A PROJECT REPORT

ON

“SPREAD SPECTRUM CODES-DSSS(Direct sequence spread

spectrum)&FHSSS(frequency hopping sequence spread spectrum)”

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the award of the Degree
of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Electronics & Communication Engineering (ECE)
BY
T.MUKESH 15311A04A4
E.ANUDEEP 15311A04A5
G.VINAY KUMAR 15311A04B7

B.Tech III year II semester

UNDER GUIDANCE BY
SANDEEP SIR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
SREENIDHI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (Autonomous)

Yamnampet, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad-501301.

PRESENTED BY

BY
T.MUKESH 15311A04A4
E.ANUDEEP 15311A04A5
G.VINAY KUMAR 15311A04B7
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I convey my sincere thanks to Dr.P.Narsimha Reddy, Director and Principal, Sreenidhi

Institute of Science and Technology, Ghatkesar for providing resources to complete this project.

I am very thankful toDr.S.P.V.SubbaRao, Head of ECE Department,Sreenidhi Institute of

Science and Technology, Ghatkesar for providing an initiative to this project and giving valuable
timely suggestions over our seminar work and for their kind co-operation in the completion of
the project.

I convey my sincere thanks to Mr.SANDEEP , Associate Professor and all the faculties of ECE
department, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, for their continuous help, co-
operation, and support to complete this project.

Finally, I extend my sense of gratitude to almighty, my parents, all my friends, teaching and non-
teaching staff, who directly or indirectly helped me in this endeavor.

T.MUKESH 15311A04A4
E.ANUDEEP 15311A04A5
G.VINAY KUMAR 15311A04B7
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT 6

1 INTRODUCTION 7
1.1 Bandwidth effect of spreading operation 9
1.2 Bandwidth effect of de-spreading operation 10
Waste of Bandwidth Due to Spreading Is Offset by Multiple
1.3 Users 10

2 SPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNIQUES 11

3 DIRECT SEQUENCE SPREAD SPECTRUM 11

3.1 DSSS using BPSK 13

4 FREQUENCY HOPPING SYSTEM 13
4.1 Slow-frequency hopping- 15
4.2 Fast frequency hopping 15

4.3 Frequency hopping spread spectrum concepts 16

5 ADVANTAGES OF SPREAD SPECTRUM 18

5.1 Reduced crosstalk interference 18

5.2 Better voice quality/data integrity and less static noise 18

5.3 Lowered susceptibility to multipath fading 19

5.4 Inherent security 19

5.5 Co-existence 19

5.6 Longer operating distances 19

5.7 Hard to detect 19

5.8 Hard to intercept or demodulate 19
 5.9 Harder to jam 19

6.0 programme code 19

6.1 matlab code for direct sequence spread spectrum 20

6.1 Matlab Code for Frequency-hopping spread spectrum 20

7.0 conclusions 26
 ABSTRACT
Spread spectrum technology has blossomed from a military technology into one of fundamental
building blocks in current and next-generation wireless systems. From cellular to cordless to
wireless LAN (WLAN) systems, spectrum is a vital component in the system design process
Spread-spectrum signals are hard to detect on narrow band equipment because the signal's
energy is spread over a bandwidth of maybe 100 times the information bandwidth.

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum DSSS significantly improves protection against interfering (or
jamming) signals, especially narrowband and makes the signal less noticeable. It also provides
security of transmission if the code is not known to the public. These reasons make DSSS very
popular by the military. In fact, DSSS was first used in the 1940s by the military. DSSS can also
be used as a multiple access technique, whereby several different pseudo random spreading
codes are being used simultaneously. This multiple access technique is better known as Direct
Sequence CDMA.

DSSS provides 11 Mbps capacity links, but it is a sensitive technology (collocation, multipath,
near/far, Bluetooth). The most limiting factor, multipath, may be minimized by using the
technology for short distances or in point to point applications. FHSS[5] provides only 3 Mbps
capacity links, but it is a very robust technology, with excellent behavior in harsh environment
characterized by large areas of coverage, multiple collocated cells, noises, multipath, Bluetooth
presence, etc. The technology allows easy cellular point- to multipoint deployment, providing
excellent reliability.

