Anciennt egyptian historical history

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Anciennt egyptian historical history

Prehistoric Egypt pre–3150 BC

Ancient Egypt
Early Dynastic Period 3150–2686 BC
Old Kingdom 2686–2181 BC
1st Intermediate Period 2181–2055 BC
Middle Kingdom 2055–1650 BC
2nd Intermediate Period 1650–1550 BC
New Kingdom 1550–1069 BC
3rd Intermediate Period 1069–744 BC
Kushite Egypt 744–656 BC
Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt 664–525 BC
Classical antiquity
Achaemenid Egypt 525–404 BC
Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt 404–398 BC
Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt 398–380 BC
Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 380–343 BC
Achaemenid Egypt 343–332 BC
Macedonian and Ptolemaic Egypt 332–30 BC
Roman and Byzantine Egypt 30 BC–641 AD
Sasanian Egypt 619–629
Middle Ages
Rashidun Egypt 641–661
Umayyad Egypt 661–750
Abbasid Egypt 750–935
Tulunid Egypt 868–905
Ikhshidid Egypt 935–969
Fatimid Egypt 969–1171
Ayyubid Egypt 1171–1250
Mamluk Egypt 1250–1517
Early modern
Ottoman Egypt 1517–1867
French occupation 1798–1801
Egypt under Muhammad Ali 1805–1882
Khedivate of Egypt 1867–1914
Modern Egypt
British occupation 1882–1922
Sultanate of Egypt 1914–1922
Kingdom of Egypt 1922–1953
Republic 1953–present

Egypt portal

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The anciennt egyptian historical history has been long and rich, due to the flow of
the Nile river, with its fertile banks and delta. Its rich history also comes from its native
inhabitants and outside influence. Much of Egypt's ancient history was a mystery until the
secrets of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs were deciphered with the discovery and help of
the Rosetta Stone. The Great Pyramid of Giza is the only one of the Seven Wonders of
the Ancient World still standing. The Lighthouse of Alexandria, one of the other Seven
Wonders, is gone. The Library of Alexandria was the only one of its kind for centuries.
Human settlement in Egypt dates back to at least 40,000 BC with Aterian tool
manufacturing. Ancient Egyptian civilization coalesced around 3150 BC with the
[citation needed]

political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh of the First
 Dynasty, Narmer. Predominately native Egyptian rule lasted until the conquest by
the Achaemenid Empire in the sixth century BC.
In 332 BC, Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great conquered Egypt as he toppled the
Achaemenids and established the HellenisticPtolemaic Kingdom, whose first ruler was
one of Alexander's former generals, Ptolemy I Soter. The Ptolemies had to fight native
rebellions and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the
kingdom and its final annexation by Rome. The death of Cleopatra ended the nominal
independence of Egypt resulting in Egypt becoming one of the provinces of the Roman
Empire. [citation needed]

Roman rule in Egypt (including Byzantine) lasted from 30 BC to 641 AD, with a brief
interlude of control by the Sasanian Empirebetween 619-629, known as Sasanian
Egypt. After the Muslim conquest of Egypt, parts of Egypt became provinces of
[citation needed]

successive Caliphates and other Muslim dynasties: Rashidun Caliphate (632-

661), Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), Abbasid Caliphate(750-909), Fatimid
Caliphate (909-1171), Ayyubid Sultanate (1171–1260), and the Mamluk Sultanate (1250-
1517). In 1517, Ottomansultan Selim I captured Cairo, absorbing Egypt into the Ottoman
Empire. [citation needed]

Egypt remained entirely Ottoman until 1867, except during French occupation from 1798
to 1801. Starting in 1867, Egypt became a nominally autonomous tributary
[citation needed]

state called the Khedivate of Egypt. However, Khedivate Egypt fell under British control in
1882 following the Anglo-Egyptian War. After the end of World War I and following
the Egyptian revolution of 1919, the Kingdom of Egypt was established. While a de
jure independent state, the United Kingdom retained control over foreign affairs, defense,
and other matters. British occupation lasted until 1954, with the Anglo-Egyptian
agreement of 1954.
The modern Republic of Egypt was founded in 1953, and with the complete withdrawal of
British forces from the Suez Canal in 1956, it marked the first time in 2300 years that
Egypt was both fully independent and ruled by native Egyptians. President Gamal
[citation needed]

Abdel Nasser (president from 1956 to 1970) introduced many reforms and created the
short-lived United Arab Republic (with Syria). His terms also saw the Six-Day War and
the creation of the international Non-Aligned Movement. His successor, Anwar
Sadat (president from 1970 to 1981) changed Egypt's trajectory, departing from many of
the political, and economic tenets of Nasserism, re-instituting a multi-party system, and
launching the Infitah economic policy. He led Egypt in the Yom Kippur War of 1973 to
regain Egypt's Sinai Peninsula, which Israel had occupied since the Six-Day War of
1967. This later led to the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty.
Recent Egyptian history has been dominated by events following nearly thirty years of
rule by former president Hosni Mubarak. The Egyptian revolution of 2011 deposed
Mubarak and resulted in the first democratically elected president in Egyptian
history, Mohamed Morsi. Unrest after the 2011 revolution and related disputes led to
the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état.
Contents
[hide]

 1Prehistory (pre–3100 BC)

 2Ancient Egypt (3100–332 BC)

o 2.1Achaemenid rule

o 2.2Second Achaemenid conquest

 3Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt (332 BC–641 AD)

o 3.1Sassanid Egypt

 4Arab and Ottoman Egypt (641–1882)

 5British Protectorate (1882–1953)

 6Republican Egypt (since 1953)

o 6.1Reign of Nasser

o 6.2Reign of Sadat
 o 6.3Reign of Mubarak

o 6.4Terrorist insurgency

o 6.5Civil unrest since 2011

 6.5.1Revolution

 6.5.2Morsi's presidency

 6.5.3After Morsi

 6.5.4El-Sisi Presidency

 7See also

 8References

Prehistory (pre–3100 BC)[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Main articles: Prehistoric Egypt and Population anciennt egyptian historical history
There is evidence of petroglyphs along the Nile terraces and in desert oases. In the 10th
millennium BC, a culture of hunter-gatherers and fishermen was replaced by a grain-
grinding culture. Climate changes and/or overgrazing around 6000 BC began to
desiccate the pastoral lands of Egypt, forming the Sahara. Early tribal peoples migrated
to the Nile River, where they developed a settled agricultural economy and more
centralized society. [1]

By about 6000 BC, a Neolithic culture rooted in the Nile Valley. During the Neolithic era,
[2]

several predynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt.

The Badari culture and the successor Naqada series are generally regarded as
precursors to dynastic Egypt. The earliest known Lower Egyptian site, Merimda, predates
the Badarian by about seven hundred years. Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian
communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand
years, remaining culturally distinct, but maintaining frequent contact through trade. The
earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared during the
predynastic period on Naqada III pottery vessels, dated to about 3200 BC. [3]

Ancient Egypt (3100–332 BC)[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Main articles: Ancient Egypt and History of ancient Egypt

The Great Sphinx and the Pyramids of Giza, built during the Old Kingdom.

