtygacpatçênoirjaaTO,m arevcayeyçáqidat
Xóyovçrivàçvnò àvôgàçstçòixaaT^gia,ovfiévroínoXXovç.
toO
x
63 c N TJM EN IU S IJegl TlXáx
fjç x ã v ’ A x aôrjfx iax ãv ngòç cova ôta-
axáoecoç, ap. E u seb. Praep. ev. X I V 6, p. 732 b = p. 120 Leem ans:
"Oç ât) á KrjcpioóôajgoQ, êneiôf] vn ' AgtoxnxéXovç (SaAlófievov èav xcõ
tóv ôiôdaxaXov ’Iaoxgáxrjv túiga. avTov fièv AgiaTOTÉXovç 1)v âfiadrjç
xa i ãjieigoç, vno ôè to ü xadogáv ivôo£a t à IIXótcovo; vjiág%ovra,
oít}6eíç xa xà IlXárcova tóv ’ AçioxoxÉXtjv cpiXooocpeZv, ènoXe/iei fiév
’A çicttoxéXe i , àfiaAXf. ôè ÜXáxcova xa i xaTrjyógei àç£á/if.vnç ànò rtüv
lôecõv, xeXevxwv eiç xá
ãXXa, â oi>ò' avxòç fjÔEi, àXXá xà vopiiCõjueva
àjxff' a vrá v fj Xéyexai vnovoãv. nXfjv ovxoç fièv ó Krj<piaóôa)goç rn
ènóXéfiei fii] /iaxó/jievoç, èfiáyuxo ài /xi] noXefiElv e^ ovXexo .
a v r ó j I O N : a v x á B ( B e r n a y s , L e e m a n s, B ig n o n e ) se d B o m is it d ?J.a — vnovotòv |
64. Lycon.
65. Theocritus.
65 a T H E O C R I T U S C H IU S ap. D id ym u m = T i g b.
e ï Xexo vainv
àvx' 'AxadrjfiEta; Bogfiàgov èv ngo%oaiç.
66. A pellicon.
Comments on Ch. X V .
Cicero says, De fin . I I 23, 80, sit ista in Graecorum levitate perversitas qui
maledictis insectantur eos a quibus de veritate dissentiunt. A n d T atian u s,
him self one of th e m ost b itte r calu m n iato rs, says, Or. adv. Gr. 6,
noAAa n a g ’ avxoZg e o x i nooaxgov/iaxa- fu o e l per yag Exegog xov
E regnv avTtdoSofiaiv 6' eclvxoZq did xrjv aAa^ovEiav xonovQ emAe.yofxE-
voi to v q 7tgovxovraQ. J. L u z a c in his Lectiones Atticae, L eid en 1809,
pp. 101 — 318, has collected a v a s t am ou n t of m aterial illu stratin g this
odium philosophorum.
A risto cles w as a rep u tab le philosopher, teach er of A lex a n d e r of
A p hrod isias, see H , H eilan d, Aristoclis M essen ii reliquiae, D iss. Giessen
1925. W h a t he says, T 5 8 ] , is on th e w hole sensible and convincing,
and it giv es us reason to tr u s t him . H is ch ap ter on A risto tle is, as
J a c o b y sa y s, F Gr H ist I I I b 2, p. 482, “ a k in d of plea w hich tried to
d iscred it th e slander b y show in g up th e n a tu re of its authors instead
of a c tu a lly d isprovin g it. H e h a rd ly prod u ced “ p rim a ry ” m aterial;
ARISTOTLE IN THE BIOGRAPHICAL TRADITION -585
w hat he quotes is p a r tly late and p a r tly trad itio n al, h u t nevertheless
ve ry v a lu a b le.”
Epicurus. E . B ign one d ev o te d a g rea t p a rt of his L'Aristotele
perduto, F loren ce 1936, to a discussion of E p icu ru s’ polem ic against
A ristotle, esp ecially th e conn exion w ith A risto tle ’s dialogues. H is
investigations h a v e con sid erably increased ou r know ledge of E p icu ru s’
relations to A ristotle, b u t it m u st be said th a t his su b jectiv e in terp re ta
tions and a certain d isrespect for philologie m in u tiae som ew hat reduce
th e value of his conclusions.
The m am reasons behind E p ic u ru s ’ sallies a ga in st A risto tle and th e
P erip atetics are: (a) d ifferen ce of opinion and approach to ph ilosophy
and a d ifferen t concep tion of naideia; (b) personal h o s tility b etw een
E picurus and his follow ers, and th e P erip atetics of th e second and th ird
generation; (c) th e AacoroSiSaaxaAog (and sim ilar p o p u la r criticism )
provoked a co u n ter-a ttack , w hich, in order to increase its force, he
m ain ly d irected a gain st the founder of th e school.
T 58 b and 59 a d are all from th e sam e source, and as to their
va lu e Cicero has said th e fin a l w ord , T 59 e. T h e tru e fa cts behind th e
abuse are th a t A risto tle w as th e son of a ph ysician and had inh erited
a certain w ea lth from his father; th e rest is pure inven tion ; I do n ot
think Id eler w as rig h t w hen he th o u g h t o f Meteor. I V 3, 381 a 3 - 4 as
a possible source of th e slander; w e h a v e no evidence th a t th is trea tise
(which does not belon g to th e Meteorologica) w as k now n u n til a fter
Andronicus, see I. D u rin g, “ A r isto tle ’s C hem ical T rea tise” , Acta univ.
Gothob. 50, 1944: 2, p. g. I t is to be ob served th a t th e w ord T iE Q tn a ro q
means j ‘sch o o l” (not th e building), ju s t as in XnEvavnnoq xardoTQErpev
T« rj £TTj n a r a a x d i v t o v n s Q u i a z o v , In d . Here. V I 39, p. 38 M ekler.
See A . B usse, in: Hermes 6 1, 1926, pp. 3 3 5 - 3 4 2 . I t is in terestin g to
observe th a t E p icu ru s ad m its th a t A risto tle had a n atu ra l ta len t and
q u ick ly m ade a career in th e A ca d em y ; fu rth er th a t A elia n renders
o v x cuv a<pvr)q w ith a p E iv o v n e tp v x a ig n a M w v and su b stitu tes another
phrase fo r ttjv O E w g o v fisv r/v ££tv. H is ph rase n a g a x Q o v a y v r a iv A o y cu v is
a plam d istortion o f 7z g o a E x d 6ia E r o l g A o y o ig . P hilodem us w ho in T 3 1 f
tran scribes an E p icu rea n source ad m its too th a t A risto tle w as h igh ly
gifted, b u t u n fo rtu n a tely he a jiE n r j& a t f j g a i x e i a g n q a y / x a r e i a g .
W h y did E p icu ru s lau n ch th e vio len t and en tirely unfounded a tta c k
on A risto tle as an aonwroc? T h e answ er is th a t it is a co u n ter-a ttack ,
certain ly a b lo w b elow th e b elt, b u t u n derstan d ab le as a desperate
Coleb. U n iv . A r s s k r . L X I I I : 2
386 INGEMAR DURING
el%
ev jion
(rcoxeXovg x a i Zcoxgaxovg . . . xaxeaxedaaav, (bax'ei x a i xa. aXXa navxa
ao<pd>g avxoig, did xag fiXaoiprj/Aiag xavxag xa i xaxijyogiag -
Qcaxdxu) aoipiag &v eigyEaOai. See C rdnert, Kolotes u. Menedemos,
1906, pp. 1 7 — 19.
T i m a e u s w as a generation you n ger th a n A risto tle, anti-M ace
donian, co n serv a tiv e in his ideas and ideals. R . L aq u eu r, R E V I A ,
c. 119 5 , points to th ree reasons for his h ostile a ttitu d e to A ristotle.
