STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING

ANDHRA PRADESH

HOME AUTOMATION USING IOT

A project report submitted to the

STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING
in partial fulfillment for the award of

DIPLOMA
in
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
by
D.MONICA YADAV (15351-EE-026)
J.JASWANTH (15351-EE-019) P.HARISH (15351-EE-014)

Under the esteemed guidance of

Mr.J.PRAVEEN, M. Tech.,
Assistant Professor
Department of EEE

Devineni Venkata Ramana & Dr. Hima Sekhar

MIC College of Technology

Kanchikacherla-521180, Krishna Dist., A.P. India.
(2nd Shift)
(AN ISO 9001 -2008
2017-2018 CERTIFIED INSTITUTION)

1
 Devineni Venkata Ramana & Dr. Hima Sekhar

MIC College of Technology

Kanchikacherla-521180, Krishna Dist., A.P. India.
(2nd shift)
2017-18 (AN ISO 9001 -2008
CERTIFIED INSTITUTION)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “HOME AUTOMATION USING IOT” being
submitted for the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Diploma in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering from State Board of Technical Education and
Training, AP is a bonafide work done by D. MONICA YADAV (15351-EE-026),
J.JASWANTH (15351-EE-019), P.HARISH (15351-EE-014) under my
guidance during the academic year 2017-18 and it has been found suitable for
acceptance according to the requirement of the SBTET,AP. This work is not submitted to
any other institution or university for the award of any degree.

Mr.J.PRAVEEN, M. Tech DR.T.VAMSEE KIRAN, M.E, P.H.D

Assistant Professor, Professor
Project Guide Head of the Department

Dr. Sudheer Babu, Ph.D, IITM.

Principal

Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
2
 We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our guide, Mr.J.PRAVEEN,
Assistant Professor of EEE Department, DVR & Dr.HS MIC College of Technology, for
his valuable guidance, inspiration, forbearance and keen interest in our project. He has
been guiding us right through and rendered himself available whenever we required his
attention and his valuable advice at every stage of this work. We are very much thankful to
him for his coordination in this regard.

We have the immense pleasure in expressing our thanks and deep sense of
gratitude to Dr.T.VAMSEE KIRAN, Professor and Head, Department of Electrical &
Electronics Engineering for extending necessary facilities for the completion of the
project.

We are also thankful to Dr.Sudheer Babu, Principal of our college, who gives
very good support to us during this work and others who assisted us in this project work.

We wish our warm and grateful thanks to the staff of EEE department of
Devineni Venkata Ramana & Dr. Hima Sekhar MIC College of Technology for their
assistance and continuous encouragement in completing this project work successfully.

Finally, we would like to thank our family as they continued to supply the
unconditional love and support which allowed us to complete this work.

PROJECT MEMBERS

D. MONICA YADAV (15351-EE-026),

J. JASWANTH (15351-EE-019),

P. HARISH (15351EE014),

3
 DECLARATION

We carried out the project on “HOME AUTOMATION USING IOT ”, hereby declared
that the matter included in this project is a genuine work done by us and has not been
submitted either to SBTET, AP or any other university/institute for the fulfilment of the
requirement of the degree.

PROJECT MEMBERS

D. MONICA YADAV (15351-EE-026),

J. JASWANTH (15351-EE-019),

P. HARISH (15351EE014),

4
 CONTENTS
Abstract

List of Figures

List of Tables

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction of Home Automation

CHAPTER 2 TECHNIQUES

2.1 Soldering

2.2 Types of soldering

2.2.1 Tools Required

CHAPTER 3 DESCRIPTION OF SOFTWARE

3.1 Internet Of Things(IOT)

CHAPTER 4 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS

4.1 Introduction of Components

4.2 Node MCU

4.2.1 Pins of Node MCU

4.3 RELAYS

4.3.1 Basic principle of Relay

4.4 TRANSISTORS

4.5 THERMISTORS(NTC)

4.6 Node MCU CASE

CHAPTER 5 BLOCK DIAGRAM & CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

5.1 Block Diagram

5.2 Circuit Diagram

5
5.3 Description of Circuit Diagram

CHAPTER 6 WORKING

6.1 Working of home automation system

CHAPTER 7 ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS

7.1 Advantages of home automation

7.2 Applications of home automation

CHAPTER 8 RESULTS

8.1 Result

CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION

9.1 Conclusion

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

6
 ABSTRACT

This project presents a design and prototype implementation of new home

automation system that uses WiFi technology as a network infrastructure connecting its
parts. The proposed system consists of two main components; the first part is the server
(web server), which present system core that manages, controls, and monitors users’ home.

Users and system administrator can locally or remotely manage and control system code.
Second part is hardware interface module, which provides appropriate interface to sensors
and actuator of home automation system.