A unified kingdom was founded 3150 BC by King Menes, leading to a series of

dynasties that ruled Egypt for the next three millennia. Egyptian culture flourished during
this long period and remained distinctively Egyptian in its religion, arts, language and
customs. The first two ruling dynasties of a unified Egypt set the stage for the Old
Kingdom period, c. 2700–2200 BC., which constructed many pyramids, most notably
the Third Dynasty pyramid of Djoser and the Fourth Dynasty Giza Pyramids.
The First Intermediate Period ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 150
years. Stronger Nile floods and stabilization of government, however, brought back
[4]

renewed prosperity for the country in the Middle Kingdom c. 2040 BC, reaching a peak
during the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat III. A second period of disunity heralded the
arrival of the first foreign ruling dynasty in Egypt, that of the Semitic-speaking Hyksos.
The Hyksos invaders took over much of Lower Egypt around 1650 BC and founded a
new capital at Avaris. They were driven out by an Upper Egyptian force led by Ahmose I,
who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty and relocated the capital from Memphis to Thebes.
The New Kingdom, c. 1550–1070 BC, began with the Eighteenth Dynasty, marking the
rise of Egypt as an international power that expanded during its greatest extension to an
empire as far south as Tombos in Nubia, and included parts of the Levant in the east.
This period is noted for some of the most well known Pharaohs,
including Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten and his
wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II. The first historically attested expression
of monotheism came during this period as Atenism. Frequent contacts with other nations
brought new ideas to the New Kingdom. The country was later invaded and conquered
by Libyans, Nubians and Assyrians, but native Egyptians eventually drove them out and
regained control of their country. [5]

A team lead by Johannes Krause managed the first reliable sequencing of the genomes
of 90 mummified individuals in 2017. Whilst not conclusive, because of the non-
exhaustive time frame and restricted location that the mummies represent, their study
nevertheless showed that these Ancient Egyptians "closely resembled ancient and
modern Near Eastern populations, especially those in the Levant, and had almost no
DNA from sub-Saharan Africa. What's more, the genetics of the mummies remained
remarkably consistent even as different powers—including Nubians, Greeks, and
Romans—conquered the empire." [6]

Achaemenid rule[anciennt egyptian historical history]

In the sixth century BC, the Achaemenid Empire conquered Egypt. The [citation needed]

entire Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt, from 525 BC to 402 BC, save for Petubastis III,
was an entirely Persian-ruled period, with the Achaemenid kings being granted the title
of pharaoh. [citation needed]

The Thirtieth Dynasty was the last native ruling dynasty during the Pharaonic epoch. [citation

It fell to the Persians again in 343 BC after the last native Pharaoh, King Nectanebo II,
needed]

was defeated in battle. [citation needed]

Second Achaemenid conquest[anciennt egyptian historical history]

The Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt, also known as the Second Egyptian Satrapy, was
effectively a short-living province of the Achaemenid Empire between 343 BC to 332
BC. [citation needed]

After an interval of independence, during which three indigenous dynasties reigned

(the 28th, 29th and 30th dynasty), Artaxerxes III (358–338 BC) reconquered the Nile
valley for a brief second period (343–332 BC), which is called the Thirty-first Dynasty of
Egypt, thus starting another period of pharaohs of Persian origin. [citation needed]

Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt (332 BC–641 AD)[anciennt

egyptian historical history]
Main articles: Ptolemaic Kingdom and Egypt (Roman province)
The Greek Ptolemaic queen Cleopatra and her son by Julius Caesar, Caesarion, at the Dendera Temple complex.

The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state extending from southern Syria in
the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia. Alexandria became
the capital city and a center of Greek culture and trade. To gain recognition by the native
Egyptian populace, they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs. The later
Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions, had themselves portrayed on public monuments in
Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian religious life. [7][8]

The last ruler from the Ptolemaic dynasty was Cleopatra, who committed suicide
following the burial of her lover Mark Antony, who had died in her arms (from a self-
inflicted stab wound) after Augustus had captured Alexandria and her mercenary forces
had fled.
The Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Egyptians, often caused by an unwanted
regime, and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom
and its annexation by Rome. Nevertheless, Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt
well after the Muslim conquest. The native Egyptian/Coptic culture continued to exist as
well (the Coptic language itself was Egypt's most widely spoken language until at least
the 10th century).
Egypt quickly became the Empire's breadbasket supplying the greater portion of the
Empire's grain in addition to flax, papyrus, glass, and many other finished goods. The city
of Alexandria became a key trading outpost for the Roman Empire (by some accounts,
the most important for a time). Shipping from Egypt regularly reached India and Ethiopia
among other international destinations. It was also a leading (perhaps the leading) [9]

scientific and technological center of the Empire. Scholars such as Ptolemy, Hypatia,
and Heron broke new ground in astronomy, mathematics, and other disciplines.
Culturally, the city of Alexandria at times rivaled Rome in its importance. [10]

Christianity reached Egypt relatively early in the evangelist period of the first century
(traditionally cranciennt egyptian historical historyed to Mark the Evangelist). Alexandria, [11]

Egypt and Antioch, Syria quickly became the leading centers of Christianity. Diocletian's [12]

reign marked the transition from the Roman to the Byzantine era in Egypt, when a great
number of Egyptian Christians were persecuted. The New Testament had by then been
translated into Egyptian. After the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451, a distinct Egyptian
Coptic Church was firmly established. [13]

Sassanid Egypt[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Sasanian Egypt (known in Middle Persian sources as Agiptus) refers to the brief rule of
Egypt and parts of Libya by the Sasanian Empire, which lasted from 619 to 629, until [citation needed]

the Sasanian rebel Shahrbaraz made an alliance with the Byzantine

emperor Heraclius and had control over Egypt returned to him. [citation needed]
Arab and Ottoman Egypt (641–1882)[anciennt egyptian historical
history]
Main articles: History of Muslim Egypt and History of Ottoman Egypt

Selim I (1470–1520), conquered Egypt

The Hanging Church of Cairo, first built in the 3rd or 4th century, is one of the most famous Coptic Orthodoxchurches in Egypt.

The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Persian invasion
early in the 7th century, until 639–42, when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the
Arab Islamic Empire. The final loss of Egypt was of incalculable significance to the
Byzantine Empire, which had relied on Egypt for many agricultural and manufactured
goods.
When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt, the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the
country. Early in this period, Egyptians began to blend their new faith with their Christian
traditions as well as other indigenous beliefs and practices, leading to various Sufi orders
that have flourished to this day. These earlier rites had survived the period of Coptic
[11]

Christianity. [14]

Muslim rulers nominated by the Islamic Caliphate remained in control of Egypt for the
next six centuries, with Cairo as the seat of the Caliphate under the Fatimids. With the
end of the Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty, the Mamluks, a Turco-Circassian military caste, took
control about AD 1250. By the late 13th century, Egypt linked the Red Sea, India,
Malaya, and East Indies. The Greek and Coptic languages and cultures went into a
[15]

steep decline in favor of Arabic culture (though Coptic managed to last as a spoken
language until the 17th century and remains a liturgical language today). The Mamluks
continued to govern the country until the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in
1517, after which it became a province of the Ottoman Empire. The mid-14th-
century Black Death killed about 40% of the country's population. [16]