T.MUKESH(15311A04A4)

E.ANUDEEP(15311A04A5)

G.VINAY KUMAR(15311A04B7)
1. INTRODUCTION

Spread spectrum technology has blossomed from a military technology into one of the
fundamental building blocks in current and next-generation wireless systems. From cellular to
cordless to wireless LAN (WLAN) systems, spectrum is a vital component in the system design
process. Since spread-spectrum is such an integral ingredient, it's vital for designers to have an
understanding of how this technology.

.
Fig 1: Spreading Process

Spread spectrum is more precise: an RF communications system in which the baseband signal
bandwidth is intentionally spread over a larger bandwidth by injecting a higher frequency signal.
As a direct consequence, energy used in transmitting the signal is spread over a wider bandwidth,
and appears as noise. The ratio (in dB) between the spread baseband and the original signal is
called processing gain . Typical spread-spectrum processing gains run from 10dB to 60dB.

To apply a spread-spectrum technique, simply inject the corresponding spread-spectrum code

somewhere in the transmitting chain before the antenna (receiver). (That injection is called the
spreading operation.) The effect is to diffuse the information in a larger bandwidth. Conversely,
you can remove the spread-spectrum code (called a dispreading operation) at a point in the
receive chain before data retrieval.
A despreading operation reconstitutes the information into its original bandwidth. Obviously, the
same code must be known in advance at both ends of the transmission channel. (In some
circumstances, the code should be known only by those two parties.)

Fig2: Spread-spectrum communication system.

Spread-spectrum transmitters use similar transmit power levels to narrowband transmitters.

Because spread-spectrum signals are so wide, they transmit at a much lower spectral power
density, measured in watts per hertz, than narrow band transmitters. This lower transmitted
power density characteristic gives spread-spectrum signals a big plus. Spread-spectrum and
narrowband signals can occupy the same band, with little or no interference. This capability is
the main reason for all the interest in spread spectrum today.

The use of special pseudo noise (PN) codes in spreadspectrum communications makes signals
appear wide band and noise-like. It is this very characteristic that makes spreadspectrum signals
possess a low LPI. Spread-spectrum signals are hard to detect on narrow band equipment
because the signal's energy is spread over a bandwidth of maybe 100 times the information
bandwidth (Figure 2).
 Fig 2: In a spread-spectrum system, signals are spread
across a wide bandwidth, making them difficult to
intercept, demodulate, and intercept

The spread of energy over a wide band, or lower spectral power density, also makes spread-
spectrum signals less likely to interfere with narrowband communications. Narrowband
communications, conversely, cause little to no interference to spread spectrum systems because
the correlation receiver effectively integrates over a very wide bandwidth to recover a spread
spectrum signal. The correlator then "spreads" out a narrowband interferer over the receiver's
total detection bandwidth.

Since the total integrated signal density or signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the correlator's input
determines whether there will be interference or not. All spread spectrum systems have a
threshold or tolerance level of interference beyond which useful communication ceases. This
tolerance or threshold is related to the spread-spectrum processing gain, which is essentially the
ratio of the RF bandwidth to the information bandwidth.

Spread spectrum uses wideband, noise-like signals that are hard to detect, intercept, or
demodulate. Additionally, spreadspectrum signals are harder to jam (interfere with) than narrow
band signals. These low probability of intercept (LPI) and anti-jam (AJ) features are why the
military has used spread spectrum for so many years. Spread-spectrum signals are intentionally
made to be a much wider band than the information they are carrying to make them more noise-
like.

1.1 Bandwidth Effects of the Spreading Operation

Spread-spectrum modulation is applied on top of a conventional modulation such as BPSK[3] or
direct conversion. One can demonstrate that all other signals not receiving the spread-spectrum
code will remain as they are, that is, unspread.
 Fig 3: Spreading operation spreads the signal energy over a wider
frequency bandwidth.
1.2 Bandwidth Effects of the Despreading Operation
Similarly, despreading can be seen in Figure4.