Unlike most of available home automation system in the market the proposed system is
scalable that one server can manage many hardware interface modules as long as it exists
on WiFi network coverage. System supports a wide range of home automation devices like
power management components, and security components.

The proposed system is better from the scalability and flexibility point of view than the
commercially available home automation systems.

7
LIST OF FIGURES:
Node MCU

Relays

Transistors

NTC Thermistors

Node MCU case

LISTOF TABLES

Pins of Node MCU

8
 CHAPTER-1
Introduction of Home Automation

9
 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION OF HOME AUTOMATION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The process of controlling or operating various equipment, machinery, industrial

processes, and other applications using various control systems and also with less or no
human intervention is termed as Automation.

Types of Automation

There are various types of automation based on the application they can be categorized as

 Home Automation
 Industrial automation,
 Autonomous automation,
 Building automation, etc.,.

In this article, let us discuss about wireless home automation using IOT (Internet of
Things).

Home Automation

Home automation is the process of controlling home appliances automatically using

various control system techniques. The electrical and electronic appliances in the home
such as fan, lights, outdoor lights, fire alarm, kitchen timer, etc., can be controlled using
various control techniques.

Wireless Home Automation using IOT (Internet of Things)

There are various techniques to control home appliances such as IOT based home
automation over the cloud, home automation under WiFi through android apps from any
smartphone, Arduino based home automation, home automation by android application
based remote control, home automation using digital control, RF based home automation
system and touch screen based home automation.
Wireless home automation using IOT is an innovative application of internet of things
developed to control home appliances remotely over the cloud.

10
CHAPTER-2
Techniques

11
 CHAPTER- 2

TECHNIQUES
2.1 SOLDERING

Soldering is a process in which two or more items (usually metal) are joined together by
melting and putting a filler metal (solder) into the joint, the filler metal having a
lower melting point than the adjoining metal. Soldering differs from welding in that
soldering does not involve melting the work pieces. In brazing, the filler metal melts at a
higher temperature, but the work piece metal does not melt. In the past, nearly all solders
contained lead, but environmental and health concerns have increasingly dictated use
of lead-free alloys for electronics and plumbing purposes.

ORIGINS:

Fig. 2.1 Small figurine being created by soldering

There is evidence that soldering was employed as early as 5000 years ago in
Mesopotamia. Soldering and brazing are thought to have originated very early in the
history of metal-working, probably before 4000 BC. Sumerian swords from ~3000 BC
were assembled using hard soldering.
Soldering was historically used to make jewelry items, cooking ware and tools, as well as
other uses such as in assembling stained glass.

12
Applications
Soldering is used Soldering is used in plumbing, electronics, and metalwork
from flashing to jewelry.
Soldering provides reasonably permanent but reversible connections between copper pipes
in plumbing systems as well as joints in sheet metal objects such as food cans, roof
flashing, rain gutters and automobile radiators.
Jewelry components, machine tools and some refrigeration and plumbing components are
often assembled and repaired by the higher temperature silver soldering process. Small
mechanical parts are often soldered or brazed as well. Soldering is also used to join
lead came and copper foil in stained glass work. Electronic soldering connects electrical
wiring and electronic components to printed circuit boards (PCBs).

2.2 Different Methods of Soldering

The methods of soldering process can be classified into two, namely soft soldering and
hard soldering.

Different Methods of Soldering

Soft Soldering
Soft soldering is a process for fitting very minute compound parts possessing low
liquefying temperature, which have been broken during the procedure of soldering is
performed at high temperature. In this process, a tin-lead alloy is used as space filler metal.
The liquefying temperature of the space filler alloy must not be less than 400oC / 752oF. A
gas torch is used as a heat source, for the procedure. Some of the examples of this kind of
soldering metals include: tin-zinc for bonding aluminum, tin-lead for general usage; zinc-

13
aluminum for aluminum, cadmium-silver for power at high temperature; lead-silver for
strength higher than room temperature, weakening confrontation, tin-silver & tin-bismuth
for electrical products.

Hard Soldering
In this type of soldering a solid solder unites two elements of metals by spreading out into
the holes of the component that are unlocked due to high temperature. The space filler
metal grips higher temperature more than 450oC/840oF. It comprises of two elements:
Silver soldering and Brazing.

Silver Soldering
It is an unsoiled method supportive to fabricate small components, carrying out abnormal
maintenance and built-up tools. It makes use of an alloy containing silver as a space filler
metal. Though silver provides a free running individuality, yet silver soldering is not
suggested for space filling, and thus, different flux is recommended for accurate silver
soldering.