After the 15th century, the Ottoman invasion pushed the Egyptian system into decline.
The defensive militarization damaged its civil society and economic institutions. The [15]

weakening of the economic system combined with the effects of plague left Egypt
vulnerable to foreign invasion. Portuguese traders took over their trade. Egypt suffered
[15]

six famines between 1687 and 1731. The 1784 famine cost it roughly one-sixth of its
[17]

population. [18]

The brief French invasion of Egypt led by Napoleon Bonaparte began in 1798. The
expulsion of the French in 1801 by Ottoman, Mamluk, and British forces was followed by
four years of anarchy in which Ottomans, Mamluks, and Albanians — who were
nominally in the service of the Ottomans – wrestled for power. Out of this chaos, the
commander of the Albanian regiment, Muhammad Ali (Kavalali Mehmed Ali Pasha)
emerged as a dominant figure and in 1805 was acknowledged by
the Sultan in Istanbul as his viceroy in Egypt; the title implied subordination to the Sultan
but this was in fact a polite fiction: Ottoman power in Egypt was finished and Muhammad
Ali, an ambitious and able leader, established a dynasty that was to rule Egypt until the
revolution of 1952. In later years, the dynasty became a British puppet. [19]

His primary focus was military: he annexed Northern Sudan (1820–1824), Syria (1833),
and parts of Arabia and Anatolia; but in 1841 the European powers, fearful lest he topple
the Ottoman Empire itself, forced him to return most of his conquests to the Ottomans,
but he kept the Sudan and his title to Egypt was made heranciennt egyptian historical
historyary. A more lasting result of his military ambition is that it required him to
modernize the country. Eager to adopt the military (and therefore industrial) techniques of
the great powers, he sent students to the West and invited training missions to Egypt. He
built industries, a system of canals for irrigation and transport, and reformed the civil
service.[19]

The introduction in 1820 of long-staple cotton, the Egyptian variety of which became
notable, transformed its agriculture into a cash-crop monoculture before the end of the
century. The social effects of this were enormous: land ownership became concentrated
and many foreigners arrived, shifting production towards international markets. [19]

British Protectorate (1882–1953)[anciennt egyptian historical

history]
Main articles: Anciennt egyptian historical history under the British and History of modern
Egypt
Nationalists demonstrating in Cairo, 1919

British indirect rule lasted from 1882, when the British succeeded in defeating the
Egyptian Army at Tel el-Kebir in September and took control of the country, to the 1952
Egyptian revolution which made Egypt a republic and when British advisers were
expelled.
Muhammad Ali was succeeded briefly by his son Ibrahim (in September 1848), then by a
grandson Abbas I (in November 1848), then by Said (in 1854), and Isma'il (in 1863).
Abbas I was cautious. Said and Ismail were ambitious developers, but they spent beyond
their means. The Suez Canal, built in partnership with the French, was completed in
1869. The cost of this and other projects had two effects: it led to enormous debt to
European banks, and caused popular discontent because of the onerous taxation it
required. In 1875 Ismail was forced to sell Egypt's share in the canal to the British
Government. Within three years this led to the imposition of British and
French controllers who sat in the Egyptian cabinet, and, "with the financial power of the
bondholders behind them, were the real power in the Government." [20]

Local dissatisfaction with Ismail and with European intrusion led to the formation of the
first nationalist groupings in 1879, with Ahmad Urabi a prominent figure. In 1882 he
became head of a nationalist-dominated ministry committed to democratic reforms
including parliamentary control of the budget. Fearing a reduction of their control, Britain
and France intervened militarily, bombarding Alexandria and crushing the Egyptian army
at the battle of Tel el-Kebir. They reinstalled Ismail's son Tewfik as figurehead of a de
[21]

facto British protectorate. [22]

In 1914, the Protectorate was made official, and the title of the head of state, which in
1867 had changed from pasha to khedive, was changed again to sultan, to repudiate the
vestigial suzerainty of the Ottoman sultan, who was backing the Central powers in
the First World War. Abbas II was deposed as khedive and replaced by his
uncle, Hussein Kamel, as sultan. [23]

In 1906, the Dinshaway Incident prompted many neutral Egyptians to join the nationalist
movement. After the First World War, Saad Zaghlul and the Wafd Party led the Egyptian
nationalist movement to a majority at the local Legislative Assembly. When the British
exiled Zaghlul and his associates to Malta on 8 March 1919, the country arose in its first
modern revolution. The revolt led the UK government to issue a unilateral declaration of
Egypt's independence on 22 February 1922. [24]

The new government drafted and implemented a constitution in 1923 based on

a parliamentary system. Saad Zaghlul was popularly elected as Prime Minister of
Egypt in 1924. In 1936, the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty was concluded. Continued instability
due to remaining British influence and increasing political involvement by the king led to
the dissolution of the parliament in a military coup d'état known as the 1952 Revolution.
The Free Officers Movement forced King Farouk to abdicate in support of his son Fuad.
British military presence in Egypt lasted until 1954. [25]

Republican Egypt (since 1953)[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Main articles: History of the Republic of Egypt and History of modern Egypt
Celebrating the signing of the Camp David Accords: Menachem Begin, Jimmy Carter, Anwar Al Sadat.

On 18 June 1953, the Egyptian Republic was declared, with General Muhammad
Naguib as the first President of the Republic. Naguib was forced to resign in 1954
by Gamal Abdel Nasser – the real architect of the 1952 movement – and was later put
under house arrest.
Reign of Nasser[anciennt egyptian historical history]
Main article: Gamal Abdel Nasser
Nasser assumed power as President in June 1956. British forces completed their
withdrawal from the occupied Suez Canal Zone on 13 June 1956. He nationalized the
Suez Canal on 26 July 1956, prompting the 1956 Suez Crisis.
In 1958, Egypt and Syria formed a sovereign union known as the United Arab Republic.
The union was short-lived, ending in 1961 when Syria seceded, thus ending the union.
During most of its existence, the United Arab Republic was also in a
loose confederation with North Yemen (formerly the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen)
known as the United Arab States.
In the 1967 Six Day War, Israel invaded and occupied Egypt's Sinai Peninsula and
the Gaza Strip, which Egypt had occupied since the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Three years
later (1970), President Nasser died and was succeeded by Anwar Sadat.
Reign of Sadat[anciennt egyptian historical history]
Main article: Anwar el-Sadat
Sadat switched Egypt's Cold War allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States,
expelling Soviet advisors in 1972. He launched the Infitah economic reform policy, while
clamping down on religious and secular opposition.
In 1973, Egypt, along with Syria, launched the October War, a surprise attack against the
Israeli forces occupying the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights. It was an attempt to
regain part of the Sinai territory that Israel had captured six years earlier. Sadat hoped to
seize some territory through military force, and then regain the rest of the peninsula by
diplomacy. The conflict sparked an international crisis between the US and the USSR,
both of whom intervened. The second UN-mandated ceasefire halted military action.
While the war ended with a military stalemate, it presented Sadat with a political victory
that later allowed him to regain the Sinai in return for peace with Israel. [26]