H e w as a pu p il of P hiliscus, and th e yo u n ger m em bers of th e Iso cratean
school w ere tra d itio n a lly u n frien d ly to w a rd s A risto tle ever since the
open fig h t in th e ‘ fifties. A risto tle h ad id ealized th e co n stitu tio n of
C arth age, a c ity w h ich T im aeu s regarded as th e h ered ita ry foe of Greek
civ iliza tio n . A n d , w orst of all, A risto tle had ch ara cterized th e in h ab itan ts
of L o cri as descen d an ts of slaves and rascals (we can fin d m odern parallels
in accou n ts of th e h isto ry o f A u stralia). T im aeu s feels him self to b e a
defender of old, fine trad itions; A risto tle is to him a ao(piaxr)g oipi/iaQrjg,
ARISTOTLE IN THE BIOGRAPHICAL TRADITION 387
• :S M S S i
5
£V7i7::rz rhe
definitely that i i ™ ^ “ T ^ ^ k“° " s
name of Aristot e “ , ; ” h , U° ” '“ ” g “ ”Wn’i° » “ *
% .«id„y
derived fm m "n
refersto,h*
a nd to a sti^rv u ltu a ^ M v
d e r iv e d fro m D em o ch a res and tr a n sfe rre d to A r is to tle see T /<
I t is am using to see h o w i, ■ 45 d
,, 5. n o w f l i g h t e d h e is to D a l m n f f th is r m c « ™ a „ A
at the sam e tim e h ow carefu l n ot to on lh e t< f
and his idols P la to and A r i .t n t l . n , . , ” >■ “ audiencc
Mate. M a „ d 2 , W e m eet "■« * » 7 »gain in V ita
elected successor to th e h e a d ^
? C WOrds Eiç Sv àjtoûavovra
o T ^ jT jt T h n ” “ bd”S
understandable in a m an of hits nha racter and not TeaCtl011,
w ith his ad m iration his lriend a „ „ ^
■ E ^ Z r b ^ ™ d“ >"« n ick n a m e
IN G E M A R D Ü R IN G
388
Nature.
Fishes feed d evou rin g one another, th e larger catch and d evour the
smaller. H ist. an. V I I I 2, 59 1 ^ 15 -
T h e w hole is m ore th a n its co n stitu en t parts. M elaph. V u , i o i g a
9 and 26; 1023 b 26 ff. (P hilosoph y of organism .)
T h a t w hich com es in to b ein g la s t fails first, and th e first last, n atu re
running a double course, so to sa y , and tu rn in g b a c k to th e po in t from
whence she started . D e gen. an. I I 6, 741 b 21.
N ature, like a go od householder, is n o t in th e h a b it of th row in g a w a y
anythin g from w h ich it is possible to m ake a n y th in g useful. D e gen.
an. I I 6, 744 b 16.
M an. Society.
Man is b y n atu re a poU tical anim al; social in s tin ct is im planted in
all men b y n ature. P ol. I 2, 1253 a 7.
Man is equipped a t b irth w ith arm s m eant to be used b y intelbgence
and virtu e, w hich he m a y use for th e w o rst ends (arma virtutis). P ol.
I 2, 1253 a 34.
E v e r y m an should be responsible to others, nor should an yon e be
allowed to do ju s t as he pleases; fo r w h ere ab so lu te freedom is allow ed
there is n othin g to restrain th e e v il w hich is inh erent in e v e ry m an.
Pol. V I 4, 1318 b 38.
H e w ho bids m an rule adds an elem ent of th e beast; fo r desire is a
wild beast, and passion p erv erts th e m inds of rulers, even w hen th e y
are the best of m en. P o l. I l l 16, 1287 a 30.
Men cling to life even a t th e cost of enduring m uch suffering, seem ing
to find in life a n atu ra l sw eetness. P o l. I l l 6, 1278 b 29.
L ife is b y n atu re good. Eth. N ic. I X 9, 1170 b 1.
It is p leasan t to help on e's neighbour. Rhet. I 2, 13 71 b 3.
H ow im m easu rab ly greater is th e pleasu re w hen a m an feels a th in g
to be his own. P o l. I I 5, 1263 a 40.
Possessions w ith o u t discipline breed fo lly . Protr. jr. 3 W alzer.
Man, a m icrocosm os. (P ossib ly from D em ocritus). P hys. V I I I 2,
252 b 26.
V ision of th e rob o t so ciety: P o l. I 4, 1253 b 3 3 : T ile sh u ttle w ould
w eave and th e p lectru m to u ch th e ly re w ith o u t a h and to gu id e them ;
chief w orkm en w ou ld n o t w a n t servan ts, nor m asters slaves.
I t is not th e possessions b u t th e desires of m ankind th a t require to
be equalized. Pol. I I 6, 1265 a 38.
1NGEMAR D tiRIXG
T h e a v a r i c e o f m a n k i n d is u n s a t ia b le ; m e n a l w a y s w a n t m o r e a n d
more w i t h o u t e n d . P ol. I I 7, 1 2 6 7 a 4 1 .
V aria.
fie, etpri, degäneve, prjre eûj axcm avéa, àXXà ôiôàÇaç TigoxEçov xtjv
a h lav, 0710} ç êI-eiç êxoifiov ngoç to jid Q ead ar ôiôàaxœ v èx tovtcuv
/urjôèv x wS lQ olxiaç ngoo<pêçEiv.
Sntaç Düiing : ovzqjç codd. |
67 f STOBAEUS.
(22) Iia tripertita ab his m ducitur ratio bonorum, atquc haec ilia sunt
tria genera quae putant pierique Peripateticos dicere. id quidem non falsa:
est enim haec partitio illorum ; illu d imprudenter, si alios esse Academicos
qui turn appellarentur alios Peripateticos arbitrantur. communis haec
ratio, et utnsque hie bonorum fin is videbatur, adipisci quae essent prima
m natura quaeque ipsa per sese expetenda aut omnia aut m axim a; ea
sunt autem m axima quae in ipso animo atque in ipsa virtute versantur.
itaque omms ilia antiqua philosophia sensit in una virtute esse positam
beatam vitam, nec tamen beatissimam n isi adiungerentur etiam corporis
et cetera quae supra dicta sunt ad virtutis usum idonea.
Comment. T h e n eop laton ic trad itio n in th e P rolegom ena (see T 72 a
and Ch. X X ) and in th e V ita e (VM 24) are based on th is legend, w hich
is som etim es slig h tly tran sform ed. A m m on iu s and O lym piodorus
om itted Speusippus en tirely, and th e A ra b s and one bran ch of the
Syriac trad itio n inh erited this m istake. T h e V ita e (which in th e m ain
are based on A n d ronicu s and P to lem y ), E lia s and th e so-called Pseudo-
Elias retain Speusippus. B u t in all th ese sources w e are told th a t
P lato s school, a fte r his d eath , w as d ivid ed in tw o branches, th e
Academ ic and th e P erip atetic, and th a t th eir doctrin es w ere essen tially
th e same.
71 c A U G U S T IN U S D e civ. D ei V I I 12 = T 39 c.
72 d P H I L O P O N U S In Cat. f r ., C IA G X I I I 1, p. 3.4: 01
IlEQUiazrjTixol 81a xotavxr)v alziav ovzmg ekr.ynvxo- IlX azoiv ydg
yvfivaaiag EVExa negtnazm v in o te lz o rag 1igdg zovg Izaigovg avv ova tag,
Sv o ’ Agiaxoxdkrjg diadE^dfisvog £a%E xfjv ex zijg tvr.oyeiag fjzot zoti
avfifisfjrjxozog ETtcovv/iiav.
TagavvovaiaginoielTO dtdaaxaXovaidol.
x o i ■ (p a o lv or1 81a to A to o 'A g io T O T e X r jg ,
74. Tyrannion.
75. Andronicus.
75 a S T R A B O N X I V 2, 13, p. 655: "AvdQEs <5J eyevovxo fivrjfiriQ
a£ioi jiolA oi (sc. in Rhodes) . . . xwv negl Adyovc x a l <piXoao(pLav 6 xe
LlavaLrioQ avxog x a l £xgaxoxXrjQ x a V Av&govixoq o i x xu>v nEgutaxuyv . . .