Braze Soldering
This type of soldering is a procedure for connecting two terminals of the base metals by
forming liquid metallic space filler, which runs by the attraction of a vessel through the
joints and cools down to give a solid union through diffusion and atomic magnetism. It
produces a very strong joint. It makes use of a brass metal as a space filler agent.
in plumbing, electronics, and metalwork from flashing to jewelry.
Soldering provides reasonably permanent but reversible connections between copper pipes
in plumbing systems as well as joints in sheet metal objects such as food cans, roof
flashing, rain gutters and automobile radiators.
Jewelry components, machine tools and some refrigeration and plumbing components are
often assembled and repaired by the higher temperature silver soldering process. Small
mechanical parts are often soldered or brazed as well. Soldering is also used to join
lead came and copper foil in stained glass work. Electronic soldering connects electrical
wiring and electronic components to printed circuit boards (PCBs).

2.2.1 Required Tools for Soldering

Soldering Iron
Here, soldering iron is the required primary thing, which is used as a heat source for
liquefying solder. And 15W to 30W soldering guns are good for the majority of electronics
or PCB (printed circuit board) job. For soldering heavy components and cable, you require
to spend on an iron of advanced wattage approx 40W or a larger solder gun. The major
difference between a gun and an iron is that an iron seems like a pencil and comprises of a

14
pin-point heat supply for precise job, whereas a gun is like a gun in shape with a high
wattage point excited by running electrical current simple through it.

A soldering iron device is used for soldering by hands. It sends heat to make softer the
solder so that it can sprint into the breaks among two work terminals. Soldering irons are
often brought into engaging in recreation for setting up, protect, and incomplete fabrication
work in assembling the components.

Solder Flux
A flux is a chemical purifying agent. In soldering metals, flux provides three functions: it
eliminates rust from the components to be soldered; it closes air out as a result ending
extra rust, and by making easy mix improves dripping individuality of the fluid solder.

Soldering Paste
Soldering cream is employed to connect the leads of included chip packages to connection
ends in the circuit blueprint on

Fig.2.3 Tools for Soldering

15
 CHAPTER-3
Description of Software

16
 CHAPTER-3

DESCRIPTION OF SOFTWARE
3.1 Internet of Things (IoT)

The Internet of things (IoT) is the network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances
and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators,
and connectivity which enables these objects to connect and exchange data. Each thing is
uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system but is able to inter-operate
within the existing Internet infrastructure.
The figure of online capable devices increased 31% from 2016 to 8.4 billion in 2017.
Experts estimate that the IoT will consist of about 30 billion objects by 2020. It is also
estimated that the global market value of IoT will reach $7.1 trillion by 2020.
The IoT allows objects to be sensed or controlled remotely across existing network
infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into
computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic
benefit in addition to reduced human intervention. When IoT is augmented with sensors
and actuators, the technology becomes an instance of the more general class of cyber-
physical systems, which also encompasses technologies such as smart grids, virtual power
plants, smart homes, intelligent transportation and smart cities.

Fig. 3.1 Internet of Things

"Things", in the IoT sense, can refer to a wide variety of devices such as heart monitoring
implants, biochip transponders on farm animals, cameras streaming live feeds of wild
animals in coastal waters, automobiles with built-in sensors, DNA analysis devices for
environmental/food/pathogen monitoring, or field operation devices that assist firefighters

17
in search and rescue operations. Legal scholars suggest regarding "things" as an
"inextricable mixture of hardware, software, data and service".
These devices collect useful data with the help of various existing technologies and then
autonomously flow the data between other devices.
The term "the Internet of things" was coined by Kevin Ashton of Procter & Gamble,
later MIT's Auto-ID Center, in 1999.
Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a wireless networking technology used for exchanging the
information between two or more devices without using cables or wires. There are various
Wi-Fi technologies like Wi-Fi 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g and 802.11n. Here, in this
project Wi-Fi module is used to receive commands from the internet and by executing a
program written within the Wi-Fi module.

18
 CHAPTER-4
Description of Components

19
 CHAPTER- 4

DECSRIPTION OF COMPONENTS

Components Required

4.1 Introduction of Components

In this we are used several electrical and electronic components. They are
listed below:

1. Node MCU
2. Relays
3. Transistors
4. Thermistors (NTC)
5. Node MCU Case

4.2 NODE MCU

Fig. 4.1 Node MCU

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NodeMCU is an open source IoT platform. It includes firmware which runs on
the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which is based on the
ESP-12 module. The term "NodeMCU" by default refers to the firmware rather than the
dev kits. The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. It is based on the eLua project, and
built on the Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open source projects, such
as lua-cjson, and spiffs.

4.2.1 Pins of NodeMCU

NodeMCU provides access to the GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) and for
developing purposes below pin mapping table should be referenced.