Sadat made a historic visit to Israel in 1977, which led to the 1979 peace treaty in
exchange for Israeli withdrawal from Sinai. Sadat's initiative sparked enormous
controversy in the Arab world and led to Egypt's expulsion from the Arab League, but it
was supported by most Egyptians. On 6 October 1981, Sadat and six diplomats
[27][dubious – discuss]

were assassinated while observing a military parade commemorating the eighth

anniversary of the October 1973 War. He was succeeded by Hosni Mubarak.
Reign of Mubarak[anciennt egyptian historical history]
Main article: Hosni Mubarak
This section needs

expansion. You can help

by adding to it. (March 2017)

Mubarak started many projects such as Cairo International Airport and the Cairo metro.
Mubarak made many new cities including:

 Sheikh Zayed
 Ain Sokhna
 New Cairo
 Borg el-Arab
Terrorist insurgency[anciennt egyptian historical history]
Main article: Terrorism in Egypt
In 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe,
and began to target Copts and foreign tourists as well as government officials. Some [28]

scholars and authors have cranciennt egyptian historical historyed Islamist writer Sayyid
Qutb, who was executed in 1967, as the inspiration for the new wave of attacks. [29][30]

The 1990s saw an Islamist group, al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engage in an extended

campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and
intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was
done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy—tourism —and in turn to the government, [31]

but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended
for support. [32]

Victims of the campaign against the Egyptian state from 1992-1997 exceeded 1,200 and [33]

included the head of the counter-terrorism police (Major General Raouf Khayrat), a
speaker of parliament (Rifaat el-Mahgoub), dozens of European tourists and Egyptian
bystanders, and over 100 Egyptian police. [34]

At times, travel by foreigners in parts of Upper Egypt was severely restricted and
dangerous. [35]

On 17 November 1997, 62 people, mostly tourists, were killed near Luxor. The assailants
trapped the people in the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut.
During this period, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya was given support by the governments of Iran
and Sudan, as well as al-Qaeda. The Egyptian government received support during that
[36]

time from the United States. [36]

Civil unrest since 2011[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Main article: Egyptian crisis (2011–14)
Revolution [anciennt egyptian historical history]
Main article: Egyptian revolution of 2011
In 2003, the Kefaya ("Egyptian Movement for Change"), was launched to oppose the
Mubarak regime and to establish democratic reforms and greater civil liberties.

Celebrations in Tahrir Square after Omar Suleiman's statement announcing Hosni Mubarak's resignation

On 25 January 2011, widespread protests began against Mubarak's government. The

objective of the protest was the removal of Mubarak from power. These took the form of
an intensive campaign of civil resistance supported by a very large number of people and
mainly consisting of continuous mass demonstrations. By 29 January, it was becoming
clear that Mubarak's government had lost control when a curfew order was ignored, and
the army took a semi-neutral stance on enforcing the curfew decree. Some protesters, a
very small minority in Cairo, expressed views against what they deemed was foreign
interference, highlighted by the then-held view that the U.S. administration had failed to
take sides , as well as linking the administration with Israel.
[clarification needed] [37]
On 11 February 2011, Mubarak resigned and fled Cairo. Vice President Omar
Suleiman announced that Mubarak had stepped down and that the Egyptian
military would assume control of the nation's affairs in the short term. Jubilant [38][39]

celebrations broke out in Tahrir Square at the news. Mubarak may have left Cairo [40]

for Sharm el-Sheikh the previous night, before or shortly after the airing of a taped
speech in which Mubarak vowed he would not step down or leave. [41]

On 13 February 2011, the high level military command of Egypt announced that both the
constitution and the parliament of Egypt had been dissolved. The parliamentary election
was to be held in September. [42]

A constitutional referendum was held on 19 March 2011. On 28 November 2011, Egypt

held its first parliamentary election since the previous regime had been in power. Turnout
was high and there were no reports of violence, although members of some parties broke
the ban on campaigning at polling places by handing out pamphlets and banners. There [43]

were however complaints of irregularities. [44]

[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Morsi's presidency

Main article: Timeline of the Egyptian Crisis under Mohamed Morsi

The first round of a presidential election was held in Egypt on 23 and 24 May
2012. Mohamed Morsi won 25% of the vote and Ahmed Shafik, the last prime minister
under deposed leader Hosni Mubarak, 24%. A second round was held on 16 and 17
June. On 24 June 2012, the election commission announced that Mohamed Morsi had
won the election, making him the first democratically elected president of Egypt.
According to official results, Morsi took 51.7 percent of the vote while Shafik received
48.3 percent.
On 8 July 2012, Egypt's new president Mohamed Morsi announced he was overriding the
military edict that dissolved the country's elected parliament and he called lawmakers
back into session. [45]

On 10 July 2012, the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt negated the decision by
Morsi to call the nation's parliament back into session. On 2 August 2012, Egypt's Prime[46]

Minister Hisham Qandil announced his 35-member cabinet comprising 28 newcomers

including four from the influential Muslim Brotherhood, six others and the former military
ruler Mohamed Hussein Tantawi as the Defence Minister from the previous
Government. [47]

On 22 November 2012, Morsi issued a declaration immunizing his decrees from

challenge and seeking to protect the work of the constituent assembly drafting the new
constitution. The declaration also requires a retrial of those accused in the Mubarak-era
[48]

killings of protesters, who had been acquitted, and extends the mandate of the
constituent assembly by two months. Additionally, the declaration authorizes Morsi to
take any measures necessary to protect the revolution. Liberal and secular groups
previously walked out of the constitutional constituent assembly because they believed
that it would impose strict Islamic practices, while Muslim Brotherhood backers threw
their support behind Morsi. [49]

The move was criticized by Mohamed ElBaradei, the leader of Egypt's Constitution Party,
who stated "Morsi today usurped all state powers & appointed himself Egypt's new
pharaoh" on his Twitter feed. The move led to massive protests and violent action
[50][51]

throughout Egypt. On 5 December 2012, Tens of thousands of supporters and

[52]

opponents of Egypt's president clashed, hurling rocks and Molotov cocktails and brawling
in Cairo's streets, in what was described as the largest violent battle between Islamists
and their foes since the country's revolution. Six senior advisors and three other officials
[53]

resigned from the government and the country's leading Islamic institution called on
Morsi to stem his powers. Protesters also clamored from coastal cities to desert towns. [54]

Morsi offered a "national dialogue" with opposition leaders but refused to cancel a 15
December vote on a draft constitution written by an Islamist-dominated assembly that
has ignited two weeks of political unrest. [54]
A constitutional referendum was held in two rounds on 15 and 22 December 2012, with
64% support, and 33% against. It was signed into law by a presidential decree issued by
Morsi on 26 December 2012. On 3 July 2013, the constitution was suspended by order of
the Egyptian army.
On 30 June 2013, on the first anniversary of the election of Morsi, millions of protesters
across Egypt took to the streets and demanded the immediate resignation of the
president. On 1 July, the Egyptian Armed Forces issued a 48-hour ultimatum that gave
the country's political parties until 3 July to meet the demands of the Egyptian people.
The presidency rejected the Egyptian Army's 48-hour ultimatum, vowing that the
president would pursue his own plans for national reconciliation to resolve the political
crisis. On 3 July, General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, head of the Egyptian Armed Forces,
announced that he had removed Morsi from power, suspended the constitution and
would be calling new presidential and Shura Council elections and named Supreme
Constitutional Court's leader, Adly Mansour as acting president. Mansour was sworn in
on 4 July 2013.
After Morsi [anciennt egyptian historical history]
Main article: Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014)
This section needs

expansion. You can help

by adding to it. (March 2014)

During the months after the coup d'état, a new constitution was prepared, which took
effect on 18 January 2014. After that, presidential and parliamentary elections have to be
held in June 2014.
On 24 March 2014, 529 Morsi's supporters were sentenced to death, while the trial of
Morsi himself was still ongoing. Having delivered a final judgement, 492 sentences were
[55]

commuted to life imprisonment with "only" 37 death sentences being upheld.