Fig 4. The despreading operation recovers the original signal.

Here a spread-spectrum demodulation has been made on top of the normal demodulation
operations. One can also demonstrate that signals such as an interferer or jammer added during
the transmission will be spread during the dispreading operation!

1.3 Waste of Bandwidth Due to Spreading Is Offset by Multiple Users

Spreading results directly in the use of a wider frequency band by a factor that corresponds
exactly to the "processing gain". Therefore spreading does not spare the limited frequency
resource. That overuse is well compensated, however, by the possibility that many users will
share the enlarged frequency
band (Figure 5)

Fig 5. The same frequency band can be shared by multiple users with
spread-spectrum techniques.
Spread Spectrum is a wideband technology. In contrast to regular narrowband technology, the
spread spectrum process is a wideband technology. W- CDMA and UMTS, for example, are
wideband technologies that require a relatively large frequency bandwidth, compared to
narrowband radio.

2. Spread Spectrum Techniques:

In telecommunication and radio communication, spread-spectrum techniques are methods by

which a signal (e.g., an electrical, electromagnetic, or acoustic signal) generated with a
particular bandwidth is deliberately spread in the frequency domain, resulting in a signal with a
wider bandwidth. These techniques are used for a variety of reasons, including the establishment
of secure communications, increasing resistance to natural interference, noise and jamming, to
prevent detection, and to limit power flux density(e.g., in satellite down links).

There are four forms of techniques of spread spectrum:

 Direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
 Frequency-hopping spread spectrum(FHSS)
 Time-hopping spread spectrum (THSS)
 Chirp spread spectrum (CSS)

3. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

In telecommunications, direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) is a spread

spectrum modulation technique used to reduce overall signal interference. The spreading of this
signal makes the resulting wideband channel more noisy, allowing for greater resistance to
unintentional and intentional interference.
A method of achieving the spreading of a given signal is provided by the modulation scheme.
With DSSS, the message signal is used to modulate a bit sequence known as a Pseudo Noise
(PN) code; this PN code consists of a radio pulse that is much shorter in duration (larger
bandwidth) than the original message signal. This modulation of the message signal scrambles
and spreads the pieces of data, and thereby resulting in a bandwidth size nearly identical to that
of the PN sequence. In this context, the duration of the radio pulse for the PN code is referred to
as the chip duration. The smaller this duration, the larger the bandwidth of the resulting DSSS
signal; more bandwidth multiplexed to the message signal results in better resistance against
interference.
Some practical and effective uses of DSSS include the Code Division Multiple
Access (CDMA) channel access method and the IEEE 802.11b specification used in Wi-
Fi networks.

DSSS significantly improves protection against interfering (or jamming) signals, especially
narrowband and makes the signal less noticeable. It also provides security of transmission if the
code is not known to the public. These reasons make DSSS very popular by the military. In fact,
DSSS was first used in the 1940s by the military.

DSSS can also be used as a multiple access technique, whereby several different pseudo random
spreading codes are being used simultaneously. This multiple access technique is better known
as Direct Sequence CDMA.
DSSS is e.g. used in IEEE 802.11b and Zigbee.

Fig 6: Block diagram for Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) [4] is spread spectrum technique where by the
original data signal is multiplied with a pseudo random noise spreading code. This spreading
code has a higher chip rate(this is bitrate of the code) which results in a wideband time
continuous scrambled signal.
 Fig 7: Example of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

information bit of one inverts the spreading code bits in the combination, while information bit
of zero causes the spreading code bits to be transmitted without inversion. The combination bit
stream has the death rate of the original spreading code sequence, so it has a wider bandwidth
than the information stream. In this example, the spreading code bit stream is clocked t four
times the information rate.