IO INDEX ESP8266 PIN IO INDEX ESP8266

0 GPIO 16 7 GPIO 13

1 GPIO 5 8 GPIO 15

2 GPIO 4 9 GPIO 3

3 GPIO 0 10 GPIO 1

4 GPIO 2 11 GPIO 9

5 GPIO 14 12 GPIO 10

6 GPIO 12 - -

4.3 RELAYS

Fig.4.2 Relay

21
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to
mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-
state relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a separate low-
power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays
were used in long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming
in from one circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in
telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric
motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relayscontrol power circuits with
no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with
calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to
protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these
functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".
Magnetic latching relays require one pulse of coil power to move their contacts in one
direction, and another, redirected pulse to move them back. Repeated pulses from the same
input have no effect. Magnetic latching relays are useful in applications where interrupted
power should not be able to transition the contacts.
Magnetic latching relays can have either single or dual coils. On a single coil device, the
relay will operate in one direction when power is applied with one polarity, and will reset
when the polarity is reversed. On a dual coil device, when polarized voltage is applied to
the reset coil the contacts will transition. AC controlled magnetic latch relays have single
coils that employ steering diodes to differentiate between operate and reset commands.

4.3.1 Basic Operation of Relay

Fig. 4.3 Basic Operation of Relay

22
 As shown in the figure above, Current Transformer CT secondary winding is
directly connected to the Relay coil. Under normal condition, the current through the Relay
coil is not sufficient enough to pull the plunger and close the circuit of Breaker Tripping
Coil. Notice here that Breaker Tripping coil is solely responsible for the tripping of Circuit
Breaker. If trip coil of breaker fails, then tripping of Breaker will not take place. This is the
reason, two trip coils are normally provided in Circuit Breaker to get reliable operation of
Breaker. Not only two Trip Coils are provided in CB rather a Trip Coil monitoring Relay
is also used. If case of fault i.e. if it happens to be any open circuit in Trip Coil, then the
Trip Coil Supervision Relay will be flagged to attract the attention of the operator.

In case of fault, the current through the CT secondary will go up which will cause
increased current through the Relay coil. If it happens that the current through the Relay
coil exceeds the setting value or pick-up value then the coil will get produce sufficient
magnetic pull to the plunger and thus plunger will complete the CB trip circuit. As soon as
the CB trip circuit is complete, current will start flowing in the Trip Coil which in turn will
pull a lever to trip the Circuit Breaker CB.

In the above figure, it is shown that Relay coil is directly pulling the plunger to
complete the Breaker Trip Coil circuit but in actual practice, Relay coil when picked up
will change its contact status. Let us say Relay Normally Open (NO) contact is wired to
the Breaker Trip Coil Circuit. Therefore when the Relay coil is in de-energized state, the
circuit of Trip Coil of CB is not complete and hence no tripping of the CB. During fault
condition as the current through the Relay coil exceeds the pick-up value, the Relay coil
will get actuated which in turn will force its contact to change over i.e. NO contact will
change to Normally Close (NC) thereby closing the Trip Coil circuit of the Breaker.

Fig. 4.4 Contacts of Relay

Since, trip coil circuit of breaker is complete, current will flow through the trip coil
causing CB (circuit breaker) to trip

23
4.4 TRANSISTORS

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals

and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least
three terminalsfor connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one
pair of the transistor's terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals.
Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a
transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but
many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.
The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is
ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Julius Edgar Lilienfeld patented a field-effect
transistor in 1926[1] but it was not possible to actually construct a working device at that
time. The first practically implemented device was a point-contact transistor invented in
1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley. The
transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and
cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things. The transistor is on the list
of IEEE milestones in electronics,[2] and Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley shared the
1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievement.[3]
Most transistors are made from very pure silicon or germanium, but certain
other semiconductor materials can also be used. A transistor may have only one kind of
charge carrier, in a field effect transistor, or may have two kinds of charge carriers
in bipolar junction transistor devices. Compared with the vacuum tube, transistors are
generally smaller, and require less power to operate. Certain vacuum tubes have
advantages over transistors at very high operating frequencies or high operating voltages.
Many types of transistors are made to standardized specifications by multiple
manufacturers.

Fig. 4.5 Transistor

At any instant, the power P (watts) consumed by a resistor of resistance R (ohms) is

calculated as: where V (volts) is the voltage across the resistor and I (amps) is
the current flowing through it. Using Ohm's law, the two other forms can be derived. This

24
power is converted into heat which must be dissipated by the resistor's package before its
temperature rises excessively.
Resistors are rated according to their maximum power dissipation. Discrete resistors in
solid-state electronic systems are typically rated as 1/10, 1/8, or 1/4 watt. They usually
absorb much less than a watt of electrical power and require little attention to their power
rating.