On 28 April, another mass trial took place with 683 Morsi supporters sentenced to death
for killing 1 police officer. [56]

In 2015, Egypt participated in the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen. [57]

El-Sisi Presidency [anciennt egyptian historical history]

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material
may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Main article: Abdel Fattah el-Sisi

In the elections of June 2014 El-Sisi won with a percentage of 96.1.
Under President el-Sisi, Egypt has implemented a rigorous policy of controlling the
border to the Gaza Strip, including the dismantling of tunnels between the Gaza strip and
Sinai.

See also[anciennt egyptian historical history]

 History of cities in Egypt:
 Alexandria history and timeline
 Cairo history and timeline
 Timeline of Egypt (fr)

References[anciennt egyptian historical history]

1. Jump up^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Preanciennt egyptian historical history: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
2. Jump up^ "The Nile Valley 6000–4000 BC Neolithic". The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
3. Jump up^ Bard, Kathryn A. Ian Shaw, ed. The Oxford Illustrated History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. p. 69.
 4. Jump up^ "The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom". BBC. 17 February 2011. Retrieved 3 November2011.
5. Jump up^ "The Kushite Conquest of Egypt". Ancientsudan.org. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
6. Jump up^ Wade, L. (2017). "Egyptian mummy DNA, at last". Science. 356 (6341): 894. doi:10.1126/science.356.6341.894.
7. Jump up^ Bowman, Alan K (1996). Egypt after the Pharaohs 332 BC – AD 642 (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 0-520-20531-6.
8. Jump up^ Stanwick, Paul Edmond (2003). Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek kings as Egyptian pharaohs. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77772-8.
9. Jump up^ Riggs, Christina, ed. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt. Oxford University Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0199571451.
10. Jump up^ Olson, Roger E. (2014). The Story of Christian Theology: Twenty Centuries of Tradition & Reform. InterVarsity Press. p. 201.
11. ^ Jump up to:a b "Egypt". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Retrieved 14 December 2011. See drop-down essay on "Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire"
12. Jump up^ Nash, John F. (2008). Christianity: the One, the Many: What Christianity Might Have Been. 1. p. 91.
13. Jump up^ Kamil, Jill. Coptic Egypt: History and Guide. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 1997. p. 39
14. Jump up^ El-Daly, Okasha. Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press
15. ^ Jump up to:a b c Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1991) [1989]. "The Mideast Heartland". Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. New York: Oxford University Press.
pp. 243–244. ISBN 978-0-19-506774-3.
16. Jump up^ Egypt – Major Cities, U.S. Library of Congress
17. Jump up^ Donald Quataert (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. ISBN 0-521-83910-6.
18. Jump up^ "Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt, Study Shows". ScienceDaily. 22 November 2006
19. ^ Jump up to:a b c Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin, Nasser of the Arabs, published c. 1973, p 2.
20. Jump up^ Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin, Nasser of the Arabs, p 2.
21. Jump up^ Anglo French motivation: Derek Hopwood, Egypt: Politics and Society 1945–1981(London, 1982, George Allen & Unwin), p. 11
22. Jump up^ De facto protectorate: Joan Wucher King, Historical Dictionary of Egypt (Metuchen, New Jersey, USA: Scarecrow, 1984), p. 17
23. Jump up^ James Jankowski, Egypt, A Short History, p. 111
24. Jump up^ Jankowski, op cit., p. 112
25. Jump up^ "Egypt". CIA- The World Factbook. Retrieved 2 February 2011. Partially independent from the UK in 1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty with the overthrow of the British-backed
monarchy in 1952.
26. Jump up^ USMC Major Michael C. Jordan (1997). "The 1973 Arab-Israeli War: Arab Policies, Strategies, and Campaigns". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 20 April 2009.
27. Jump up^ Vatikiotis, p. 443
28. Jump up^ Murphy, Caryle Passion for Islam : Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience, Scribner, 2002, p.4
29. Jump up^ Murphy, Caryle Passion for Islam : Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience, Scribner, 2002, p.57
30. Jump up^ Kepel, Gilles, Muslim Extremism in Egypt by Gilles Kepel, English translation published by University of California Press, 1986, p. 74
31. Jump up^ "Solidly ahead of oil, Suez Canal revenues, and remittances, tourism is Egypt's main hard currency earner at $6.5 billion per year." (in 2005) ... concerns over tourism's
futureArchived 24 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
32. Jump up^ Gilles Kepel, Jihad, 2002
33. Jump up^ Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower (2006), p.258
34. Jump up^ "Timeline of modern Egypt". Gemsofislamism.tripod.com. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
35. Jump up^ As described by William Dalrymple in his book From the Holy Mountain (1996, ISBN 0 00 654774 5) pp. 434-54, where he describes his trip to the area of Asyut in 1994.
36. ^ Jump up to:a b Uppsala Conflict Data Program, Conflict Encyclopedia, The al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya insurgency, viewed 2013-05-
03, http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=50&regionSelect=10-Middle_East#
37. Jump up^ "Malaysia Egypt Protest Pictures & Photos". AP Photo/Lai Seng Sin. 31 January 2011. Archived from the original on 24 August 2013.
38. Jump up^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (11 February 2010). "Mubarak Steps Down, Ceding Power to Military". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
39. Jump up^ "Egypt crisis: President Hosni Mubarak resigns as leader". BBC. 11 February 2010. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
40. Jump up^ Mubarak Resigns As Egypt's President, Armed Forces To Take Control Huffington Post/AP, 11 February 2011
41. Jump up^ "Mubarak Flees Cairo for Sharm el-Sheikh". CBS News. 11 February 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
42. Jump up^ "Egyptian Parliament dissolved, constitution suspended". BBC. 13 February 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
43. Jump up^ Egypt's Historic Day Proceeds Peacefully, Turnout High For Elections. NPR. 28 November 2011. Last Retrieved 29 November 2011.
44. Jump up^ Daniel Pipes and Cynthia Farahat (24 January 2012). "Don't Ignore Electoral Fraud in Egypt". Daniel Pipes Middle East Forum.
45. Jump up^ Fahmy, Mohamed (9 July 2012). "Egypt's president calls back dissolved parliament". CNN. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
46. Jump up^ Watson, Ivan (10 July 2012). "Court overrules Egypt's president on parliament". CNN. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
47. Jump up^ "Egypt unveils new cabinet, Tantawi keeps defence post". 3 August 2012.
48. Jump up^ "Egypt's President Mursi assumes sweeping powers". BBC News. 22 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
49. Jump up^ "Rallies for, against Egypt president's new powers". Associated Press. 23 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
50. Jump up^ "Twitter / ELBaradei". 22 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
51. Jump up^ Birnbaum, Michael (22 November 2012). "Egypt's President Morsi takes sweeping new powers |publisher"Washington Post". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 November2012.
52. Jump up^ Spencer, Richard (23 November 2012). "Violence breaks out across Egypt as protesters decry Mohammed Morsi's constitutional 'coup'". The Daily Telegraph. London.
Retrieved 23 November 2012.
53. Jump up^ "Egypt Sees Largest Clash Since Revolution". Wall Street Journal. 6 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
54. ^ Jump up to:a b Fleishman, Jeffrey (6 December 2012). "Morsi refuses to cancel Egypt's vote on constitution". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
55. Jump up^ Czech News Agency (2014-03-24). "Soud s islamisty v Egyptě: Na popraviště půjde více než 500 Mursího stoupenců". IHNED.cz. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
56. Jump up^ "Egypt sentences 683 to death in latest mass trial of dissidents". The Washington Post. 28 April 2015.
57. Jump up^ "Egypt and Saudi Arabia discuss maneuvers as Yemen battles rage". Reuters. 14 April 2015.