3.1 DSSS using BPSK

Rather than represent binary data with 1 and 0, it is more convenient for our purpose to use + I
and - 1 to represent the two binary digits. In that case, a BPSK signal can be represented as:
Where,A= amplified of signal Fc=carrier frequency d(t)=the discrete function that takes on the
value +1 for one bit time if bit in the stream bit is 1 and -1 for the one bit time if the
corresponding bit in the bit stream 0.

To produce the DSS signal, we multiply the proceeding by C(t),which is the PN sequence taking
on values of +1 and -1:
S(t)=Ad(t)c(t)cos(2_fct)

At the receiver the incoming signal is multiplied again by c(t) but c(t)×c(t)=1 and therefore
original signal is recovered:

S(t)c(t)=Ad(t) c(t) c(t) cos(2_fct)=Sd(t)

 Fig 8: Waveform of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Using BPSK
Example

4. Frequency hopping system

Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) is a method of transmitting radio signals by rapidly
switching a carrier among many frequency channels, using pseudorandom sequence known to
both transmitter and receiver. It is utilized as a multiple access method in the frequency-hopping
code division multiple access (FH-CDMA) scheme.

FHSS is a wireless technology that spreads its signal over rapidly changing frequencies. Each
available frequency band is divided into sub-frequencies. Signals rapidly change ("hop") among
these in a pre-determined order. Interference at a specific frequency will only affect the signal
during that short interval. FHSS can, however, cause interference with adjacent direct-sequence
spread spectrum(DSSS) systems. A sub-type of FHSS used in Bluetooth wireless data transfer is
adaptive frequency hopping spread spectrum (AFH).
Types of frequency hopping are:
(I) Slow frequency hopping
(2) Fast frequency hopping

4.1. Slow-frequency hopping-

In slow frequency hoping the symbol rate R5 of the MFSK signal is an integer multiple of the
hop rate R. That means several symbols are transmitted corresponding to each frequency
hopping. Therefore each frequency hopping several symbols i.e. frequency hopping takes place
slowly.

4.2. Fast frequency hopping-

In the fast frequency hopping the hop rate R is an integer multiple of the MFSK symbol rate R.
That means during the transmission of one symbol, the carrier frequency will hop several times.
Therefore each symbol transmission several frequencies hops. Thus- the frequency hopping takes
place at a fast rate.

Fig 9.1: Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum System (Transmitter)

 Fig 9.2: Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum System (Receiver)

Fig.9.1 & 9.2 shows the Block diagram of frequency hopping system. For transmission, binary
data are fed into a modulator using some digital - to analog encoding scheme, such as frequency
shift keying (FSK) or binary phase shift keying (BPSK). A PN source serves as an index into a
table of frequencies each K bit on PN source specifies one of the 2k carrier frequencies.