T he expression 6 i x xwv negtndxuiv (sim ilarly T 66 b) is su sp ect and
probably corrupt, see T 70 b. B u t th e sam e reading X I I I 2,4.
fiifiA io v ’ A v S q o v ix o q f i i v x a i " E g f i m n o g a y v o o v a t v o v d e y a g f iv e ia v a v x o v
8Xa)Q 7iE7i0LT)vxai i v x f j d va y n a< p fj x & v O e o tp g a a x o v flifiA -U iw N ix o X a o g
teytov elvai 0 Eoq>gdaTov. elai <5« iv avTio olov n g o d ian o g iai tiveq d liy a i
Tvjc öXrjQ naayiia.zr.la~.
C od ex S. Crucis, p lu t. X I I sin. 7, f. 3 a (at th e begin nin g of th e te x t
o f A rist. Meta-ph. in th e n ova tran slatio): H u n c librum prim um ’Omnes
homines natura scire' A n dronicus (et~) H erm ippus ignorant; neque enim
ip siu s memoriam faciunt om nino in enumeratione librorum A ristotilis.
N icholaus autem in theorica M etaphysice A ristotilis mentoralur ipsius,
dicens eum esse Theophrasti; et stilus eius in greco non assim ilatur stilo
A risto tilis. quia tarnen vulgus habet eum pro libro A ristotilis, et Olympio-
dorus in commento super Gorgiam P la ton is inducit quaedam verba ipsiu s
tamquam sint A ristotilis, nolum us eum a metaphisica A risto tilis hie
deesse.
Comment: O n N icolau s of D am ascu s and his parap hrasis, see T h.
R oeper, Lectiones Abulpharagianae I, G ed ani 1844, p. 42. O n th e w hole
q uestion see H . U sener, Analecta Theophrastea p. 23 = K l. Sehr. I ,
p. 69, and O. R egenbogen, in: R E Supp l. 7, col. 1389 (1940), w ith fu rth er
literatu re, esp. th e su m m ary of J a e g e r ’s conclusions, in: Gnomon 8,
1932, p. 290.
Plezia, pp. 3 7 — 42, deals w ith some tw en ty passages in which Sim plicius
cites or refers to passages in Andronicus’ commentaries on A ristotle.
Comment on 75.
Most inform ation on Andronicus in current handbooks is based on
F . I/ittig’s dissertation Andronikos von Rhodos. I. D as Leben des Andro-
nikos und seine Anordnung der aristotelischen Schriften, München 1890,
followed b y tw o additional parts, E rlangen 1894— 95 - K . O. Brink, in.
R E S u p p l. 7, s. v. Peripatos, expresses some doubt as to the va lid ity of
L ittig ’s conclusions. A s I said in m y Notes (full title T 52), Iyittig s
argum entation does not stand confrontation w ith the ancient evidence.
V ery useful is M. Plezia, “ De Andronici Rhodii studiis Aristotelicis” ,
P olska A k . Archiw um filologiczne, N. 20, K rakow 1946- A lthough I do
not agree w ith some of his conclusions, his treatm ent of the subject
has considerably advanced our knowledge.
There is no ancient evidence th at Andronicus ever was head of the
Peripatetic school in Athens, apart from T 75 p, which I regard as
entirely untrustw orthy. Cratippus is mentioned as scholarch in 46 by
Cicero; when Cicero was in Athens in 78, he m et no Peripatetic philo
sopher of im portance except Antiochus, germanissimus Stoicus, as he
m ockingly calls him, seeing th a t he was in fa ct more of a Stoic than
Aristotelian. N either before nor after Cratippus is there any room
for Andronicus as scholarch. To L ittig the solution was simple; “ W ahr
scheinlich dass Andronikos in aller Stille Vorstand der Schule geworden
w ar.”
In our evidence there is universal agreement on one point: Andronicus
was highly respected as a conscientious scholar. H e was educated in
Rhodes, an old centre of Aristotelian studies, and it is not unlikely
th a t he pre'served the traditions of Eudem us and his school, see T 75 m
and Diels in: Abh. A k . B erlin, 1882, p. 40. I t was one of those rare
and happy coincidences of history th a t this scholar, educated in a
good Aristotelian tradition, happened to find in Rom e a library rich
in m anuscripts of A ristotle’s writings. The find from Scepsis was prob
ably not unim portant, bu t of much greater im portance was the large-
scale influx of books to the private libraries in Rom e after about 60
A R IS T O T L E IN T H E B IO G R A P H IC A L T R A D IT IO N 421
(12) D e siimmo autem bono quia duo genera librorum sunt, unrnn
populariter scriptum quod êio n e g ix o v appellabant, alterum lim atius,
quod in commentariis reliquerunt, non semper idem dicere videntur, nec
in summa tarnen ipsa aut varietas est ulla apud hos quidem quos nominavi,
aut inter ipsos dissensio.
Sed cum beata vita quaeratur idque sit unum , quod philosophia spectare
et sequi debeat, sitne ea tota sita in potestate sapientis an possit aut labe-
factari aut eripi rebus adversis, in eo nonnum quam variari inter eos et
dubitari videtur. Quod m axim e efficit Theophrasti de beata vita liber,
in quo m ultum admodum fortunae datur. Quod si ita se habeat, non possit
beatam vitam praestare sapientia. H aec m ihi videtur delicatior, ut ita
dicam, molliorque ratio quam virtutis vis grdvitasque postulat.
Quare teneamus Aristotelem et eius /iliu m N icom achum , cuius accurate
scripti de moribus libri dicuntur illi quidem esse Aristoteli, sed non
video cur non potuerit patri sim ilis esse filiu s.
Theophrastum tamen adhibeamus ad pleraque, dummodo p lu s in virtute
teneamus quam ille tenuit firm itatis et roboris.
(1 3 ) S im u s igitur contenti his. namque horum posteri meliores illi
quidem, mea sententia, quam reliquarum philosophi disciplinarum , sed
ita dégénérant ut ip s i ex se nati esse videantur.
P rim um Theophrasti Strato physicum se voluit; in quo etsi est magnus,
tamen nova pleraque et perpauca de moribus. huius Lyco oratione locuples,
rebus ip sis ieiu n io r, concinnus deinde et elegans h uius Aristo, sed ea quae
desideratur a magno philosopho gravitas in eo non fu it: scripta sane et
multa et polita, sed nescio quo pacto auctoritatem oratio non habet.
(J4 ) Praetereo multos, in his doctum hominem et suavem, Hieronymum,
quem iam cur Peripateticum appellem nescio. Sum m um enim bonum
exposuit vacuitatem doloris. qui autem de summo bono dissentit, de tota
philosophiae ratione dissentit. Critolaus im itari voluit antiquos, et quidem
est gravitate proxim us et redundat oratio. A c tamen <ne > is quidem in
patriis institutis manet. D iodorus, eius auditor, adiungit ad honestatem
vacuitatem doloris. H ic quoque suus est de summoque bono dissentiens
d id vere P eripateticus non potest, antiquorum autem sententiam A n tio-
chus noster m ih i videtur persequi diligentissim e, quam eandem Aristotelis
fuisse et P olem onis docet.
Comment. Cicero’s source is Antiochus of Ascalon. H e first tells
us th at the P eripatetic philosophy is triplex, one part dealing w ith nature,
another w ith discourse, a third w ith living. An im antium om nium
428 IN G E M A R D Ü R IN G
76 c S T R A B O N X I I I 1, ov%eyovaiv
54, p. 608 = T 66 b: oXoj;
Ta(hfiXianXrjvoXiycov,y.aifiaXiaxarcoveijcoxEQ
ixcbv.
Comment. This clearly refers to dialogues and other works of a more
A R IS T O T L E IN T H E B IO G R A P H IC A L T R A D IT IO N 429
VitaAlexandri
76 d P L U T A R C H U S Eoixe ’AAsSav-
7 = T 25 a: ” d’
bqogov[iovovrovrjdixovxalnoAirixovnaoafjaXeivX.oyov,dXXdxalrow
<
m anorjTotvxalfiaO
vTEQCovSidaaxaXioovagoiavdijegIdiw gaxgoarixag
xal ETtonxixagTcnoaayoQevovregovxitjecpeQ
ovelgnoXXovg/lexaa/elv.