Fig. 4.6 NPN &PNP Transistors

In the example below you can see how transistors work. A 9V battery connects to an LED
and a resistor. But it connects through the transistor. This means that no current will flow
in that part of the circuit until the transistor turns ON. To turn the transistor ON you need
to apply 0.7V from base to emitter of the transistor. Imagine you have a small 0.7V
battery. (In a practical circuit you would use resistors to get the correct voltage from
whatever voltage source you have)When you apply the 0.7V battery from base to emitter,
the transistor turns ON. This allows current to flow from the collector to the emitter. And
thereby turning the LED ON!

Fig. 4.7 Operation of Transistor

25
4.5 THERMISTORS

A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance is dependent on temperature, more so

than in standard resistors. The word is a portmanteau of thermal and resistor. Thermistors
are widely used as inrush current limiters, temperature sensors (Negative Temperature
Coefficient or NTC type typically), self-resetting overcurrent protectors, and self-
regulating heating elements (Positive Temperature Coefficient or PTC type typically).

Thermistors are of two opposite fundamental types:

1. NTC Thermistors
2. PTC Thermistors

With NTC thermistors, resistance decreases as temperature rises. An NTC is commonly

used as a temperature sensor, or in series with a circuit as an inrush current limiter.

With PTC thermistors, resistance increases as temperature rises. PTC thermistors are
commonly installed in series with a circuit, and used to protect against overcurrent
conditions, as resettable fuses.

NTC (Negative temperature coefficient)

A failed (blown) NTC thermistor that worked as an inrush current limiter in a Switched-
mode power supply. The most likely cause of failure was overload caused by engineering
failure (the part was constantly subjected to a higher load than what it was designed for)

Many NTC thermistors are made from a pressed disc, rod, plate, bead or cast chip of
semiconducting material such as sintered metal oxides. They work because raising the
temperature of a semiconductor increases the number of active charge carriers – it
promotes them into the conduction band. The more charge carriers that are available, the
more current a material can conduct. In certain materials like ferric oxide (Fe2O3) with
titanium (Ti) doping an n-type semiconductor is formed and the charge carriers are
electrons. In materials such as nickel oxide (NiO) with lithium (Li) doping a p-type
semiconductor is created where holes are the charge carriers.

Fig. 4.8 NTC Thermistors

26
4.6 Node MCU case

Fig. 4.9 Node MCU Case

27
 CHAPTER 5
BLOCK DIAGRAM & CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

28
 CHAPTER-5
BLOCK DIAGRAM & CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
5.1 Block Diagram

difficult to increase the speed of operation of transistors without metal gates. Likewise, the
"oxide" in the name can be a misnomer, as different dielectric materials are used with the
aim of obtaining strong channels with smaller applied voltages.
An insulated-gate field-effect transistor or IGFET is a related term almost synonymous
with MOSFET. The term may be more inclusive, since many "MOSFETs" use a gate that
is not metal, and a gate insulator that is not oxide. Another synonym is MISFET for metal–
insulator–semiconductor FET.
The MOSFET is by far the most common transistor in both digital and analog circuits,
though the bipolar junction transistor was at one time much more common.

Comparison of n- and p-type MOSFETs

Parameter nMOSFET pMOSFET

Source/drain type n-type p-type

Channel type
n-type p-type
(MOS capacitor)

29
 P-channel

Gate type (poly Si) n+ poly-Si p+ poly-Si

Gate type (metal) φm ~ Si CB φm ~ Si VB

Well type p-type n-type

Threshold voltage, positive (enhancement) negative negative (enhancement) positive

Vth (depletion) (depletion)

Band-bending Downwards Upwards

Inversion layer
electrons holes
carriers

Substrate type p-typ n-type

30
 N-channel

OPTOCOUPLER:
In electronics, an opto-isolator, also called an optocoupler, photocoupler, or optical
isolator, is a component that transfers electrical signals between two isolated circuits by
using light. Opto-isolators prevent high voltages from affecting the system receiving the
signal. Commercially available opto-isolators withstand input-to-output voltages up to
10 kV and voltage transients with speeds up to 10 kV/μs.
A common type of opto-isolator consists of an LED and a phototransistor in the same
opaque package. Other types of source-sensor combinations include LED-photodiode,
LED-LASCR, and lamp-photoresistor pairs. Usually opto-isolators transfer digital (on-off)
signals, but some techniques allow them to be used with analog signals.

History
The value of optically coupling a solid state light emitter to a semiconductor detector for
the purpose of electrical isolation was recognized in 1963 by Akmenkalns,et al. (US patent
3,417,249). Photoresistor-based opto-isolators were introduced in 1968. They are the
slowest, but also the most linear isolators and still retain a niche market in audio and music
industry. Commercialization of LED technology in 1968–1970 caused a boom
in optoelectronics, and by the end of the 1970s the industry developed all principal types
of opto-isolators. The majority of opto-isolators on the market use bipolar silicon
phototransistor sensors. They attain medium data transfer speed, sufficient for applications

31
like electroencephalography.] The fastest opto-isolators use PIN diodes in photoconductive
mode.