4.3 . FREQUENCY-HOPPING SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEM

CONCEPTS
At each successive interval a new carrier frequency is selected. This frequency is then modulated
by the signal produced from the initial modulator to produce a new signal with the same shape.
On reception, the spread spectrum signal is demodulated using the same sequence of PN-derived
frequencies and then demodulated to produce the output data.111. FREQUENCY-HOPPING
SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEM CONCEPTS Spread-spectrum systems can be designed to be
insensitive to selective attenuation and to provide resistance against various kinds of jammers or
interference [2], [5], [ 101. Additionally, multiple access and selective calling features become
airailable. To apply spread-spectrum techniques for digital data transmission over power line
networks the following tasks must be performed: -global synchronization (based on the power
line volt-effective exploitation of bandwidth (this is of special importance due to the severe
transmission power restrictions)
-precise and cost-effective generation of a sufficient number of orthogonal spread-spectrum
waveforms, -matched filter reception of the desired spread-spectrum waveforms. The solutions
outlined in the following center around frequency-hopping spread-spectrum signaling due to the
essential features of this technique listed below: -effective use of bandwidth (wide spreading of
information), -high tolerance to synchronization reference jitter and delay effects (by use of low
chip rates), -capability to achieve collision-free multiple access based on global synchronization
and proper frequency allocation. Disadvantages of frequency hopping compared, for example, to
phase-hopping systems include higher effort for waveform generation and receiver matched
filtering [2], [lo]. Some work on pseudonoise phase-hopping spread-spectrum modulation for
indoor applications, which led to remarkable results at minimum costs has been reported by P. K.
von der Gracht and R. W. Donaldson [4], and J. 0. Onunga and R. W. Donaldson [ 1 I]. The
proposed modems rely on a relatively high transmitted power of l W and occupy on the other
hand only 1/3 of the available bandwidth. Due to the mentioned transmission power restrictions
[8], [9], applying such modems in Germany and most other European countries would not be
permitted. In Europe a different kind of bandwidth exploitation is advisable. An essential
drawback of phase hopping as proposed in [4] is, that the resulting spectrum is continuous. So a
high chip rate is required to cover an extended bandwidth. Such a requirement cannot be
satisfactorily met by phase hopping due to the lack of synchronization reference (i.e., the power
line voltage) accuracy, caused by jitter and propagation delay effects, especially, when energy
flow and information flow directions on the power lines are opposite. Furthermore problems are
encountered when operating the modems according to [4] at different phases of a power
distribution network. So the work reported here concentrates on frequency-hopping spread-
spectrum signaling. A. Synchronization In spread-spectrum systems the cost-effective solution of
the synchronization problem is of decisive importance. Whenever transmitted reference concepts
are applicable, near-optimum solutions are possible at minimum costs [2]. The power line
network provides a voltage with relatively high stability of frequency and moderate corruption
by interference. The zero-crossings of the power line voltage represent basic synchronization
reference instants. In fact, this idea is not new and has been reported before [4]. Most power line
networks incorporate three-phase operation with a 120" phase shift between the phases. Thus,
ambiguities arise which have to be eliminated. This is done by signaling the zero-crossing
instants Fig 9.3 digital frequency synthesizer block diagram

The sampling frequency f, must be greater than 2 *f max with fmax being the highest output
frequency to be generated. Equation (3) tells us that whenever fmax, is not an integer multiple
off,, the fraction f,/f, must be multiplied by an integer r],, until r], f,/f, takes on an integer value.
5. Advantages of Spread Spectrum
Spread-spectrum systems provide some clear advantages to designers. As a recap, here are nine
benefits that designers can expect when using a spread-spectrum-based wireless system.

5.1. Reduced crosstalk interference:

In spread-spectrum systems, crosstalk interference is greatly attenuated due to the processing
gain of the spread spectrum system as described earlier. The effect of the suppressed crosstalk
interference can be essentially removed with digital processing where noise below certain
threshold results in negligible bit errors. These negligible bit errors will have little effect on voice
transmissions.

5.2. Better voice quality/data integrity and less static

noise:
Due to the processing gain and digital processing nature of spread spectrum technology, a
spread-spectrum based system is more immune to interference and noise. This greatly reduces
consumer electronic device-induced static noise that is commonly experienced by conventional
analog wireless system users.

5.3. Lowered susceptibility to multipath fading:

Because of its inherent frequency diversity properties (thanks to wide spectrum spread), a spread
spectrum system is much less susceptible to multipath fading.

5.4. Inherent security:

In a spread spectrum system, a PN sequence is used to either modulate the signal in the time
domain (direct sequence systems) or select the carrier frequency (frequency hopping systems).
Due to the pseudorandom nature of the PN sequence, the signal in the air has been "randomized".
Only the receiver having the exact same pseudo-random sequence and synchronous timing can
despread and retrieve the original signal. Consequently, a spread spectrum system provides
signal security that is not available to conventional analog wireless systems.

5.5. Co-existence:
A spread spectrum system is less susceptible to interference than other non-spread spectrum
systems. In addition, with the proper designing of pseudorandom sequences, multiple spread
spectrum systems can coexist without creating severe interference to other systems. This further
increases the system capacity for spread spectrum systems or devices.