Comment. A s exam ples of “secret” and more profound teachings
Plutarch mentions the M etaphysics: “for in tru th his treatise on m eta
physics is of no use for those who would either teach or learn the science,
but is w ritten as a memorandum for those already trained” (Perrin).
The distinction he has in mind, then, is th a t between elem entary and
advanced courses. The reading M e t a r d cpvaixd is confirmed b y Sim pli
cius, I n P h y s., C l A G IX , p. 8.30 = T 76 o.
The use of sn o n reia and enonxixog for m etaphysical discussions goes
back to P lato Sym p. 2x0 A r d riX sa x a l s n o m ix d , cf. Phaedr. 250 C,
Atticus ap. Euseb. Praep. ev. X V , 815 a xfjg ovxojg aXrjdeiag snojixsvaai
Jiediov.
PI/U TAR CH U S D e Is . et Os. 77, p. 382 E: A id x a l IJXarcov x a l
’ AQiaxoxeXrjg en o n n xd v xovxo to fiEQog xfjg cpiAoaocpiag xaXovaiv, d>g
ol xa doijaaxa x a l [isix rd x a l navxodana xavxa n a n a / iE iy d / ie v o i xq> Xoyoj,
TiQog xo jiQcoxov sxelvo x a l duiXovv x a l dvXov sl-aAXovxai, x a l diyovxsg
anXmg xfjg tieqI avxo xaOapdg aXrjdeiag, olov iv xsAsxfj reXog e%eiv cpiXo-
a o f la g vo/nZovai. Sim ilarly Quaest. conv. V I I I 2, 1, p. 718 D. The word
is not found in any w ork of A ristotle now extant, bu t dXrjdeiav edog
avxw Xeyeiv xrjv OecoQrjxixrjv cpiXoaoyiav, as Alexander observes, I n
Metaph., C I A G I, p. 60.29.
SCH O LJA in Hesiod. Theog. 12: ’ Eneidrj rig xo ovrcog xaXov dva-
dQd[xrj, tote i n i ra rfjg cpvoioloyiag nooxoipag rd xaXov/ueva fxsra ra
cpvoixa, en o n n x o g yivsrai. W hen the scholiast wrote this, the title
M etaphysics was new and unfamiliar.
CLE M E N S A lyE X A N D R IN U S Strom. I 28 (p. 176.2): K a l xeranxov
ejiI n a a i xo OeoAoyixov eldog, r) in o n r e ia , fjv (pr/aiv o IJXdrcov rcov
fisyaXcov dvrcog slvai /ivarr/piow, yAoiaroxeXrjg de rd eldog rovro
fiExa rd cpvaixd xaAel. The usage is now established and the originator,
Andronicus, forgotten.
430 IN G E M A R D Ü R IN G
76 e L U C IA N U S V itarum a u d io 26:
Z E Y S . Mr] diazntfle- aXXov xdXei rov IleQiJiarririxov.
EPM . He (prjfii, rov xaXov, rov nXovaiov. aye drj, dtvrjoaoOe rov
avvercorarov, rov anavra oXoog emarapievov.
AFO. IloXog de rig ea r i,
EPM . M erqiog, emeixf/g, dopiodiog ra> fiioj, to <3e pieyiarov, dmXovg.
A rO . I I tig Xeyeig;
EPM . ” AXXog [lev o exroaOev (paivo/nevog, aXXog be o evroadev elvai
doxeZ■w are rjv ngir] avrov, /li/ivr/ao rov fxev iaojreoixov, rov de encore-
qixov xaXeZv.
A rO . T i de yiyvcoaxe piaXiara;
EPM . T ola elvai rayaOd, ev ev acopian, ev rolq exrog.
A rO . ’ Avdgcomva (ppovel. noaov de eariv,
EPM . E ’i xo ai fivmv.
A rO . IIoXv Xeyeig.
EPM . O v x , d> /my. do is. x a l ydo avrog e%eiv n dgyvgiov doxel,
w ore ovx av (pOdvoig dtvrjoapievog. e n de eiarj a v rixa pidXa nao avrov
noaov ju,ev o xdrvcoy) fiio l rov %qovov, ecp’ onoaov de fidOog fj OdXarra
vno rov rjXiov xaraXapinerai, x a l onoia rig eariv i] ipvyjj row oorgecov.
A rO . 'H gaxX eig rfjg dxoi,f>oXoyiag.
EPM . T i dai, ei dxovaeiag aXXa noXXco rovratv d^vdeoxearena,
yovfjg re neqi x a l yeveaeojg x a i rfjg ev ralg fxrptgaig raw e/.ifiovojv
nXaarixfjg, x a i mg dvOgomog piev yeXaorixov, ovog de ov yeXaany.ov
ovde rexraivopievov ovde nXcoi^opievov.
AFO. Ildvae/jLva cpfjg x a i ovijoi<p6qa ra piaOrjfiara w are (bvov/iai
avrov elxoaiv.
A R IS T O T L E IN T H E B IO G R A P H IC A L T R A D IT IO N 431
Comment. Lucian was of course fam iliar w ith the calum niatory
tradition: xaXov, n lo v o io v , TioXv/uaOla. O f Aristotelian doctrines he
knows the /ieooxrjg and the rota ay add. H e also refers to the H ist, an.,
De gener. an., ve ry definitely to Part. an. I l l 10, 673 a 8, and to Probl.
23, 6— 9. Here and in Galen we m eet for the first tim e the word eacoxe-
qixov in the sense of “ esoteric doctrines” .
Comment. T h i s is p r o b a b l y a m o r e o r le s s v e r b a l q u o t a t i o n f r o m
liber A n d ronici philosophi. T 76 a p ro ves th a t th e d is t i n c t i o n m ade
h e r e b e t w e e n e x o t e r i c a n d a c r o a t i c w r i t i n g s is e a r lie r t h a n A n d r o n ic u s ,
C ic e r o r e la t e s w h a t h e h a s h e a r d w h e n h e a t t e n d e d A n t i o c h u s le c t u r e s .
T 3 1 a p r o v e s t h a t t h e s t o r y a b o u t A r i s t o t l e s m o r n in g a n d a f t e r n o o n
le c t u r e s w a s c u r r e n t b e fo r e 75 B . C. F ro m D L V 2 I c o n c lu d e t h a t i t
w as to ld by H e r m ip p u s ; D io g e n e s has a b r id g e d th e a cco u n t. The
c o m b i n a t io n , n a m e l y t h a t t h e a f t e r n o o n l e c t u r e s w e r e “ e x o t e r i c ” a n d
t h e m o r n in g l e c t u r e s “ a c r o a t i c ” , is n o t f o u n d u n t i l a f t e r A n d r o n ic u s
a n d is p r o b a b l y h is id e a . H i s d e s c r i p t io n o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e
t w o t y p e s o f w r i t i n g s is s i m ila r t o t h a t g i v e n b y C ic e r o . I t is n o t t h e
q u e s tio n of “ se c re t” d o c t r in e s , a s o f t e n in th e la te r tr a d itio n . The
e x o t e r i c w r i t i n g s ( a n d le c t u r e s , c f. D L V 3) g i v e t r a i n i n g i n r h e t o r ic a l
e x e r c is e s ; t h e y a r e w r i t t e n i n g o o d l i t e r a r y s t y l e (facultas argutiarum
is a m b ig u o u s , b u t h a r d l y m e a n s “ l o g i c a l s u b t l e t y , a s R o l f e s u g g e s t e d ) ,
th e y p r o v id e a c q u a in ta n c e w ith e t h i c a l a n d p o l i t i c a l q u e s t io n s . The
t e r m is a p p a r e n t l y n o t y e t u s e d a s i d e n t i c a l w i t h “ t h e d ia lo g u e s , b u t
ARISTOTLE IN THE BIOGRAPHICAL TRADITION 433
i t is c le a r t h a t i t is t h i s t y p e o f l i t e r a t u r e A n d r o n i c u s h a s i n m in d .
T h e a c r o a t i c w r i t i n g s c o n t a i n “ a m o r e r e c o n d it e a n d s u b t l e p h i l o s o p h y ” ;
t h e y d e a l w i t h c o n t e m p la t i o n o f n a t u r e a n d w i t h d i a l e c t i c d is c u s s io n s .