Index of Egypt-related articles

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Contents:

 0–9

 A

 B

 C

 D

 E

 F

 G

 H

 I

 J

 K

 L

 M

 N

 O

 P

 Q

 R

 S

 T

 U

 V
 W

 X

 Y

 Z

 See also

Articles related to Egypt include:

0-9[anciennt egyptian historical history]

First dynasty of Egypt through the Achaemenid Empire (Thirty-first dynasty of Egypt)

A[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Aaru - Ababda - Abaza Family - Abbas I of Egypt - Abbas II of Egypt - Abbasid
Caliphate - Fifi Abdou - Pope Abraham of Alexandria - Abu Gorab - Abu Hafs al-Masri
Brigades - Abu Qir - Abu Qir Bay - Abu Simbel - Abusir - Abydos, Egypt - Abyssinian
(cat) - Achaemenid Empire - Adze - Aegyptus - Africa - African Union - Muhammad
Ahmad - Ahmes - Queen Ahmose - Ahmose-Nefertari - Ahmose, son of Ebana - Aker
(god) - Akhenaten - Akhnaten (opera) - Al-Ahram - Al-Azhar University - Alexander the
Great - Alexander Helios - Alexandria - Alexandria Regional Center for Women's Health
and Development - Alexandrian text-type - Mohamed Al-Fayed - Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya -
Alhazen - Hassan Allam - Al-Qurn - Amarna - Amarna art - Amarna letters - Amasis II -
Ambrose of Alexandria - Amduat - Ammit - Ammon - Amr Diab - Amr Moussa - Amun -
Amunet - 'Anat in Egypt - Ancient Egypt - Ancient Egyptian astronomy - Ancient Egyptian
funerary texts - Ancient Egyptian royal titulary - Ancient Egyptian medicine - Ancient
Egyptian religion - Ancient Near East - Andjety - Ankh -Ankhesenamen -
Ankhesenpaaten Tasherit - Ankt - Anti (mythology) - Mark Antony - Antony and
Cleopatra - Anubis - Anuket - Apep - Apis (Egyptian mythology) - Apries - ArabDev -
Arish - Arsinoe (Gulf of Suez) - Arsinoe I of Egypt - Arsinoe II of Egypt - Arsinoe III of
Egypt - Arsinoe IV of Egypt - Arsinoe of Macedonia - Ash (god) - Astrology in Hellenistic
Egypt - Aswan - Aswan Dam - Asyut - Aten - Atenism - Athanasius of Alexandria - Atum -
Avaris

B[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Babi (mythology) - Badari - Baggush Box - Bahariya Oasis - Bakenranef - Ba-Pef - Sidi
Barrani - Bastet (mythology) - Bat (goddess) - Bata (god) - Battle of Actium - Battle of
Alexandria - Battle of Kadesh - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC) - Battle of Navarino -
Battle of the Nile - Seuserenre Bebiankh - Bedouin - Benben - Beni Hasan - Bennu -
Bent Pyramid - Berenice I of Egypt - Berenice II - Berenice III of Egypt - Bes -
Bibliotheca Alexandrina - Bintanath - Block statue (Egyptian) - Book of the Dead - Book
of Gates - Boundary Stelae of Akhenaten - James Henry Breasted - Brook of Egypt -
Bubastis - Buhen - List of burials in the Valley of the Kings - Busiris (Lower Egypt) - Buto

C[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Caesarion - Cairo - Cairo Geniza - Cairo Metro - Cairo Tower - Cambyses II of Persia -
Camp David Accords - Canopic jar - Canopus, Egypt - Decree of Canopus - Howard
Carter (archaeologist) - Cartouche - Cataracts of the Nile - Youssef Chahine - Jean-
François Champollion - Chancellor Bay - Chapelle Rouge - Chariot - Chem - Chensit -
Chenti-cheti - Children of Gebelawi - Cinema of Egypt - Cleitarchus - Clement of
Alexandria - Cleopatra (1934 film) - Cleopatra (1963 film) - Cleopatra (1999 film) -
Cleopatra I of Egypt - Cleopatra II of Egypt - Cleopatra III of Egypt - Cleopatra IV of
Egypt - Cleopatra V of Egypt - Cleopatra VI of Egypt - Cleopatra VII - Cleopatra Selene of
Syria - Cleopatra Selene II - Cleopatra Thea - Climate of Egypt - Codex Sinaiticus -
Coffin Texts - Colossi of Memnon - Communications in Egypt - Constantin-François
Chassebœuf - Conventional Egyptian chronology - Coptic alphabet - Coptic architecture -
Coptic art - Coptic Cairo - Coptic language - Coptic literature - Coptic monasticism -
Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria - Coptic placenames - Corniche - Corvée -
Crocodilopolis - Culture of Egypt - Cusae - Cyrenaica - Cyril of Alexandria

D[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Dahshur - François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers - Dakhla Oasis - Dalida - Damnatio
memoriae - Danaus chrysippus - Darius I of Persia - Darius II of Persia - Darius the
Great's Suez Inscriptions - DB320 - Dedun - Deir el-Bahri - Deir el-Medina -
Demographics of Egypt - Demotic (Egyptian) - Den (Pharaoh) - Divine Adoratrice of
Amun - Djed - Djedefptah - Djedefre - Djediufankh - Djedkare Isesi - Djedptahiufankh -
Djehuti - Djer - Djet - Djoser - Pyramid of Djoser - Bernardino Drovetti - Duat - Dudimose