5.6. Longer operating distances:

A spread spectrum device operated in the ISM band is allowed to have higher transmit power
due to its non-interfering nature. Because of the higher transmit power, the operating distance of
such a device can be significantly longer than that of a traditional analog wireless
communication device.

5.7. Hard to detect:

Spread-spectrum signals are much wider than conventional narrowband transmission (of the
order of 20 to 254 times the bandwidth of narrowband transmissions). Since the communication
band is spread, it can be transmitted at a low power without being detrimentally by background
noise. This is because when de-spreading takes place, the noise at one frequency is rejected,
leaving the desired signal.

5.8. Hard to intercept or demodulate:

The very foundation of the spreading technique is the code use to spread the signal. Without
knowing the code it is impossible to decipher the transmission. Also, because the codes are so
long (and quick) simply viewing the code would still be next to impossible to solve the code,
hence interception is very hard.

5.9. Harder to jam:

The most important feature of spread spectrum is its ability to reject interference. At first glance,
it may be considered that spread spectrum would be most effected by interference. However, any
signal is spread in the bandwidth, and after it passes through the correlator, the bandwidth signal
is equal to its original bandwidth, plus the bandwidth of the local interference. An interference
signal with 2 MHz bandwidth being input into a direct-sequence receiver whose signal is 10
MHz wide gives an output from the correlator of 12 MHz. The wider the interference bandwidth,
the wider the output signals. Thus the wider the input signal, the less its effect on the system
because the power density of the signal after processing is lower, and less power falls in the band
pass filter.

6.0Program Code (Matlab):

6.1. Matlab Code for Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum:
clc;
close all;
clear all;
b=input('Enter The input Bits : ');
ln=length(b);

% Converting bit 0 to -1
for i=1:ln
if b(i)==0
b(i)=-1;
end
end

% Generating the bit sequence with each bit 8 samples long

k=1;
for i=1:ln
for j=1:8
bb(k)=b(i);
j=j+1;
k=k+1;
end
i=i+1;
end
len=length(bb);
subplot(2,2,1);
stairs(bb,'linewidth',2); axis([0 len -2 3]);
title('ORIGINAL BIT SEQUENCE b(t)');

% Generating the pseudo random bit pattern for spreading

pr_sig=round(rand(1,len));
for i=1:len
if pr_sig(i)==0
pr_sig(i)=-1;
end
end
subplot(2,2,2);
stairs(pr_sig,'linewidth',2); axis([0 len -2 3]);
title('PSEUDORANDOM BIT SEQUENCE pr_sig(t)');

% Multiplying bit sequence with Pseudorandom Sequence

for i=1:len
bbs(i)=bb(i).*pr_sig(i);
end

% Modulating the hopped signal

dsss=[];
t=0:1/10:2*pi;
c1=cos(t);
c2=cos(t+pi);

for k=1:len
if bbs(1,k)==-1
dsss=[dsss c1];
else
dsss=[dsss c2];
end
end
subplot(2,2,3);
stairs(bbs,'linewidth',2); axis([0 len -2 3]);
title('MULTIPLIER OUTPUT SEQUENCE b(t)*pr_sig(t)');
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(dsss);
title(' DS-SS SIGNAL...');

Output (DSSS):

Enter the input bits: [1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1]

6.2Matlab Code for Frequency-hopping spread spectrum:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
% Generation of bit pattern
s=round(rand(1,25)); % Generating 20 bits
signal=[];
carrier=[];
t=[0:2*pi/119:2*pi]; % Creating 60 samples for one cosine
for k=1:25
if s(1,k)==0
sig=-ones(1,120); % 120 minus ones for bit 0
else
sig=ones(1,120); % 120 ones for bit 1
end
c=cos(t);
carrier=[carrier c];
signal=[signal sig];
end
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(signal);
axis([-100 3100 -1.5 1.5]);
title('\bf\it Original Bit Sequence');

% BPSK Modulation of the signal

bpsk_sig=signal.*carrier; % Modulating the signal
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(bpsk_sig)
axis([-100 3100 -1.5 1.5]);
title('\bf\it BPSK Modulated Signal');