Operation
An opto-isolator contains a source (emitter) of light, almost always a near infrared light-
emitting diode (LED), that converts electrical input signal into light, a closed optical
channel (also called dielectrical channel), and a photosensor, which detects incoming light
and either generates electric energy directly, or modulates electric current flowing from an
external power supply. The sensor can be a photoresistor, a photodiode, a phototransistor,
a silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) or a triac. Because LEDs can sense light in addition to
emitting it, construction of symmetrical, bidirectional opto-isolators is possible. An
optocoupled solid state relay contains a photodiode opto-isolator which drives a power
switch, usually a complementary pair of MOSFETs. A slotted optical switch contains a
source of light and a sensor, but its optical channel is open, allowing modulation of light
by external objects obstructing the path of light or reflecting light into the sensor.

Electric isolation

32
OPTOCOUPLER:

Fig 3.3Otocoupler

Types of opto-isolators:

Current
Device
Source of light Sensor type Speed transfer
type[note 5]
ratio

Incandescent light
Very low
bulb
Resistive
opto-
(LDR) <100%[note 6]
isolator Neon lamp Low
(Vactrol)

GaAs infrared LED Low

Diode opto-
GaAs infrared LED Silicon photodiode Highest 0.1–0.2%
isolator

33
 Bipolar
Medium 2–120%
Transistor silicon phototransistor
opto- GaAs infrared LED
isolator
Darlington phototransistor Medium 100–600%

Opto-
Low to
isolated GaAs infrared LED Silicon-controlled rectifier >100%
medium
SCR

Opto-
Low to
isolated GaAs infrared LED TRIAC Very high
medium
triac

IC SG 3525;

Integrated Circuit (IC)

34
An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called a chip or microchip, is a semiconductor wafer
on which thousands or millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and transistors are fabricated.
An IC can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter, computer memory, or
microprocessor. A particular IC is categorized as either linear (analog) or digital,
depending on its intended application.

Linear ICs have continuously variable output (theoretically capable of attaining an infinite
number of states) that depends on the input signal level. As the term implies, the output
signal level is a linear function of the input signal level. Ideally, when the instantaneous
output is graphed against the instantaneous input, the plot appears as a straight line. Linear
ICs are used as audio-frequency (AF) and radio-frequency (RF) amplifiers.
The operational amplifier(op amp) is a common device in these applications

Digital ICs operate at only a few defined levels or states, rather than over a continuous
range of signal amplitudes. These devices are used in computers, computer networks,
modems, and frequency counters. The fundamental building blocks of digital ICs are logic
gates, which work with binary data, that is, signals that have only two different states,
called low (logic 0) and high (logic 1).

Here we are using IC 3525 in our circuit.

Understanding SG3525 IC Pin Outs:

It explains the pin out functions of the IC SG3525 which is a regulating pulse width
modulatoIC.Let'sunderstandindetails
The main features of the IC SG3525 may be understood with the following points

 Operating voltage = 8 to 35V

 Error amp reference voltage internally regulated to 5.1V
 Oscillator frequency is variable through an external resistor within the range of 100Hz
to 500 kHz.
 Facilitates a separate oscillator sync pin out.
 Dead time control is also variable as per intended specs.
 Has an internal soft start feature
 Shut down facility features a pulse by pulse shutdown enhancement.
 Input under voltage shut down feature also is included.
 PWM pulses are controlled through latching for inhibiting multiple pulse outputs or
generation.
 Output supports a dual totem pole driver confi

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Description,SG3525:

Pin-Out
A practical implementation of the following pin-out data may be understood through this
The IC SG3525 is a single package multi function PWM generator IC, the main operations
of the respective pin outs are explained with the following points
Pin-1 and -2 (EA inputs): These are inputs of the built-in error amplifier of the IC. Pin#1 is
the inverting input while pin-2 is the complementary non-inverting input.
It's a simple opamp arrangement inside the IC whose output controls the PWM of the
output. Thus these pin outs can be effectively used for correcting the output voltage of a
converter.
It may be done by applying a sample voltage from the output through a voltage divider
network to the non-inverting input of the opamp (pin#1). The fed voltage should be
adjusted to be just below the internal reference voltage value when the output is
normal.....now if the output voltage increases, the sample voltage would also increase and
at some point exceed the reference limit, prompting the IC to take necessary corrective
measures so that the voltage is restricted to the normal level.
Pin-3 (Sync) This pinout can be used for synchronizing the IC with an external oscillator
frequency. This is generally done when more than a single IC is used and requires to be
controlled with a common oscillator frequency.
Pin-4 (Osc. Out) It's the oscillator output of the IC, the frequency of the IC may be
confirmed at this pin out.
Pin-5 and -6(Ct, Rt) These are termed Ct, Rt respectively. Basically these pinouts are
connected with an external resistor and a capacitor for setting up the frequency of the
inbuilt oscillator stage or circuit. Ct must be attached with a calculated capacitor while the
Rt pin with a resistor for optimizing the frequency of the IC.
Pin-7 (discharge) This pinout can be used for determining the dead time of the IC,
meaning the time gap between the switching of the two outputs of the IC (A and B). A
resistor connected across this pin and ground fixes the dead time of the IC.
Pin-8 (Soft Start): This pinout as the name suggests is used for initiating the operations of
the IC softly instead of a sudden or an abrupt start. The capacitor connected across this pin
and ground decides the level of soft initialization of the output of the IC.
Pin-9 (Comp) This pinout is not so important, just needs to be connected with the INV
input of the error amplifier in order to keep the EA operations smooth and without hiccups.
Pin-10 (Shutdown) As the name suggest this pinout may be used for shutting down the
outputs of the IC in an event of a circuit malfunction or some drastic conditions. A logic
high at this pin out will instantly narrow down te PWM pulses to the maximum possible
level making the output device's current go down to minimal levels. However if the logic
high persists for longer period of time, the IC prompts the slow start capacitor to discharge,
initiating a slow turn ON and release. This pin out should not be kept unconnected for
avoiding stray signal pick ups.