F o r t h e l a t e r c o m m e n t a t o r s i t w a s e a s y t o s p in o u t t h i s d e f in it io n a n d
in t r o d u c e t h e c o n c e p t io n o f “ s e c r e t d o c t r i n e s ” .
A n d r o n ic u s ’ a c c o u n t o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n e x o t e r i c a n d a c r o a t i c
(la te r: a c r o a m a t i c ) w r it in g s , w i t h o r w i t h o u t t h e l e t t e r s , is q u o t e d o r
u s e d b y t h e f o l l o w in g w r it e r s : S t r a b o n = T 76 c, P lu ta r c h = T 76 d,
T h e m is t iu s = T 7 6 i ( a n d h i n t e d t o i n T 4 1 a ) , A m m o n i u s = T 76 k,
O ly m p i o d o r u s = T 7 6 1 , S im p lic iu s = T 76 o, E lia s = T 7 7 a , p p . 1 1 4 .3 2
— t h e l e t t e r s a r e m e n t io n e d b y h i m p . 1 2 5 . 1 0 — 1 2 ( b r a c k e t e d b y
B u sse fo r re a so n s w h ic h I d o n o t u n d e r sta n d ); fin a lly , in t h e A r a b ic
t r a d i t i o n , b y M u b a s h ir 3 7 . M u b a s h ir c a n o n l y h a v e f o u n d t h e l e t t e r s
in h is s o u r c e , I s h a q ib n H u n a y n ’s t r a n s l a t i o n o f t h e L i f e o f A r i s t o t l e
o f P to le m y - e l- G a r ib .
I t is i n t e r e s t i n g t o s e e t h a t a l - F a r a b i ( a n d a f t e r h i m a l- M u b a s h ir 3 7 )
tr a n s fe rre d th e w h o le sto ry , s lig h tly m o d if ie d , to th e r e la t io n s h ip
b e t w e e n P l a t o a n d A r i s t o t l e ( a n o t h e r t r a n s f e r o f t h i s k i n d is A m m ia n u s
M a r c . X V I 4 ,5 = D L V 16 ). P la t o in a le t t e r re p ro a c h e s A r is to tle fo r
p u b lis h in g t o o m a n y b o o k s ; A r i s t o t l e r e p lie s t h a t t h e s e b o o k s a r e o n l y
m ean t fo r t h e avveroi. S e e F . D i e t e r i c i , A l-F a ra b is philos. Abhandl.,
p. 11.
T h e t w o l e t t e r s a d d u c e d b y A n d r o n ic u s a r e o b v i o u s l y f i c t i t i o u s , a n d
t h e i r p u r p o s e is t o b r i n g h o m e a p o in t : t o j u s t i f y t h e e x p l a n a t i o n o f
th e te rm s e x o te r ic a n d a c r o a t ic (se e K . P r a e c h t e r in : Philologus 8 5 ,
I 93° , PP - 9 7 — 10 0 ). A r t e m o n e d i t e d A r i s t o t l e ’s c o r r e s p o n d e n c e i n e i g h t
b o o k s , a n d A n d r o n i c u s i n c lu d e d t h i s e d it io n i n h is “ c a t a l o g u e r a is o n n é ”
o f A r i s t o t l e ’s w r i t in g s ; O ly m p io d o r u s , Prol. et in Cat., C l A G X I I 1 ,
p . 6 .1 2 a t em aroXal aoxivaç ’ A.vôoovixoç te x a l ’ Aqte/ucdv avv'rjyayov.
O l y m p i o d o r u s ’ r e m a r k is a c o m m e n t o n t h e l i s t o f A r i s t o t l e ’ s w r it in g s
w h ic h h e h a s b e f o r e h im ; h e f o u n d t h i s l i s t i n P t o l e m y ’s V i t a ; i t w a s
p r o b a b l y a l m o s t i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h e o r ig in a l l i s t o f A n d r o n ic u s , a n d t h e
tit le re fe rre d t o b y O ly m p io d o r u s is f o u n d i n t h e A r a b i c c a t a lo g u e ,
t it le N o . 93. A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s a m e l is t , A n d r o n ic u s h i m s e lf e d it e d
a g r e a t n u m b e r o f l e t t e r s i n n o le s s t h a n t w e n t y b o o k s .
H e l le n i s t i c c o l l e c t io n s o f l e t t e r s a r e e it h e r e n t i r e l y fa k e d o r b u ilt
u p a r o u n d a k e r n e l o f g e n u in e l e t t e r s , s e e J . S y k u t r i s , in : R E S u p p l.
V , 1 9 3 1 , c o l. 1 8 5 ; I . D iir in g , “ C h io n o f H e r a c l e a ” . Acta univ. Gothob.
Gôteb. Univ. Ârsskr. L X I I I : 2 28
^24 INGEMAR DURING
57 , 1951: 5, P- 19 - It is t h e o r e t i c a l l y p o s s ib le t h a t t h e tw o le tte r s
a d d u c e d b y A n d r o n i c u s w e r e f a k e d b y A r t e m o n , b u t h a r d l y b y C a llis -
th e n e s, a s P le z ia assu m es. If w e a p p ly th e c la s s ic c r i t e r i a m o t i v e -
m e a n s - o p p o r t u n i t y , w e a r e l e d t o t h e c o n c lu s io n t h a t i t w a s A n d r o n ic u s
w h o f a b r i c a t e d t h e s e l e t t e r s i n o r d e r t o m a k e h is s t o r y m o r e a t t r a c t i v e
a n d i n v e s t i t w i t h t h e h a lo o f a v e n e r a b l e t r a d i t i o n . T h is m ig h t se e m
i n c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e v i e w t h a t A n d r o n i c u s w a s a c o n s c ie n t io u s s c h o la r
( a b o v e p . 4 2 0 ), a n d u n d o u b t e d l y i t is , f r o m o u r p o in t o f v ie w ; b u t
e v e r y s c h o la r is a c h i l d o f h i s t i m e , a n d A n d r o n ic u s l i v e d i n a p e r io d
w h e n i t w a s a c o m m o n h a b i t t o u s e a lle g e d l e t t e r s a s e v id e n c e . I t w as
p r o b a b l y r e g a r d e d a s a r h e t o r i c a l d e v i c e , c o m p a r a b le t o t h e a g e - o ld
h a b i t o f p o e t s a n d h i s t o r ia n s t o c o m p o s e s p e e c h e s a n d p u t t h e m m t h e
m o u th o f fa m o u s h is to r ic a l p e rso n s. The sam e w ay o f th in k in g is
b e h i n d t h e H e l l e n i s t i c c o lle c t io n s o f a p o p h t h e g m s , a p o p u la r f o r m o
t h e m o r e s e r io u s d o x o g r a p h y .
Comment. T h e r e is n o g r e a t s p a n o f t i m e b e t w e e n G a le n a n d C le m e n t
b u t t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l a t m o s p h e r e is e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t i n C le m e n t . He
m a rk s th e d a w n o f s c h o la s t ic is m : yvrjoiatg cpiXooocpelv m e a n s t o h im
t o f o llo w t h e a c k n o w le d g e d a u t h o r it ie s .
A s f a r a s I k n o w , t h i s is t h e e a r l i e s t t e s t i m o n y t o t h e le g e n d o f s e c r e t
d o c tr in e s .
Comment. T h i s s e e m s t o r e f le c t , in t h e p r o f u s e l a n g u a g e o f a f o u r t h
c e n t u r y r h e t o r , t h e o p in io n p u t f o r w a r d b y A n d r o n ic u s i n t h e i n t r o
d u c t i o n t o h i s e d it io n . S e e E . d e S t r y c k e r S . J . , “ T h e m i s t i u s g e t u ig e n is
o v e r d e e x o t . e n a k r . w e r k e n v a n A r i s t o t e l e s ” , in : K a t. univ. te Leuwen,
philol. Studien, 7 , 1 9 3 6 , p p . 1 0 0 — 1 2 1 .