% Preparation of 6 new carrier frequencies

t1=[0:2*pi/9:2*pi];
t2=[0:2*pi/19:2*pi];
t3=[0:2*pi/29:2*pi];
t4=[0:2*pi/39:2*pi];
t5=[0:2*pi/59:2*pi];
t6=[0:2*pi/119:2*pi];
c1=cos(t1);
c1=[c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1];
c2=cos(t2);
c2=[c2 c2 c2 c2 c2 c2];
c3=cos(t3);
c3=[c3 c3 c3 c3];
c4=cos(t4);
c4=[c4 c4 c4];
c5=cos(t5);
c5=[c5 c5];
c6=cos(t6);

% Random frequency hopps to form a spread signal

spread_signal=[];
for n=1:25
c=randi([1 6]);
switch(c)
case(1)
spread_signal=[spread_signal c1];
case(2)
spread_signal=[spread_signal c2];
case(3)
spread_signal=[spread_signal c3];
case(4)
spread_signal=[spread_signal c4];
case(5)
spread_signal=[spread_signal c5];
case(6)
spread_signal=[spread_signal c6];
end
end
subplot(4,1,3)
plot([1:3000],spread_signal);
axis([-100 3100 -1.5 1.5]);
title('\bf\it Spread Signal with 6 frequencies');

% Spreading BPSK Signal into wider band with total of 12

frequencies
freq_hopped_sig=bpsk_sig.*spread_signal;
subplot(4,1,4)
plot([1:3000],freq_hopped_sig);
axis([-100 3100 -1.5 1.5]);
title('\bf\it Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum Signal');

% Expressing the FFTs

figure,subplot(2,1,1)
plot([1:3000],freq_hopped_sig);
axis([-100 3100 -1.5 1.5]);
title('\bf\it Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum signal and its
FFT');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot([1:3000],abs(fft(freq_hopped_sig)));

Output (FHSS):
7.Conclusion:
DSSS provides 11 Mbps capacity links, but it is a sensitive technology (collocation, multipath,
near/far, Bluetooth). The most limiting factor, multipath, may be minimized by using the
technology for short distances or in point to point applications. FHSS provides only 3 Mbps
capacity links, but it is a very robust technology, with excellent behavior in harsh environment
characterized by large areas of coverage, multiple collocated cells, noises, multipath, Bluetooth
presence, etc.

The technology allows easy cellular point- to-multipoint deployment, providing excellent
reliability. The exploitation of electric power distribution networks for digital communication
purposes appears under completely new aspects, when spread-spectrum techniques are involved.
It has been shown, that out of the variety of spread-spectrum modulation schemes frequency
hopping provides satisfying performance especially under severe transmission power restrictions.
A benefit of frequency hopping is the ability to spread information over a wide. frequency range
using relatively low chip rates.

Global synchronization based on the power line voltage as reference is feasible and errors from
jitter are tolerable. Starting from the synchronization timing schemes, two FH spread-spectrum
system concepts have been outlined and analyzed. Tradeoffs between data bit rate, number of
simultaneously usable channels, bit error probability and transmission power are easily made.
New approaches for realizing special key components such as digital frequency synthesizers and
receiver matched filters based on lock-in amplifiers or digital signal processing have been
proposed. Measurements carried out with prototypes confirmed the effectivity of FH spread-
spectrum signaling.

Computer simulations for hard decision were performed to predict expected bit error probability
from records of the channel properties. Further work will center around building digitally
operating receivers and incorporating ASIC's for signal processing. Furthermore, channel coding
aspects as well as possibilities for adaptive cancellation of time variant effects (e.g., attenuation)
will be investigated. Ideas concerning intelligent digital control of receiver front end amplifier
gain are under development at this time. The receiver continuously memorizes the amplitude of
each received chip frequency and sets the appropriate gain for each expected frequency at the
front end to compensate attenuation An extended field test for remote meter reading and load
control is planned in collaboration with electric power supply companies and industry.