E[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Earl of Carnarvon - Early Dynastic Period of Egypt - Georg Ebers - Ebers Papyrus -
Economy of Egypt - Edfu - Eftekasat - Egypt - Egypt–Ethiopia relations - Egypt (Roman
province)- The Egyptian - Egyptian Arabic - Egyptian astrology (disambiguation) -
Egyptian astronomy - Egyptian calendar - Egyptian chronology - Egyptian Civil Code -
Egyptian cuisine - Egyptian diaspora - Egyptian faience - Egyptian Fourth Dynasty family
tree - Egyptian hieroglyphs - Egyptian Islamic Jihad - Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty -
Egyptian language - Egyptian mathematics - Egyptian Museum - Egyptian numerals -
Egyptian pyramids - Egyptian Revival architecture - Egyptian Sand Sea - Egyptian soul -
Egyptians - List of Egyptologists - Egyptology - Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt - El
Alamein - Mohamed ElBaradei - El Hiba - El Kab - El-Lahun - El-Mahalla El-Kubra -
Elephantine - Elephantine papyri - Eleventh dynasty of Egypt - Embalming - Ennead -
Eratosthenes - Esna - Euclid - Exodus - Exodus Decoded - Eye of Horus

F[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Faience - Faiyum - Family tree of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt - Farafra, Egypt -
Farouk of Egypt - Fatimid Caliphate - Dodi Fayed - Fifteenth dynasty of Egypt - Fifth
dynasty of Egypt - First Battle of El Alamein - First dynasty of Egypt - First Intermediate
Period of Egypt - Foreign relations of Egypt - Four sons of Horus - Fourteenth dynasty of
Egypt - Fourth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt - Fuad I of Egypt - Fuad II of Egypt - Fustat

G[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Gamal Abdel Nasser - Gates of Cairo - Geb - Geography of Egypt - Geriatric medicine in
Egypt - Gerzeh - Gilukhipa - Giza - Giza Necropolis - God's Wife of Amun - Land of
Goshen- Governorates of Egypt - Great Hymn to the Aten - Great Pyramid of Giza -
Great Sphinx of Giza

H[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Mamdouh Habib - Hapy - Harsiese A - Harsiese B - Hathor - Hatmehit - Hatshepsut -
Hawara - Zahi Hawass - Hedetet - Heqet - Heka (god) - Heliopolis (ancient and modern)
- Hemen - Hemiunu - Hemsut - Herakleopolis Magna - Herihor - Hermanubis - Hesat -
Hetepheres II - Hieratic - History of ancient Egypt - History of Arab Egypt - Anciennt
egyptian historical history - Anciennt egyptian historical history under the Muhammad Ali
dynasty - History of modern Egypt - History of Ottoman Egypt - History of Persian Egypt -
History of the Middle East - Horemheb - Horus - Soad Hosny - Huh (god) - Huni -
Hurghada - Hyksos - Hypatia of Alexandria

I[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Salima Ikram - Imhotep - Imiut fetish - Imyremeshaw - Ineni - Intef I - Intef II - Intef III -
Intef VI - Intef VII - Ipuwer Papyrus - Iry-Hor - Isetnofret - Ishara - Isis - Islamic Cairo -
Itjtawy - ITWorx - Iunit - Iuput I - Iuput II

J[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Jebel Barkal

K[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Ka - Karnak - Kashta - Kebechet - Khafra - Pyramid of Khafre - Kharga Oasis - Kemet -
Khentkaus II - Khepri - Khnum - Khonsu - Kiya - Kneph - Kohl (cosmetics) - Kom Ombo -
Temple of Kom Ombo - Umm Kulthum - Kingdom of Kush - Valley of the Kings - KV1 -
KV2 -KV3 - KV4 - KV5 - KV6 - KV7 - KV9 - KV14 - KV17 - KV20 - KV34 - KV35 - KV39 -
KV42- KV43 - KV46 - KV55 - KV60 - KV62

L[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Lake Mariout - Lake Nasser - Miles Lampson, 1st Baron Killearn - Land of Goshen - Land
of Punt - Late Egyptian - Late Period of ancient Egypt - Leonardo da Vinci Art Institute -
Leontopolis - Karl Richard Lepsius - LGBT rights in Egypt (Gay rights) - Library of
Alexandria - Libyan Desert - Lisht - List of ancient Egyptian sites - List of cities in Egypt -
List of Coptic Orthodox Popes of Alexandria - List of ancient Egyptian dynasties - List of
Egyptians - List of Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria - List of pharaohs - List of
solar deities - Long Range Desert Group - Luxor - Luxor Museum - Luxor Temple

M[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Maahes - Ma'at - Maat Kheru - Mafdet - Naguib Mahfouz - Étienne-Louis Malus -
Mamluk - Manetho - Auguste Mariette - Mark the Evangelist - Gaston Maspero -
Mastaba - Pope Matthew I of Alexandria - Medinet Habu (location) - Medinet Habu
(temple) - Manciennt egyptian historical historyerranean Sea - Meidum - Memphis,
Egypt - Mendes - Menes - Menhit - Menkaura - Pyramid of Menkaure - Meret -
Meretseger - Meritamen - Meritaten - Merneferre Ay - Merneith - Merneptah - Merneptah
Stele - Mersa Matruh - Meshwesh - Meskhenet - Middle East - Middle Kingdom of Egypt -
Milan Papyrus - Military anciennt egyptian historical history during World War II - Military
of Egypt - Min (god) - Minya, Egypt - Mizraim - Mnewer - Prince Muhammad Abdel
Moneim- Monthu - Mortuary Temple of Amenhotep III - Moses - Mouled Sidi El-Latini -
Mount Sinai - Gamal Mubarak - Hosni Mubarak - Mummification Museum - Mummy -
Muslim Brotherhood - Mut - Myth of Osiris and Isis

N[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Nabta Playa - Nag Hammadi - Nag Hammadi library - Muhammad Naguib - Mustafa el-
Nahhas - Napata - Napoleonic Campaign in Egypt - Naqada - Narmer - Gamal Abdel
Nasser - Sewadjenre Nebiriau I - Nebiriau II - Necho I - Necho II - List of necropoleis -
Nectanebo I - Nectanebo II - Neferefre - Neferhotep I - Neferhotep III - Neferirkare
Kakai - Neferkare, ninth dynasty - Nefertari - Nefertem - Nefertiti - Nehebkau - Neith -
Nekhbet - Nekhen - Neper (mythology) - Nephthys - Neter-khertet - New Kingdom -
Nile - Nile crocodile - Nile Delta - Nile Level Texts - Nile perch - Nilometer - Nilo-Saharan
languages - Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt - Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt family tree - Ninth
dynasty of Egypt - Nitocris - Nomarch - Nome (Egypt) - North Africa - Nu (mythology) -
Nubia - Nubian languages - Nut (goddess) - Nymphaea - Nymphaea caerulea -
Nymphaea lotus - Nynetjer - Nyuserre Ini

O[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Obelisk - Richard O'Connor - Ogdoad - Old Kingdom - Old Winter Palace Hotel, Luxor -
Opening of the mouth ceremony - Operation Compass - Opet Festival - Origen - Osiris -
Osiris-Dionysus - Osorkon the Elder - Osorkon I - Osorkon II - Osorkon III - Osorkon IV -
Ostracon - Oxyrhynchus - Oxyrhynchus Gospels - Ozymandias

