Introduction
Magnetic Properties • Magnet name comes from the ancient Greek city of …………., at
Outline
• Introduction
• Basic Concepts
• Magnetic Suscheptibility
ƒ Dia-, Para-, Ferro-, Anti- and Ferri-magnetic materials
• Temperature Effect
• Magnetic Hestresis loops
ƒ Soft vs Hard Magnets
• Examples
ƒ Magnetic Storage and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University
Introduction
• In 1820, Danish scientist Hans Christian Ørsted (1777-1851)
observed that a compass needle in the vicinity of a wire carrying
electrical current was deflected; therefore a connection between
electrical and magnetic phenomena was shown.
• In 1831, Michael Faraday (1791-1867) discovered that a momentary
current existed in a circuit, when the current in a nearby circuit was
started or stopped. Shortly thereafter, he discovered that motion of a
magnet toward or away from a circuit could produce the same effect.
• Joseph Henry (1797-1878) observed the same 6-12 months before
Faraday but failed to publish his findings.
While Henry was doing these experiments, Michael Faraday did similar
work in England. Henry was always slow in publishing his results, and
he was unaware of Faraday's work. Today Faraday is recognized as the
discoverer of mutual inductance (the basis of transformers), while
Henry is credited with the discovery of self-inductance.
Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University
which many natural magnets were found.
• Now, we refer to these natural magnets as lodestones (also
spelled loadstone; lode means to lead or to attract) which contain
magnetite, a natural magnetic material Fe3O4.
• Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD Roman) wrote of a hill near the river
Indus that was made entirely of a stone that attracted iron.
• Chinese as early as 121 AD knew that an iron rod which had
been brought near one of these natural magnets would acquire
and retain the magnetic property, and this rod would align itself in
a north-south direction, when suspended from a string.
• Use of magnets to aid in navigation can be traced back to at
least the eleventh century.
Basically, we knew the phenomenon existed and we learned
useful applications for it but we did not understand it.
MECH 221 lecture 23/1 Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University MECH 221 lecture 23/2
Introduction
• In summary, Ørsted showed that magnetic effects could be produced
by moving electrical charges; Faraday and Henry showed that electric
currents could be produced by moving magnets. ÎAll magnetic
phenomena result from forces between electric charges in motion.
• Ampere first suggested in 1820 that magnetic properties of matter
were due to tiny atomic currents.
• All atoms exhibit magnetic effects.
• Medium in which charges are moving has profound effects on
observed magnetic forces.
Every magnet has at least one north pole and one south pole. If you take a
bar magnet and break it into two pieces, each piece will again have a North
pole and a South pole. If you take one of those pieces and break it into two,
each of the smaller pieces will have a North pole and a South pole.
No matter how small the pieces of the
magnet become, each piece will have
S N S N S N
a North pole and a South pole.
MECH 221 lecture 23/3 Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University MECH 221 lecture 23/4
 Basic Concepts Applied Magnetic Field
• Electrically charged particles generate magnetic • For a solenoid:
forces.
NI
• A magnetic field exerts a torque which orients H= Applied N turns total
dipoles with the field. L magnetic field H L = length of each turn
• Externally applied magnetic field is called the • H field creates magnetic
magnetic field strength, H (amperes/meter) induction
current I
• B is the magnetic
Magnetic field lines describe the structure of
induction; the magnitude Created by current through a coil
magnetic fields in three dimensions. of the internal field within
a substance (in ………)

B = Magnetic Induction
By convention, we say that the magnetic
field lines leave the North end of a magnet
and enter the South end of a magnet. current I
Tesla. Scientists Can Be Famous, Too!
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Magnetic Field Parameters Magnetic Susceptibility

B = μH M= χmH
• µ is the permeability of the χm = μr −1
medium (henries per meter)
xm is the magnetic ……………. It
• For a vacuum:
measures the material response
B0 = μ0 H relative to a vacuum (Dimensionless)
• µ0 is the permeability of a vacuum
μ
μr =
μ0
• Diamagnetism
• µr is the relative permeability • Paramagnetism
B = μ0 H + μ0 M • Ferromagnetism
ƒ Antiferromagnetism
• M is magnetization of the solid ƒ Ferrimagnetism
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 Magnetic Moments Diamagnetism
• Macroscopic properties are the • Very weak and in opposite direction of applied field
result of electron magnetic magnetic moments • Exists only during application of external field
moments
electron electron
• Induced by change in orbital motion of electrons
• Moments come from 2 sources: • Found in all materials
ƒ Orbital motion around a nucleus nucleus spin • µr slightly less than 1 and χm negative
ƒ Spinning around an axis • This form of magnetism is of no practical importance
Adapted from Fig. 20.4, Callister 6e.
• Fundamental Magnetic Moment:

Magnetic induction
Bohr Magneton = 9.27*10-24 A.m2.