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Pin-11 and #14 (output A and output B) These are the two outputs of the IC which operate
in a totem pole configuration or simply in a flip flop or push pull manner. External
devices which are intended for controlling the converter transformers are integrated with
these pin outs for implementing the final operations.
Pin-12 (ground) It's the ground pin of the IV or the Vss.
Pin-13(Vc) The output to A and B are switched via the supply applied to pin#13.
This is normally done via a resistor connected to the main DC supply. Thus this resistor
decides the magnitude of trigger current to the output devices.
Pin-15 (Vi) It's the Vcc of the IC, that is the supply input pin.
Pin-16 It provides the internal 5.1V reference for optional use. This pin must be terminated
with a low value capacitor to groun

CHAPTER- 4
37
 POWER SUPPLY

power supply:
A power supply is an electronic device that supplies electric energy to an electrical load.
The primary function of a power supply is to convert one form of electrical energy to
another and, as a result, power supplies are sometimes referred to as electric power
converters. Some power supplies are discrete, stand-alone devices, whereas others are built
into larger devices along with their loads. Examples of the latter include power supplies
found in desktop computers and consumer electronics devices.
Every power supply must obtain the energy it supplies to its load, as well as any energy it
consumes while performing that task, from an energy source. Depending on its design, a
power supply may obtain energy from various types of energy sources, including electrical
energy transmission systems, energy storage devices such as a batteries and fuel cells,
electromechanical systems such as generators and alternators, solar power converters, or
another power supply.
All power supplies have a power input, which receives energy from the energy source, and
a power output that delivers energy to the load. In most power supplies the power input
and output consist of electrical connectors or hardwired circuit connections, though some
power supplies employ wireless energy transfer in lieu of galvanic connections for the
power input or output. Some power supplies have other types of inputs and outputs as
well, for functions such as external monitoring and control.

DC power supply:
A DC power supply is one that supplies a constant DC voltage to its load. Depending on
its design, a DC power supply may be powered from a DC source or from an AC source
such as the power mains.
AC-to-DC supply:
The of basic AC-to-DC power supply, showing (from L-R) transformer, full-wave bridge
rectifier, filter capacitor and resistor load

Some DC power supplies use AC mains electricity as an energy source. Such power
supplies will sometimes employ a transformer to convert the input voltage to a higher or
lower AC voltage. A rectifier is used to convert the transformer output voltage to a varying
DC voltage, which in turn is passed through an electronic filter to convert it to an
unregulated DC voltage.

CHAPTER-5

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 Simple working principle of the inverters

The inverter working principle as shown in Figure 1. The main device is a

transformer. Which have 12V-0-12V, a common iron core. But instead we use the power
input as 220 volts. Then power output as 12 volts. The way the switch differential is power
AC input as 12 volts and output to AC 220 volts.

The 12 volts input power source is a battery Be Supply into the center tap of the coil
12 volts. Which is now considered a power pack or coil primary. The ends of the wire on
both sides (points A and B) And it will be connected via a 2-way switch to ground.

Which if the switch connected at A point, will cause an electric current number one,
flows from the positive terminal of the battery, into the center tab point. Then flows up to
the top, through the contacts A of the switch to ground.

If the switch is moved from Points of A to the Points of B, would make an electric
current No. 1 has stopped. Because currents will redirect the flow an electric current is
number 2. From the center tap down below. Through contact B of the switch to ground.