A r is to tle d iv id e d p h ilo s o p h y in to d iffe r e n t b r a n c h e s; c f. o n A n d r o
n ic u s T 7 5 g eig ngay/xaxeiag b ie lle . T h e f i r s t s e t o f w o r k s a r e t h o s e
o'ffot nnog eva aywva ogwai. T h e aycov is t h e d i a l e c t i c s e r ie s o f d e m o n
s tr a tio n s , evOa nagdyei öl iv a o y öjv ajtodeigecov o evdeixvv/uevog o n
alrjdsvei. The fir s t b ran ch th e n , is lo g ic , th e secon d p h y s ic s and
m e t a p h y s i c s , t h e t h i r d e t h i c s a n d p o l it ic s .
T h e s e c o n d p a r a g r a p h d e a ls w i t h t h e e x o t e r i c a n d a c r o a t i c w o r k s ,
a n d i t a p p e a r s t h a t h e t h i n k s o f t h e l a t t e r a s m o r e o r le s s s e c r e t d o c t r in e s .
T h e s t y l e i n t h e e x o t e r i c w o r k s is s a id t o b e l u c i d a n d a g r e e a b le w i t h
a to u c h o f g r a c e a n d w it; t h e o th e r s a re o b s c u r e , a n d d e lib e r a te ly so,
in c a s e t h e y s h o u ld f a l l i n t h e h a n d s o f t h o s e n o t i n i t i a t e d . I n xai
exovreg /xfj e%a>aiv w e i n t e r c e p t a n e c h o o f t h e s p u r io u s l e t t e r T 7 6 f
exdedo/nevovg x a i [ir] sxdedo/ievovg.
T h ir d ly , T h e m is tiu s stre ss e s t h a t A r is to tle c r e a te d a n I n s tr u m e n t o f
s c ie n c e : t h e f i n a l w o r d s o f t h e p a s s a g e q u o t e d h e r e a r e : ngcoxog ’ A g i-
axoxslrjg ’’ Ogyavov efirjxo-vrjoaxo.
T h e r e is n o t h i n g s i m ila r t o t h i s i n h is e x t a n t p a r a p h r a s e s . I n th e
o p e n in g w o rd s of h is p a r a p h r a s e o f D e anima, C I A G V 1, h e says:
H o l l a f x h ovv eoixe xa>v ’ A q ia x o x slo v g ß iß lio jv eig enixQvyiv [isfir]-
XavfjoOai, b u t t h i s is n o th in g but th e u su al c o m p la in t about h is
o b s c u r ity . In P hys. 2 1 7 b 3 1 h e e x p la i n s et-wxegixajv b y xa>v encoder
löycov.
T h e m i s t i u s ’ s t y l e is q u i t e d i f f e r e n t in h is s p e e c h e s a n d i n h i s p a r a
p h rases. T h e s p e e c h e s h a v e t h e j o u r n a l i s t i c s t y l e o f t h e p e r io d ; t h e
la n g u a g e is s w o lle n a n d b o m b a s t i c , s t r i v i n g a f t e r e f f e c t . T h is m ig h t
e x p la in w h y , c o n t r a r y t o h is r a th e r so b e r p r e s e n ta tio n in t h e p a r a
p h r a s e s , h e s e r v e s u p th is p r e te n tio u s n o n se n se .
I t is i n t e r e s t i n g t o o b s e r v e c e r t a i n s i m ila r it ie s b e t w e e n t h i s p a s s a g e
a n d t h e n e o p l a t o n i c p r o le g o m e n a . I f , a s I a s s u m e , t h e s e p r o le g o m e n a
a r e t h e r e s u l t o f a l o n g d e v e lo p m e n t , T h e m i s t i u s ’ p l a c e is s o m e w h e r e
i n t h e b e g in n in g . H i s c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f t h e e x o t e r i c w r i t i n g s is in
p r i n c i p l e t h e s a m e a s i n t h e p r o le g o m e n a . T w o r h e t o r i c a l f lo u r is h e s
r e a p p e a r i n t h e p r o le g o m e n a : t h e c o m p a r is o n w i t h (pao/iaxa, c f. O ly m -
ARISTOTLE IN THE BIOGRAPHICAL TR AD ITIO N 437
piodorus, C l A G X I I I, p . 8 . 2 1 — 2 6 , A m m o n iu s , C l A G I V 4 , p . 5 . 1 7
— 22, and E l i a s = T 6 7 e; ’ Acpqodirrj, c f . E l i a s , C l A G X V I I I 1 , p .
12 4 .5 . D e S t r y c k e r c o m m e n t s o n t h e s e p a r a ll e ls i n h i s a r t i c l e c i t e d
above.
76 m E L I A S I n Cat. pr., C l A G X V I I I 1, p. 1 1 4 .3 2 — 1 1 5 .1 3 = T 77 a,
fu rth e r d ev elo p s th e sam e th em e. H e ad du ces D e an. 408 b 18 as
ev id en ce fo r th e fa c t th a t A risto tle in th e a cro a tic w orks defended th e
d octrin e of th e im m o rta lity of th e soul, and a passage from th e Eudem us
( = jr. 3 W a lzer) w h ich in his opinion p ro v es th a t A risto tle b elieved
in th is d octrin e. T h e passage m a y w ell b e ta k e n from a discussion of
xoival Evvoiai. W e do n o t k n o w th e sp eaker or th e c o n tex t, an d w e are
n o t ju stifie d in ta k in g th ese w ords as representin g A r isto tle ’s ow n opinion.
A R IS T O T L E IN T H E B IO G R A P H IC A L T R A D IT IO N 439
Comment on 7 6 . R e c e n t li t e r a t u r e : G . B o a s , “ A n c i e n t T e s t i m o n y t o
S e c r e t D o c t r i n e s ” , in : T he P hilo s. Review 6 2 , 1 9 5 3 , p p . 79 “ 9 2 ) A .
I a n n o n e , “ I lo g o i e s s o t e r ic i d i A r i s t o t e l e ” , in : A tli delV Istituto Veneto
di scienze lettere ed arti 1 1 3 , 1 9 5 5 . P P - D ir lm e ie r , N ik . E th ik,
1 9 5 6 , p . 2 7 4 (cf. m y r e v ie w , Gnomon 2 9 , i 957 > P- J 85 )-
T h e le g e n d t h a t t h e a n c i e n t p h ilo s o p h e r s h a d s e c r e t d o c t r in e s h a s
a lo n g h is to r y . I t is e a s y t o s e e h o w i t d e v e lo p e d :
a) The p r o v e r b ia l vagdrjxocpoQOi ftev noXXoi, ($ax%oi de re navQOi,
Phaedo 6 9 c , 1) a n d t h e i r o n ic a l anoQQrjra Phaedo 62 b , aXrjdeia aJioy.e-
XQV[i[ievr] Theaet. 1 5 5 e , fivaxrtoia 1 5 6 a . T h a t t h e m y s t e r i e s in c lu d e d
“ h i d d e n d o c t r i n e s ” w a s a f a m i l i a r n o t io n .
(fdwrßai ’ AAef-dvöga) reo ß aa iX el), äXXä /xegixä Xeyco öaa negl evdg xa l
/xegixov x a l ngog eva, & aneg a i emcrtoXal avrov- a l yäg emaxoXal
nodg eva slo l yeyga/u/uevai, d g ev oxxco ßißXioig awrjyayev ’ Agxe/xcov
xig fisr ä ’ AgiaroreXr/v yevo/ievog. x a l xaOöXov de Xeyovrai öaa negl
ndvrojv rcöv /xovoeiöcöv öiaXa/xßavei, (hg f) 0 vaixrj dxgdaaig (pvoixcöv
navreav x a l r\ ITegl ovgavov x a l xd ITegl yeveaemg x a l (pOooäg x a l xä
Mexecoga ndvxcov rcöv ev xä» fiexaoaiu) ronep iaxa/xevojv. rä öe /xera^v
öa a /ir/re negl navreov /xr/re negl evdg dXXd negl nXeiövcov buxXeyerai,
d>g r/ iarogia. öirxrj de avxrj, rj /i e v noXirtxrj (hg a l I io X a e ia i, dg iaxogtj-
aev i x xov noXXr/v yrjv negieXOeZv ä/xa ’ AXe£avögcp xä> ßaoiX sl, dg
exöeöcoxe x a xd aroiyelov öiaxoaiag nevrrjxovra ovaag röv dgiß/xov, rj
öe cpvaixr/ d>g f/ II s o l cpvxcöv x a l Cqmv laxogia.