(B-tesla)
• The net magnetic moment for an atom is the sum of the
magnetic moments of constituent electrons
• Atoms with completely filled electron shells are incapable vacuum (χ = 0)
permanent magnetization (1) diamagnetic(χ ~ -10-5)
e.g., Al 2O3, Cu, Au, Si, Ag, Zn
• All materials exhibit some form of magnetization.
• Three types of response; ferro, dia and paramagnetic. Strength of applied magnetic field (H)
(ampere-turns/m)
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Paramagnetism Ferromagnetism
• In some solids, atoms posses • No external field required
permanent dipole moments • Very large and permanent magnetizations
• Dipoles align with external field • Moments primarily due to electron spin
• Enhances external field • Coupling interaction causes adjacent atoms to align
• Increases µr • Often found in transition metals
• Large χm, H<<M and B ~ µ0*M

(3) ferromagnetic e.g., Fe3O4, NiFe2O4

Magnetic induction

Magnetic induction

e.g., ferrite(α), Co, Ni, Gd

(χ as large as 106 !!)
(B-tesla)

(B-tesla)

(2) Paramagnetism
e.g., Al, Cr, Mo, Na, Ti, Zr
vacuum (χ = 0) vacuum (χ = 0)
(1) diamagnetic(χ ~ -10-5) (1) diamagnetic(χ ~ -10-5)

Strength of applied magnetic field (H) Strength of applied magnetic field (H)
(ampere-turns/m) (ampere-turns/m)
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 Temperature and Magnetic Behavior
Antiferromagnetism
Increasing temp:
• increases thermal vibrations in atoms
• Atoms’ spin moments couple in MnO
• Moments are more randomly aligned
opposite directions
• Thermal motions counteract coupling
• No magnetic moment forces
• Decrease in saturation magnetization

Ferrimagnetism Saturation Magnetization, Ms:

Maximum possible magnetization (all
dipoles aligned with external field)
• Permanent magnetization
Fe3O4
• Similar macroscopic Ms= net magnetic moment for each atom * number of atoms
characteristics with • Maximum saturation at 0 K. Why? ......................
ferromagnetism
• Saturation abruptly drops to zero at the Curie Temp., Tc
• Source of moment is incomplete
• At Tc, mutual spin coupling is destroyed
cancellation of spin moments Fe3+ complete cancellation • Above Tc, ferromag. and ferrimag. materials become paramag.
Fe2+ there is net magnetic moment
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Domains Making a Magnet from a Ferromagnetic Material

• Any ferro- or ferri- • domains in which the

magnetic material below magnetic fields of
Adapted from Fig. 20.12,
Tc is composed of small Callister 6e. individual atoms align
volume regions with • orientation of the
mutual alignment magnetic fields of the
• Adjacent domains have Bsat domains is random
boundaries of gradual H • no net magnetic field.
H
induction (B)

change in direction
H • “Domains” with • when an external magnetic field
Magnetic

• Magnitude of M field for aligned magnetic is applied, the magnetic fields of

the entire solid is the H moment grow at
expense of poorly the individual domains line up in
vector sum of the
aligned ones! the direction of the external field
weighted magnetizations H
of domains 0 • this causes the external
Applied Magnetic Field (H)
magnetic field to be enhanced
H=0 Adapted from Fig. 20.13, Callister 6e.

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 Magnetic Hysteresis Loops Example: Magnetic Storage
• B field lags behind H field
• Information stored by magnetizing
• Remenance: residual B field at H = 0 material. Head can:
ƒ Domains are resistant to movement ƒ Apply magnetic field H & align domains
• Coercivity, Hc: H field magnitude required ƒ Detect a change in the magnetization of
to set B = 0 the medium

Area within hysteresis

loop is energy lost
Media Types
(usually heat)

• Soft Magnets • Particulate

ƒ Small coercivity (e.g., commercial iron 99.95 Fe) ƒ Needle shaped
ƒ Good for varying fields (e.g. electric motors) ƒ Tape, floppy
• Hard Magnets • Thin film
ƒ High coercivity: add particles/voids to make ƒ Domains are 10-30nm
domain walls hard to move (e.g. tungsten steel) ƒ Hard drives
ƒ Good for ……………… magnets γ-Fe2O3. +/- mag.
moment along axis. CoPtCr or CoCrTa alloys
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Example: MRI
• Super paramagnetic Iron Oxide
Nanoparticles Act as an MRI
negative contrast agent.
• Produce predominately spin-spin
effects
• Enhancement peaks at 24 hrs
and decreases over several days Next Time:
• Microglia, and other
metabolically active cells, Optical Properties
internalize these nanoparticles

A- Proton density and B-

Tumor uptake of iron is
evident in this image –
higher contrast.

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