P[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Pachomius - Pakhet - Palestine - Pami - Pantheon (gods) - Papyrus - Papyrus Harris I -
Papyrus of Ani - Tewfik Pasha - Passage of the Red Sea - Pedubast I - Pelusium - Pepi I
Meryre - Pepi II Neferkare - Petbe - Pope Peter I of Alexandria - Flinders Petrie -
Pharaoh - Philae - Philip III of Macedon - Phoenix (mythology) - Piankh - Pi-hahiroth -
Pinedjem I - Piye - Politics of Egypt - Polybus (King of Thebes) - Port Safaga - Port
Said - Precinct of Amun-Re - Precinct of Mut - Predynastic Egypt - Princess Fawzia Fuad
of Egypt - Protodynastic Period of Egypt - Psammuthes - Psamtik I - Psamtik II - Psamtik
III - Pschent - Psusennes I - Psusennes II - Psusennes III - Ptah - Ptahhotep - Ptolemaic
dynasty - History of Ptolemaic Egypt - Ptolemy - Ptolemy I Soter - Ptolemy II
Philadelphus - Ptolemy III Euergetes - Ptolemy IV Philopator - Decree of Memphis
(Ptolemy IV) - Ptolemy V Epiphanes - Ptolemy VI Philometor - Ptolemy VII Neos
Philopator - Ptolemy VIII Physcon - Ptolemy IX Lathyros - Ptolemy X Alexander I -
Ptolemy XI Alexander II - Ptolemy XII Auletes - Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator - Ptolemy
XIV of Egypt - Land of Punt - Pylon (architecture) - Pyramid - Bent Pyramid - Egyptian
pyramids - Pyramid of Djoser - Pyramid of Khafre - Pyramid of Menkaure - Red Pyramid -
Step pyramid - Pyramid of Unas - Pyramid Texts - Pyramidion - Pyramidology

Q[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Qa'a - Qakare Ibi - Qattara Depression - Qetesh - Qubbet el-Hawa - Queen Ahmose -
Queen consort - Valley of the Queens - QV44 - QV66

R[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Ra - Rahab - Ramesses II - Ramesses III - Ramesses IV - Ramesses V - Ramesses VI -
Ramesses VII - Ramesses VIII - Ramesses IX - Ramesses X - Ramesses XI -
Ramesseum- Raneb - Ras Muhammad National Park - Red Pyramid - Red Sea -
Reformed Egyptian - Relief - Religion in Egypt - Renenutet - Renpet - Renseneb -
Resheph - Rhind Mathematical Papyrus - Rhinocorura - River delta - David Rohl - Erwin
Rommel - Rosetta - Rosetta Stone - Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum - Royal Wadi and
tombs - Rudamun - Rylands Library Papyrus P52

S[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Mohamed Saad - Anwar El Sadat - Sahara - Sahure - Saint Catherine's Monastery -
Sais, Egypt - Salec - Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri - Saqqara - Sarcophagus - Satet -
Scarabaeidae- Scaraboid seal - Scribe - Season of the Emergence - Season of the
Harvest - Season of the Inundation - Second Battle of El Alamein - Second dynasty of
Egypt - Second Intermediate Period of Egypt - Sed festival - Sehel Island - Seked -
Seker - Sekhmet - Senenmut - Senet - Serabit el-Khadim - Serapeum - Serekh - Serket -
Set (mythology) - Seventeenth dynasty of Egypt - Seventh and eighth dynasties of
Egypt - Shai - Omar Sharif - Sharm el-Sheikh - Shasu - Shen ring - Pope Shenouda III of
Alexandria - Sherden - Shezmu - Shittah-tree - Shoshenq I - Shu (Egyptian deity) - Sia
(god) - Sinai Peninsula - Sistrum - Siwa Oasis - Siwi language - Six-Day War - Sixteenth
dynasty of Egypt - Sixth dynasty of Egypt - Smenkhkare - Edwin Smith Papyrus -
Sneferu - Sobek - Sobekneferu - Solar deity - Sopdet - Sopdu - Southern Tomb 25 -
Speos Artemidos - Sphinx - Stargate - Stele - Stella (beer) - Step pyramid - Story of
Sinuhe - Story of Wenamun - Strabo - Suez - Suez Canal - Suez Crisis - Syenite - Syriac
language
 T[anciennt egyptian historical history]
Taba, Egypt - Tadukhipa - Taharqa - Tahpanhes - Takelot I - Takelot II - Takelot III -
Talatat - Tamer Hosny - Tanis, Egypt - Tantamani - Senakhtenre Tao I - Seqenenre Tao
II - Taweret- Tefnakht - Tefnut - Temple of Kom Ombo - Tenenet - Tenth dynasty of
Egypt - Teti - Mohammed Ali Tewfik - Tewfik Pasha - Tey - The Egyptian - The Ten
Commandments (1956 film)- Theban Mapping Project - Theban Necropolis - Thebes,
Egypt - Thesh - Third dynasty of Egypt - Third Intermediate Period of Egypt - Thirteenth
dynasty of Egypt - Thirtieth dynasty of Egypt - Thoth - Thutmose (prince) - Thutmose
(18th-dynasty vizier) - Thutmose (19th-dynasty vizier) - Tuthmose (Viceroy of Kush) -
Thutmose (sculptor) - Thutmose I - Thutmose II - Thutmose III - Thutmose IV - Tiye -
Tjuyu - Tombs of the Nobles (Amarna) - Tombs of the Nobles (Luxor) - Transliteration of
Ancient Egyptian - Transport in Egypt - TT71 - Turin King List - Tutankhamun -
Tutankhamun and the Daughter of Ra - Tutkheperre Shoshenq - Twelfth dynasty of
Egypt - Twelfth dynasty of Egypt family tree - Twentieth dynasty of Egypt - Twentieth
dynasty of Egypt family tree - Twenty-first dynasty of Egypt - Twenty-first dynasty of
Egypt family tree - Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt - Twenty-first dynasty of Egypt family
tree - Twenty-third dynasty of Egypt - Twenty-fourth dynasty of Egypt - Twenty-fifth
dynasty of Egypt - Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt - Twenty-eighth dynasty of Egypt -
Twenty-ninth dynasty of Egypt - Twosret

U[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Umm Kulthum - Umm el-Qa'ab - Unas - Pyramid of Unas - Unfinished obelisk - United
Arab Republic - Unut - Upper and Lower Egypt - Uraeus - Userkaf - Userkare - Ushabti

V[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Valley of the Kings - Valley of the Queens - Via della Vittoria - Via Maris - Vizier (Ancient
Egypt)

W[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Wadjet - Wagh El-Birket - Wahibre Ibiau - Wahkare Khety I - Wazner - Water resources
management in modern Egypt - Water supply and sanitation in Egypt - Kent R. Weeks -
Wegaf - Story of Wenamun - Weneg (Egyptian deity) - Weneg (pharaoh) - Wepwawet -
Werethekau - West Nile virus - Westcar Papyrus - Western Desert Force - Old Winter
Palace Hotel, Luxor - Women in Ancient Egypt - Workmen's Village, Amarna - Wosret -
WV22 - WV23 - WV25

X[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Xerxes I of Persia - Xerxes II of Persia

Y[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Yaqub-Har - Yom Kippur War - Thomas Young (scientist) - Yuya

Z[anciennt egyptian historical history]

Zagazig - Zahi Hawass - Zawyet el'Aryan - Ahmed Zewail

See also[anciennt egyptian historical history]

 Egypt portal
 All pages with a title containing Egypt
 All pages with a title containing Egyptian
 Category:Egypt-related lists