(114) T a öe xaOoAov rä fiev elaiv vno/xvrj/xarixä rä öe ovvray/ianxd.
x a l vno/xvrj/xaxixä /xev Xeyovxai ev olg /xova xä xeyaXaia aaieygäcpr}oav
öiya jiQooijiiojv x a l eniXdycov x a l xrjg ngenovarjg exödaeaiv änayyeXtag.
xd öe xov vno/xvrj/xaxog övo/xa n agä ÜXdxcovi xeZxai ev rfj ’ Enivo/xlöi,
avvdipei ovarj xcöv vö / m o v (pr/al yäg exeZ negl rwv vö/xeov ävexöorojv
/xeivdvrcov (hg aoa (pdavovoi nveg vno/xvrj/xara avrcöv elXrj(pdreg (980 D).
öid o v ö e ö e l e x rcöv vnofxvrj/xanxööv n iarovadai xäg *AgiaroreXovg
öo^ag cbg öidgOcooiv vno/xeivavrmv. xwv öe vno/xvr/fxarixwv xä /xev
fiovoeiöfj xä öe noixiX a, /lovoeiöfj /xev cbg evo/xiaOrj xd I le g l eg/xr/vetag
vno/xvrj/xanxdv öiä xrjv dodipeiav, nglv yodipai xov cpiXoaocpov 'A/x/xmviov
elg avxo vno/xvrj/xa x a l öeZ£ai öxi x a l ngooi/xiov eyei x a l imXdyovg xa l
xr/v ngenovaav xfj exöoaei änayyeXiav, r ä öe noixiXa (hg rä 710dg
E vxaig ov avxcö yeyga/x/xeva eßöo/xijxovxa ßißXia IJegl av/x/xixxmv
Crjxrjjudxcov %coglg ngooi/xicov x a l emXoyov x a l xrjg öiaigeaecog.
(114.15) T& v öe aw ray/xanxcöv r ä /xev elaiv avxongdaom a, ä xa l
äxqoa/xaxixä Xeyovxai, xä öe öiaXoyixa, ä x a l H coxsgixä Xeyovxai. xal
(hg /xev avxongdacona ävxixeivrai roZg öiaXoyixoZg, (hg öe äxgoa/xanxä
ä vrixeivrai rolg e^ojreoixoig- nävxag yäg dvQgdmovg wcpsXeZv ßovXö/xe-
vog ö ’ AgiororeXr/g eygaipe x a l ngog rovg emxrjöeiovg xrjg cpiXoaoqiiag
e£ oixeiov ngoodm ov (öio x a l äxgoa/xaxixä Xeyovxai, (hg öeov avxwv
ndvxcog dxgoaaaaOar öOev x a l P va ixrj äxgöaoig, eneiöi] evöoxi/xelv
öoxei o ’ AgiaxoxeXrjg /xdXiara ev avrfj x a l öeov avxfjg ndvxcog dxgoa-
aaaOai rovg eyovxag e n l (piXoaocpiav)• eygarpe öe x a l ngog xovg ävsnixrj-
ösiovg ngog (piXoaocpiav xä öiaXoyixa. x a l ev /xev xolg äxgoa/xaxixolg
ä xe ör] ngog ävögag /xeXXovrag cpiXoaocpelv öiaXeyö/xevog (d v a y x a a n -
xoZg, ev öe roZg ötaXoyixoZg} niOavoZg xeyorjrai Xdyoig. xaxaaxevaCcov
A R IS T O T L E IN T H E B IO G R A P H IC A L T R A D I T I O N 453
öe rr/v ddavaaiav rfjg ywXfjg xdv roZg dxgoapianxoZg di dva yxa onxw v
Xoywv xaraaxevaC ei, ev de rolg diaXoyixoZg did mdavwv elxdrcov- (prjoi yap
iv rolg I le a l rpvXfjg dxgoapianxoZg o n fj yw/fj mpQagrog (40 8b 18 ). el yag
rjv tpOagrfj, edei pidXiara avrf/v cpOeigeaOai vno rfjg iv rw yfjga dpiavgcb-
aecog- r öre de dx/idCet rov owpiarog nagaxpidoavrog, maneg ovv nagax-
fid£ei öre rd owpia dxpid£er ro de Sre d e l cpOeigeadai dxpidCov wpQagrov
ft tpvx?) äga SxpQagrog i o n . x a l ovrcog pxev ev ro lg dxgoapianxoZg.
(fj yào ywyfj xgsíxxw v xov aw/iaroç nécpvxev eiva i), ei ôè neoi yeigóvwv
xov aw fiaxoç, wç r à I le g l xwv ygw/iáxwv avxov Çrjxj/una- r à yàg
yoojfiaxa yeigw xôjv owfiáxwv xadeaxrjxe, xaOoxi ev a vxolç êyei xo
eivai, fj ôè n egi xà aw/iaxa avxov tpvaioAoyía rj n sg i xa vneg xrjv o e b j-
vrjv, d»? xà ovgávia aw/uaxa x a i fj negi xovxwv Çfjxrjoiç, tisqi yaAaÇíov
negi aaxgwv negi fjAiov x a i oeAfjvrjç, fj n eo i xwv vnò aãijvriv, xa i
xovxwv fj negi xà xadóAov xfjç xã>v aco/iárcov cpvascoç, wç xà I le g i
yevéaewç x a i <p6ogãç Çrjxfjuaxa, fj negi xã>v fiegixw v. x a i £Í fièv [isgixwv,
fj èfiyvyojv fj âyvyojv. x a i s i (ièv èfitpvywv, fj aioOrjxixwv fj âvaioOfjXwv.
x a i eí [ièv negi âvaiaOfjXOJV ejiipvyojv, wç xa TIeqi <pvxãv avxov Crjxtj-^
[iaxa, s i ôè aioOrjxixwv, x a i xovxcov náAiv fj negi xwv xadóAov, có ç a i
IJ eqí xôjv Çww v avxov iaxogiai, M a ôiaAéyexai n eo i xwv êv x o lç Çwoiç
naQrj[iáx(ov,* n eo i yfjgovç x a i (116) veóxrjxoç, negi avÇfjoewç x a i jueiw-
aewç (xavxa yào xadóAov bícsí x a i n ã a i xo ïç Çwoiç vnaoyet.), fj av xa x
iôíav, wç I I eqí xfjç xaQ’ vnvov piavxixfjç- avxrj yàg [lóvoiç xo lç âvdgw-
n o i ç ’ vnágXei. eí ôè náAiv n sg i xwv vnò aeAfjvrjv avxov (pvmoAoyixÕJV
Çrjxijiiáxwv, xà [ièv vnèg xfjv yfjv èaxi xà ôe èv rfj yfj xà ôè vno xrjv
y fjv x a i eí fièv vnèg rfjv yfjv, wç xà M exew goAoyixà avxov , M a ôiaAé-
yexa i n sg i xfjç xanvw ôovç ãxjuôoç x a i avyjirjgóiòovç, nEgi ßgovxfjs xe
x a i âoxganfjç x a i vexpõjv x a i nEgi xwv ôiaxxóvxwv xopxrjxwv, ôaAwv xe
x a i alywv x a i xwv ãAXoJv eiôwv, ei ôè êv xfj yfj, wç fj I le g i OaAaoowv
x a i noxapiwv x a i nrjywv ngaypiaxeía, ei ôe negi xwv vno xrjv yfjv coç
fj I le g i xwv oeiapiwv x a i yaopiáxwv avxov ÇfjxrjOiç. x a i xavxa fièv negi
xfjç (pvaioAoyixfjç xov ’ AgiaxoxeAovç.
T à ôè fiadrjfiaxixà avxov wç xà ’ O n x ix à x a i M rjyavixà avxov ßißAia
yeygapipiéva, deoAoyixà ôè wç xà M exà xà tpvaixà negi àgyfjç Çrjxfinaxa.
avxrj [ièv fj ôiaigeaiç xwv Oewgrjxixwv.