Fig .5.1 Simple Inverter

The 2 way switch will be controlled on-off with the oscillator circuit that as the
frequency generator of 50Hz As a result, switch off – on back and forth between Points of
A and B with a speed of 50 times per second. Makes an electric current No. 1 and No. 2
alternating flow rate of 50 times per second as well. Which current flowing through the
switch all the time like this.

Makes magnetic field resulting in swelling and shrinkage. And induced across to the
220 volts coil. Which is now considered to be a output power or seconary coil. The
resulting voltage 220V AC 50Hz frequency winding up this series. The voltage available
to be supplied to the various types of electrical voltage to 220 volts AC to operate.

39
 Fig 5.2 Wave Form Of Inverter

The connections are made as per circuit diagram.

Pin 1 is connected to 1000 μF negative terminal.
Pin 2 & 16 are short circuited at a positive terminal of 102 μF negative terminal is
grounded.
Similarly all pins connected to resistor or capacitor in the same manner that we discussed
above excepet the pins 3,4,9.
The positive polarity is taken form 15th pin and negative is taken from ground

Working of 100 watt inverter circuit diagram:

 SG3525 has an inbuilt oscillator whose frequency can be determined by connecting
capacitor and resistor on pin 5 and pin 6 respectively.
 The frequency of oscillation can be calculated by the equation
 Output is taken from pins 11 and 14 which are connected to the gates of Mosfets.
 Pins 11 and 14 operate as totem pole configuration or a push pull manner. It never
turns ON two pins at the same time.
 The signal from two pins 11 and 14 are connected to the gates of power mosfets
IRF Z44 which switch current to each winding of the transformer.
 Only one winding is activated at a time and both are energized in opposite
directions.
 Activation of winding in opposite direction helps to produce an alternating EMF
and thus alternating current (AC) on the secondary of the transformer.
 The frequency of the output AC is 50Hz which is determined by the CT and RT
pins of SG3525(pin 5 and 6)

INVERTER CIRCUIT USING IC SG3525:

40
41
 Benefits:

 The efficiency of an AC is enhanced since the start/stop cycles are eliminated in a DC

Inverter AC. The AC does not operate at full power, but still maintains the desired
temperature. This is another reason why these ACs can still save energy even if there are
regular power outages.
 Inverter ACs are cheaper to operate in almost all types of conditions.
 Quicker cooling or heating (based on feature availability) can be achieved since an
inverter AC can pull the required current on its own to increase initial cooling or
heating. The inverter AC can calculate the current draw by using the indoor and outdoor
temperature difference.
 DC Inverter ACs don’t put extra load on its power supply. Therefore you don’t see
fluctuations in electricity caused by them.
 The life of components (used in the AC and other electrical household components) is
increased due to the same reason i.e. gentle power draw.
 DC Inverter ACs are much quieter compared to conventional ones. The outdoor unit
usually makes far less sound as the unit is operating at a reduced rate. It eliminates the
jerky start-up sound as well.
 These types of ACs often use an environment friendly refrigerant gas (R410A) which do
not cause harmful effects like the CFCs on the Ozone layer.
 Inverter ACs offer a more stable operation and you usually won’t notice any changes
when it is operating. Cooling or Heating is maintained much more accurately as the AC
doesn’t turn off and the other aspects also add to its stable and gentle operation.
 Most inverter ACs come with dual-mode air conditioning, which more or less makes up
for the higher price compared to cooling-only ACs. A dual-mode AC, which cools or
heats depending on the weather, will get you more savings throughout the year, making
up for its higher cost much faster.
 It is possible to use DC Inverter ACs with UPS, Batteries or Solar Panels.
 Most DC Inverter ACs keep working even at low voltages without any issues.

42
 CHAPTER-6

RESULT:

Hence we complete our project successfully by following above chapters.We get output
ON & OFF puleses from icsg3525.

43
 CHAPTER-7

Conclusion

Conclusion:

Going through the advantages/disavantages above, one can see a more favorable view of
DC Inverters emerging as a whole.

Most of the pros and some of the cons circle around the basic working of a DC Inverter
AC. Gentle power draw and controlled, continuous air conditioning are the behind most of
the advantages. The cons, while still there, aren’t deal breakers.

DC Inverter ACs do not possess any shortcoming which could be problematic. New ACs
often come with years of warranty and by the time that ends, the current problem of
unskilled technicians will be resolved. And as far as the ‘huge’ cost of buying an Inverter
AC is concerned, you end up paying less in the longer run as your electricity bill goes
down significantly.

Our advice would be to go for a DC Inverter AC if you have the cash. Even if you don’t
want to or cannot afford an extra 10k-20k for an AC, you should consider the fact that
these ACs will pay you back, with savings, within the first season of use.

44
 REFERENCE:

POWER ELECTRONICS – M.P RAJESH

MICRO CONTROLLER - T.V GUPTA

https://inverter types.com

https://mosfet irf 840.com

https://inverter.com

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