(116 .15) T à v ô è n g a x x i x w v x à piév e ío iv fjd i x à x à ô è o ix o v o p iix à x à
ô è n o A ix ix á . fjfh x à /xèv w ç x à E v ó r j p ie ia x a i N i x o j i á y e i a xá xe /uxgà
x a i xà n sy á A a • xà pèv y àg xw n a x g i n g o a c p w v sl N r x o fiá y q ) x a i U y o v -
Xa i N ix o / L tá y e ia j x e y á l a , x à ô è x w v i w ó ftw v v / j.w x w n a x g i x a i U y o v x a i
N ix o / iá x e t a /M xgá. n o A ix ix à ô è w ç x à ü o h x i x ò v o v v x a y / ia , èv ô iô á -
a x e i n w ç ô e l n o h x s v E o d a i. x ã v x w ôsvxég w A ó y w x o v l l o h x i x o v ^ â v x i-
M y e i x fj I l o h x e í a IIA á x w v o ç á r e ó / u o a x o íy m o v a r ) x f j n o h x s í a - ê v y à g
x a lç I Io h x E Ía iç ov ô iô á o x e i n w ç ô e l n o h x e v e a d a i, à ? là nw ç o i ngò
avxov ê n o A ix e v a a v x o ã v Q o c o n o i. à A A à f ir jv xai o ix o v o / z i x a e io iv avxõj
y e y p a ix / x é v a ß i ß A ia , wç xò O íx o v o fx ix ò v a v v x a y fx a xai n egi a v / iß iw -
a e w ç à v ô g ò ç x a i y w a i x ó ç , èv w A ê y s i è x x s a a á g w v o y é o e w v o v y x e x g o x fj-
A R IS T O T L E IN T H E B IO G R A P H IC A L T R A D IT IO N 455
A BRIEF SUMMARY
A risto tle , th e p ictu re is en tirely d ifferen t. T h e old P erip ato s died w ith
S trato n . H e h a d g r a v e forebod ings w h en h e w ro te in his W ill: “ I
le a v e th e school to L y c o n , since of th e rest som e are to o old, th e oth ers
to o b u sy w ith oth er thin gs. ” T h e P erip a tetics d egenerated, as A n tio ch u s,
C icero, S tra b o n an d A n d ro n icu s said; th e la te r h isto ry of th e school
can b e described as a series o f su ccessive rev iv a ls, each w ith its p ecu liar
ch aracter. B y th e philosophers o f th e gen eration a fte r A ris to tle his
m ain d octrin es w ere a lre a d y in cred ib ly distorted; his op pon en ts had
an e a sy ta sk , fo r e x c e p t a fe w d ialogu es an d th e Protrepticus copies
o f A r is to tle ’s w ritin g s w ere rare an d no C orpus ex iste d u n til a fte r
A n d ronicu s.
A risto tle le ft A th en s in th e m id st o f a p o litica l tu rm o il an d died th e
sam e y ea r, a lo n ely m an. H e h a d fe w real friends an d num erous enem ies.
Som e of th ese w ere inspired b y p o litica l hatred . I t is tru e th a t th e
w h ole in tellectu a l elite in A th en s in th e m iddle of th e fo u rth cen tu ry
w as pro-M acedonian, b u t ow in g to his p a ren tag e and his close relations
w ith th e M acedon ian co u rt an d his sta tu s as a n on-citizen it w as A risto tle
w h o b ecam e th e ch ief ta rg e t of th e anti-M aced on ian p a r ty . T h e y seem
to h a v e c o n cen trated a ll th e ir h a tred an d p e t t y sland er on him . T h is
p o litica lly -in sp ire d h a tred has le ft its tra ces in th e b io grap h ica l trad ition:
it is su fficien t to m en tion th e nam es of T h eopom p u s an d T h eo critu s
o f Chios, w h o h a te d H erm ias b ecau se h e h a d in terfered in C h ian affairs
a n d tran sferred th e ir h a tred to A risto tle; D em ochares, w h o in his
speech 306 used a ll th e accu sation s d irected a ga in st A risto tle du rin g his
life-tim e b y th e anti-M aced on ian p a rty ; an d fin a lly T im aeu s, w hose
h o stile a ttitu d e h as m ore c o m p lex reasons.
O th ers w ere inspired b y d octrin a l antagonism . A lr e a d y as a com pa
r a tiv e ly y o u n g m a n A risto tle w as in v o lv e d in a d ispu te a b o u t th e aim s
of rh eto ric w ith Cephisodorus, a follow er of Isocrates. Iso crates an d
th e m em bers of his school w ere in flu e n tia l in A th en s, an d th e la s tin g
feu d b etw een th e m an d A risto tle has le ft its traces in th e b io grap h ical
trad itio n . E p icu ru s an d his d isciples used m a terial fro m th is feu d in
th e ir polem ics a g a in st A risto tle . Som e m em bers of th e A ca d em y , too,
b ore a gru d ge a ga in st A risto tle; A risto tle h a d n ever sy m p a th ized w ith
H eraclid es of P o n tu s, a m an of eccen tric id eas an d p assin g fancies,
nor w ith Speu sippu s w h ose som ew h at sch o la stic opinions he often
criticized ; Speu sippu s an d his follow ers, on th e oth er hand, regarded
A risto tle as a renegade b ecau se of his p ersisten t an d stu b b o rn opposi
A R IS T O T L E I N T H E B IO G R A P H IC A L T R A D IT IO N 463
P U B L IS H E D B Y T H E IN S T IT U T E O F C L A S S IC A L S T U D IE S
OF TH E U N IV E R S IT Y OF GÖTEBORG
E D IT E D B Y IN G E M A R D Ü R IN G A N D H A R A L D H A G E N D A H L
V o lu m e s p u b lish e d :
I. A c h ille s T a tiu s. L e u c ip p e and C lito p h o n . E d ite d b y E b b e V i l -
borg. S to c k h o lm 1 9 5 5 . X C I I - f -191 p p. Price S w . K r . 2 5 .
II. À k e J : s o n F r id h . T erm inologie et fo rm u les dans les V ariae de
Cassiodore. É tu d es sur le développem ent d u style a d m in istra tif
a u x derniers siècles de V an tiquité. S to c k h o lm 1 9 5 6 . X II-} -
2 00 .p p. P ric e S w . K r . 2 0 .
III. S v e n E r ik s s o n . Wochentagsgötter, M o n d und T ierkreis. L a ie n
astrologie in der röm ischen K a ise rzeit. Stockholm 1 9 5 6 . 128 p p .
Price Sw . K r . 1 2 .
IV . E r ik W i s t r a n d . D ie Chronologie der P u n ic a des S iliu s Ita licu s.
B eiträge zur Interpretation der fla visch en L iteratur. G ö te b o rg
1 9 5 6 . (A c ta U n iv . Gothob. L X I I 9 .) 65 p p . P ric e S w . K r . 8.
V. I n g e m a r D ü r i n g . A risto tle in the A n cie n t B io g ra p h ica l T ra d i
tion . G ö te b o rg 1 9 5 7 . (A c ta U n iv . Gothob. L X I I I 2 .) 4 9 0 p p .
P ric e S w . K r . 3 2 .
V I. H a r a l d H a g e n d a h l . L a tin F athers and the C la ssics. G ö teb o rg
1 9 5 3 . (A c ta U n iv . Gothob. L X I V 2 .) P ric e S w . K r . 2 8 .
I n P re p a ra tio n :
K r is t e r JTa n e l l . D ie Sen atssitzu ng am 5. D ezem ber 63 v. Chr.
O s c a r L anjj .i ü , M y ken isch -G riechisch e E ig en na m en.
A c h ille s T a tiu s. L e u c ip p e and C litop hon. A C o m m e n ta ry b y E b b e
V il b o r g .
D is tr .:
A L M Q V IS T & W IK S E L L
STO CK H O LM
P r ic e S w . K r. —
Printed in Sweden
GÖTEBORG 1957
ELANDERS BOKTRYCKERI AKT1EB0LAG